不同蛋白水平日粮补饲羔羊的效果研究

选择90只无角道塞特(♂)与小尾寒羊(♀)的杂交一代羔羊(30日龄)随机分为3组,每组10只羔羊,公母各半.采用单因子设计,研究19%,17%,15%蛋白水平日粮补饲羔羊的效果.试验结果表明三组羔羊日增重分别为291 g/d、 319 g/d、 258 g/d,第2组、第3组间日增重差异显著(P<0.05),第2组日采食量显著高于第3组 (P<0.05),第1组料肉比优于第3组(P<0.05).19%和17%蛋白水平日粮适于羔羊补饲,其中以17%水平最好.     

不同蛋白水平日粮补饲羔羊的效果研究

按同质原则将90只无角道塞特(♂)与小尾寒羊(♀)的杂交一代羔羊(30日龄)分为3个处理组,每个处理组下设3个重复,每组10只羔羊,公母各半。采用单因子设计,研究19%,17%,15%蛋白水平日粮补饲羔羊的效果。试验结果表明:3个处理组羔羊日增重分别为291、319、258g/d,第2、3组间日增重差异显著(P<0.05),2组日采食量显著高于3组(P<0.05),1组料肉比优于3组(P<0.05)。试验结果发现,19%和17%蛋白水平日粮适于羔羊补饲,其中以17%水平最好。     

早期补饲不同蛋白水平日粮对滩羊羔羊生长性能和断奶日龄的影响

选择健康、出生日期相近的宁夏滩羊羔羊68只,随机分为4组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组,每组17只,其中公羔9只,母羔8只。试验组于10日龄开始隔栏补饲,分别补饲蛋白水平为15%、18%和21%的日粮,对照组不进行隔栏补饲。结果:试验组羔羊日增重均高于对照组,其中试验Ⅱ组羔羊日增重最大,极显著高于试验Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.01);各组羊间体尺变化差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明试验Ⅱ组补饲效果最优,日增重达212.0 g/d,断奶日龄缩短为58 d。     

补饲不同蛋白水平日粮对北川白山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究放牧补饲不同蛋白水平日粮对北川白山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响。选择60只(6月龄)北川白山羊作为研究对象,随机分成4组,即14%蛋白组、16%蛋白组、18%蛋白组和对照组(不补饲),每组15只,测定生产性能、血液生化指标和屠宰性能。结果显示:补饲组北川白山羊平均日增重、血清总胆固醇、尿素氮含量、葡萄糖含量、谷草转氨酶活性、宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、眼肌面积以及羊肉粗蛋白含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随着补饲蛋白水平的增加,血清尿素氮含量呈线性增加(P<0.05),而羊肉水分含量呈线性减少(P<0.05);平均日增重、血清总胆固醇含量、血清葡萄糖含量和羊肉粗蛋白呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。结果表明:补饲不同蛋白水平日粮可以提高血清中血糖、尿素氮、总胆固醇浓度和谷草转氨酶活性,可以在一定程度上改善和提高北川白山羊的生产性能、屠宰性能及肉品质等,北川白山羊的补饲料适宜蛋白水平为16%。     

饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对21～60日龄湖羊生长、消化性能及血清指标的影响

旨在研究饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对21～60日龄湖羊羔羊生长、消化性能和血清指标的影响。本研究采用两因素两水平试验设计,选取64只17日龄体重相近、健康的湖羊羔羊,随机分为高能高蛋白(HE-HP)、高能低蛋白(HE-LP)、低能高蛋白(LE-HP)、低能低蛋白(LE-LP)4组,每组4个重复,每重复4只羊。试验预试期3d,21日龄起所有羔羊断母乳,饲喂代乳粉、补饲开食料。正试期40d。每天记录羔羊采食量,每隔20d晨饲前称重、颈静脉采血测定血清指标;31～40和51～60日龄期间采用全收粪法进行消化试验。结果表明:1)饲粮能量与蛋白水平对羔羊生长性能无显著交互作用(P>0.05),但羔羊日增重与饲料转化效率均随饲粮能量或蛋白质水平的降低而显著降低(P<0.05)。2)饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对羔羊31～40日龄干物质和总能消化率存在显著交互作用(P<0.05),表现为饲喂高能量饲粮时羔羊对饲粮干物质和和总能消化率随蛋白质水平的降低而显著降低(P<0.05)。3)40日龄羔羊血清葡萄糖含量随能量水平降低而显著降低(P<0.05);60日龄时,降低蛋白质水平显著降低了羔羊血清尿素氮含量(P<0.05)、提高了血清生长激素含量(P<0.05),降低饲粮能量水平显著提高了血清尿素氮和三酰甘油含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,能量和蛋白质水平对21～60日龄羔羊生长性能有显著影响,适当的能量和蛋白水平能够改善羔羊生长和消化性能。     

