浅谈小麦良繁程序的应用

“株系循环法”及“四级种子程序法”是国内目前比较先进的小麦良繁程序。前者适合我国当前生产发展水平，而且容易普及推广，后者是小麦种子生产发展的必然趋势。笔者根据生产实际，灵活运用两种方法：在开始推广应用某品种时，应用“四级种子程序法”，引入育种者种子，原原种、原种，用于繁殖原原种、原种或生产良种而直接应用于生产；同时，对引入的育种者种子又施以“株系循环法”而连续独立地生产自己的原种。     

小麦良种繁育技术和体制的改革与实践

作物良种繁育是联系育种和农业生产的纽带。近年来,我们在小麦新品种繁育推广中,针对“三圃制”存在的原种生产周期长,耗资大,费工多,不适应品种日益更新更换形势;单株、株行和株系在选择比较中淘汰率高有好的作用,但对提高种性难以奏效;优中选优使群体急剧缩小,加之人为选择标准掌握不准或对某些性状的高强度选择,有可能导致遗传基础贫乏或性状偏移等问题。为此,     

论中国迈向21世纪的农作物种子生产程序和种子类别

中国迈向21世纪的农作物种子生产程序和种子类别的确立，应遵循以育种者种子为种源基础，运用重复繁殖技术路线，对种子进行限代繁殖等原则，以适合中国种子现代化特点，并与国际先进技术接轨。建议采用育种者种子→原原种→原种→良种四级程序。并逐步建立以“株系循环法”技术为基础的保种圃和“低温低湿库”双重保种制度。     

优质高产谷子新品种冀张谷五号

优质高产谷子新品种冀张谷五号冀张谷五号是张家口市坝下农科所以沁州黄农家品种的田间群体作为原始育种选择群体,采用了优中选优的系统选育法育成。１９８１年在沁州黄田间发现的一株紫叶突变株,经连年集团种植和单株选择,入选株系于１９８５年在南宁冬播,然后在石家...     

论“株系循环法”

“株系循环法”及其变型，是于不同授粉方式的农作物原种生产新技术。它的主要特点是建立保圃，逐步消除育种剩余变异，将“三圃制”中的株行圃和株系圃融为一体。应用众数选择对保种圃进行连续鉴定，并在开放授粉条件下混合繁殖。     

一圃制生产小麦原种技术试验研究

多年来，我国小麦多采用“三年三圃法”和“两年两圃法”生产原种。这种方法生产原种投 资大，成本高，生产周期长，应变能力差，增加了品种世代，易形成品种老化，跟不上育种 发展的步伐。为此，笔者1997年进行了“一圃制”生产小麦原种技术试验研究。     

燕麦原种生产技术

1原种及原种生产方法 燕麦原种指用育种家种子直接繁殖或按原种生产技术规程生产的达到原种质量标准的种子. 生产原种采用单株(单穗)选择、分系比较和混系繁殖的方法.即包括用以下任何一种方式均可以生产出原种:一是采用株行圃、株系圃、原种圃的三圃制;二是采用株行圃、原种圃的两圃制;三是利用育种家提供的原原种直接生产.     

介绍两个花生新品种

山东省平度市花生科研开发中心,从花32×白沙505的杂交后代中高世代中选育出花生新品种“誉宇1号”及“誉宇3号”,这两个品种分别于2006年元月、2007年3月通过审定。该中心虽转让申请权和命名权,依然独家繁殖育种家种子（原原种）和安排原种高倍繁育及高产示范,申报单位另行命名通过审定的品种。     

大豆品种沈农1O号

大豆品种沈农10号（沈农95—31）系沈阳农业大学农学院1994年以沈农92-16为母本、沈农91—44为父本，进行有性杂交，按生理株型育种目标，经后代定向选育而成。2002年进行株系比较及产量鉴定，2003—2004年进行品种比较试验，2005—2006年参加省内区域试验，2006年在参加区域试验的同时进行生产试验，扩繁原原种和原种，     

常规粳稻原种繁育方法初探

通过用保种圃种、三圃株系种、循环株系种大区观察对比、小区试验研究,提出了用保种圃种子繁育粳稻原种的新方法,即用育种家种子或株系混合种建立保种圃,其后每年都用保种圃种子繁育原种.该方法既能省工、省力、省时,又能达到繁育原种的目的.     

Landraces and folk varieties: a conceptual reappraisal of terminology

Farmers’ seeds are most often lumped together in one broad category called ‘landraces’. But such a category covers variety types that reflect different levels of farmer involvement. Those differences matters when we discuss such issues as genetic erosion, on-farm conservation and seed related policies. The term landrace can be traced to the time when ‘modern’ varieties of cereals were introduced to European farmers in the late nineteenth century. The farmers’ varieties of the time were called ‘landraces’ and understood as seeds adapted to local growing conditions through natural adaptation usually with no intentional selection. But the term was quickly adopted as generic for all farmers’ varieties including those that are bred and maintained by active seed selection on-farm. Such farmer-bred varieties are better termed ‘folk varieties’. The article discusses how interaction of crop characteristics and developing technologies resulted in the evolution of crop varieties as either landraces or folk varieties. It is argued that vulnerability to different agents of genetic erosion and feasibility of on-farm conservation are clearly different for the two categories of farmers’ varieties. Likewise seed policies, particularly the issue of Farmers’ Rights would benefit from clarity of type of farmers’ varieties.     

蝴蝶兰新品种DUS测试指南的研制

植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性(DUS)测试是新品种保护的基础和依据,为适应中国蝴蝶兰的发展以及与国际接轨的需要,研制了蝴蝶兰DUS测试指南。蝴蝶兰DUS测试指南共78个性状,22个标准品种,笔者就测试指南研制的原则、性状表的构建、标准品种的选择以及DUS判定标准进行阐述。     

The selection of pulses in suriname

The selection of pulses in Suriname can be distinguished according as the objective is aiming at breeding for sandy soils or for heavy clay soils. The selection for sandy soils is mainly related to groundnuts for local consumption. This article deals with selection for heavy clay soils where pulses are grown in rotation with rice and are destined mainly for the world market. The crops are soybeans, cowpeas, blackeye peas, mungbeans and some other, minor crops. The existing local varieties were partly superseded by varieties from Indonesia or the Philippines, partly by lines selected from local varieties. The results of the investigations led to the following conclusions.

1. 1.
   Any country wishing to raise varieties that surpass its own local varicties can start with simple line selection.     
   
   

DNA指纹图谱技术及其在作物品种资源中的应用

随着各种新型DNA分子标记的出现,带动了DNA指纹图谱技术的快速发展。本文简要阐述了几种常见DNA指纹鉴定技术,如限制性片段长度多态性(restrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphism,简称RFLP)、随机扩增多态性DNA(randomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA,简称RAPD)、扩增片段长度多态性(am-plifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphism,简称AFLP)、简单重复序列或微卫星标记(simplesequencerepeat,简称SSR)、内部简单重复序列(inter-simplesequencerepeat,简称ISSR)和单核苷酸多态性(singlenucleotidepoly-morphisms,简称SNPs)等的基本原理、在技术上的优缺点及其在作物品种资源中的应用,包括品种的鉴定、纯度的检测、品种亲缘关系与分类的研究及品种专利权的正当维护等。同时,对DNA指纹图谱技术在应用中的存在问题及相应的解决途径进行了简单的讨论,如目前DNA的提取方法与育种应用的大规模群体不相适应和大多数DNA指纹图谱检测技术仍比较繁琐,限制了该技术在育种中的大规模应用等。     

黑龙江省大豆蛋白质油分及蛋白质组分类型

对62份东北大豆品种品质性状的分析表明,在各种氨基酸中,脯氨酸的变异系数最大,以甘氨酸为最低;蛋白质和脂肪的变异系数都较小,说明该性状在遗传上较为稳定.根据主成分分析,从19主成分中选取前3个主成分对大豆品种品质进行评价,筛选出9个综合品质性状较好的品种.通过聚类分析将全部供试品种分为6类,各性状在类群间存在差异.在     

A model-based approach to assist variety evaluation in sunflower crop

Assessing the performance and the characteristics (e.g. yield, quality, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance) of new varieties is a key component of crop performance improvement. However, the variety testing process is presently exclusively based on experimental field approaches which inherently reduces the number and the diversity of experienced combinations of varieties × environmental conditions in regard of the multiplicity of growing conditions within the cultivation area. Our aim is to make a greater and faster use of the information issuing from these trials using crop modeling and simulation to amplify the environmental and agronomic conditions in which the new varieties are tested.In this study, we present a model-based approach to assist variety testing and implement this approach on sunflower crop, using the SUNFLO simulation model and a subset of 80 trials from a large multi-environment trial (MET) conducted each year by agricultural extension services to compare newly released sunflower hybrids. After estimating parameter values (using plant phenotyping) to account for new genetic material, we independently evaluated the model prediction capacity on the MET (relative RMSE for oil yield was 16.4%; model accuracy was 54.4%) and its capacity to rank commercial hybrids for performance level (relative RMSE was 11%; Kendall's τ = 0.41, P < 0.01). We then designed a numerical experiment by combining the previously tested genetic and new cropping conditions (2100 virtual trials) to determine the best varieties and related management in representative French production regions. Finally, we proceeded to optimize the variety-environment-management choice: growing different varieties according to cultivation areas was a better strategy than relying on the global adaptation of varieties. We suggest that this approach could find operational outcomes to recommend varieties according to environment types. Such spatial management of genetic resources could potentially improve crop performance by reducing the genotype–phenotype mismatch in farming environments.     

大豆籽粒蛋白质含量相关QTL定位研究进展

籽粒蛋白质含量是大豆品质性状改良的主要目标之一。笔者介绍了大豆遗传图谱的构建与基因组测序发展历程,从基于分离群体的连锁分析和基于自然群体的关联分析两方面阐述了大豆籽粒蛋白质含量QTL定位研究进展,进而讨论了大豆蛋白质含量MAS育种存在的问题,最后展望了大豆蛋白质含量分子遗传改良的研究趋势。以期为大豆高蛋白育种提供参考。     

茄子品种DUS测试指南的研制

[目的] 植物品种特异性(distinctness)、一致性(uniformity)和稳定性(stability) 测试(简称：DUS测试)是品种保护、品种审定、品种登记的必要条件。研制茄子(Solanum melongena L.)品种DUS测试指南旨在为测试和品种权实质审查工作提供科学依据。[方法]以《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南 总则》(GB/T19557.1)为总体原则,以国际植物新品种保护联盟颁布的《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南 茄子》(TG/117/4)为参考,通过对243份茄子品种的田间试验和多次同行专家修订,完成茄子的DUS测试指南(国家标准报批稿)。[结果]指南确定了42个测试性状及描述方法,筛选出20个标准品种,明确了茄子特判定、一致性和稳定性判定的原则。[结论]指南为我国茄子DUS测试的品种描述和特异性、一致性、稳定性判定提供了技术标准。笔者重点介绍了指南的编制原则和过程、测试性状的选择和标准品种的选用,以及特异性、一致性、稳定性的判定标准。     

A comparison between single seed descent and early cross selection in wheat breeding

Summary Two selection procedures in wheat breeding were compared on the basis of their ability to supply high yielding inbred lines. The first procedure consists of an early selection between crosses in the F₃ generation, based on predictions of the cross mean and the between line variance. In the second procedure selection is postponed until the F₆, which is derived by single seed descent. The two procedures are evaluated in a two year test, using pseudo-lines of spring wheat. These pseudo-lines consist of mixtures of varieties and enable an estimation of the exact genetic parameters. In this way the accuracy of the predictions can be examined.In case of early selection, it appears that the predictions of the cross mean and especially the between line variance are very inaccurate. This is caused by the effects of plot size, intergenotypic competition and, to a lesser extent, dominance and/or epistasis. It results in an erroneous ranking of the crosses and the discarding of the potentially best cross. The F₆-SSD line estimates are much more accurate and thus the better lines are indeed selected. A first comparison between the two selection procedures therefore indicates a preference to the SSD method.     

Self and cross fertility in cranberry

Summary Eight varieties of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were crossed in a complete diallel experimental design to examine self and cross fertility. Significant differences were detected for total, developed, and percent developed seed set among the varieties as females. Female fertility of Howes and Wilcox was reduced between 30 and 50% as compared to other varieties. Developed and percent developed seed set were significantly reduced for all varieties upon self-pollination. Reduction in developed seed set appeared to be the result of an increased level of abortion in self-pollinated flowers. Significant differences were found among varieties for ovule number. A positive correlation between berry weight and developed seed/berry was observed for most varieties. Genotypic variability in fertility and self-fertility could be exploited in developing varieties with increased productivity.