不同蛋白水平补饲料对妊娠期云岭黑山羊的影响研究

选择150只妊娠云岭黑山羊,随机分为5组,每组30只,采用单因子设计,以NRC山羊妊娠期蛋白需要量为参照,分为5个梯度,研究不同蛋白水平日粮补饲云岭黑山羊妊娠母羊的效果。结果表明：在整个妊娠期,5组母羊平均月增重分别为1.968、2.284、1.886、1.882、1.54kg;第Ⅱ组与其他4组间日增重差异显著（P〈0.05）。第Ⅰ组流产率最高,羔羊初生重最大。第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日粮蛋白水平适于妊娠补饲,其中以第Ⅱ组蛋白水平最适。     

补饲不同能量水平日粮对妊娠云岭黑山羊影响的研究

选择150头妊娠云岭黑山羊,随机分为5组,每组30头。采用单因子设计,以NRC山羊妊娠期能量需要量为参照,分为5个梯度,研究不同能量水平日粮补饲云岭黑山羊妊娠母羊的效果。试验结果:在整个妊娠期,5组母羊平均月增重分别为1.983、2.342、1.868、1.892、1.643kg;第Ⅱ组与其他四组间日增重差异显著(P<0.05),第Ⅰ组流产率最高,羔羊初生重最大。第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组蛋白水平日粮适宜妊娠补饲,其中以第Ⅱ组蛋白水平补饲效果最好。     

湘东黑山羊冬季羔羊补饲效果的试验

为研究在冬季羔羊补饲的效果,采用40只3.5~4月龄的湘东黑山羊,随机分成4组,进行二个月的试验,试验1、2、3组分别补饲精料100g/d.只、200g/d.只、300g/d.只。结果表明,试验组与对照组比较:补饲对体重的影响是试验1组提高10.26%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);试验2组提高19.55%,差异显著(P<0.05);试验3组提高23.72%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。补饲对日增重的影响是试验1组提高42.06%,差异显著(P<0.05);试验2组提高81.12%,差异极显著(P<0.01);试验3组提高94.52%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。补饲使试验1组增收5.14元/只,试验2组增收9.23元/只,试验3组增收4.49元/只。从而说明,对冬季湘东黑山羊肥育羔羊的补饲以平均每只每天不超过200g精料为宜。     

湖羊妊娠后期补饲颗粒料的效果试验

本试验旨在探讨湖羊妊娠后期补饲颗粒料对母羊繁殖性能、羔羊初生重、断奶重以及经济效益的影响。试验采用随机分组设计,将30头妊娠后期湖羊随机分成对照组和试验组,每组15头,对照组补饲羊场自配粉料,试验组补饲研制的颗粒饲料,两组基础日粮饲喂一致。试验预饲期为10d,正式试验期120d,待羔羊出生后分别测定羔羊初生重和断奶重,统计母羊产羔率和羔羊成活率,并分析不同补饲方式下的经济效益。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组母羊繁殖率和羔羊存活率分别提高了13%和6%;较对照组相比,补饲颗粒料对羔羊初生重无显著影响(P>0.05),但试验组羔羊平均断奶总重比对照组羔羊提高了2.17kg(P<0.05),试验组羔羊平均日增重(237g/d)比对照组(199g/d)提高了18.15%(P<0.05);补饲颗粒料的经济效益比补饲自配粉料提高了27.91%。试验表明,湖羊妊娠后期补饲颗粒料切实可行,能提升湖羊养殖效益。     

过瘤胃蛋氨酸对舍饲滩羊生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究过瘤胃蛋氨酸对舍饲滩羊生产性能的影响。选择20只体重相近体况良好的3月龄滩羊羔羊。随机分为2组,每组滩羊10只(公羊5只,母羊5只)。试验组在饲喂基础饲粮的同时加4g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸。结果表明,饲粮添加4g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸可显著提高滩羊羔羊的体长增长幅度(P0.05),体高、胸围、管围增长幅度无显著差异(P0.05)。试验全期60d,饲粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸显著提高了滩羊羔羊的全期总增重,且平均日增重比对照组提高43.25%。说明,饲粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸对舍饲滩羊的生产性能具有促进作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -