云南省元谋干热河谷的土壤抗旱力评价

根据土壤基本水分物理常数，将土壤水分蒸发划分为三个阶段。土壤水分累积蒸发量Ｑ与蒸发历时Ｔ具有：Ｑ＝ａＴ＾ｂ关系。不同土壤的蒸发能力不同，主要与土壤质地、结构等因素有关。同时不同土壤的抗旱力也有很大差异。土壤抗旱力由强至弱依次为：普通薄层土、变性燥红土、普通燥红土、表蚀干热的半干润变性土、表蚀燥红土。     

基于野外调查信息的河南省灵宝市和襄城县典型烟田的土系建立

以河南省豫中平原区的襄城县和豫西黄土高原区的灵宝市为研究区域,通过对灵宝市5个和襄城县10个典型优质烟田的土壤调查,尝试建立相应的土系。结果表明,灵宝市烟田土壤主要是发育于黄土母质,亚类上均属于普通简育干润雏形土,为同一土族,依据土体中新生体如砂姜、铁锰结核、碳酸钙假菌丝体等的有无可暂划为4个土系。襄城县10个烟田土壤主要发育于黄土冲积物和古黄土性河湖相沉积物上,亚类分别归属于普通钙质干润淋溶土、石灰底绣干润雏形土、变性砂姜潮湿雏形土、石灰淡色潮湿雏形土和普通淡色潮湿雏形土,分属6个土族,同一土族下不同的烟田土壤,主要依据土体色调的差异可暂划为8个土系。     

土壤碳酸盐间接测定方法研究及其应用

通过添加CaCO3内标法及与中和滴定法进行比较,提出了采用C/N分析仪测定的土壤总C量与重铬酸钾氧化法测定的有机C量差值估算土壤碳酸盐含量的方法。采用该方法对广西环江县喀斯特低山区石灰岩发育的土壤和湖南沅江平原湖区湖积物形成的土壤的碳酸盐含量进行了分析。结果表明,石灰岩发育的土壤,林地、旱地和稻田含碳酸盐的土样占总土样数的比例依次为50.0%、43.7%和2.1%,其土壤碳酸盐平均含量分别为134、15.7和37.1g/kg。湖积物形成的土壤,新垦旱地、熟化旱地和稻田土样100%含碳酸盐,其土壤碳酸盐平均含量分别为73.3、46.6和37.7g/kg。成土母质和土地利用方式对土壤碳酸盐含量有明显的影响。     

用稳定同位素探讨土壤及钙质结核的碳酸盐来源

本文通过对４个钙质变性土剖面中数层土壤和钙质结核的碳稳定同位素分析和放射性碳断代，阐明了钙质土壤中碳酸盐的来源和钙质结核的成因。     

黄淮海平原晚第四纪古土壤

本文运用孢子花粉,古生物化石和放射性碳断代等手段,从土壤剖面层段的特征,土壤年龄和环境变化方面证明,分布于黄淮海平原的变性土不是现代土壤,而是古土壤,该古土壤自晚新世晚期以来经历了三次沉积－成土作用旋回,其土壤发育程度较弱,且是由钙质结核土层,暗色土层,表土层和（或）淤土层组成的一个叠置型古土壤。     

宁夏山地土壤的发育规律及系统分类研究

为全面了解宁夏山地土壤的发育特性及其系统分类归属,基于宁夏土系调查项目挖掘的典型剖面,选取10个发育在宁夏贺兰山山地(剖面编号为3、11、13、14和108)和六盘山山地(剖面编号为73、82、119、120和121)的土壤作为研究对象,结合剖面形态特征和理化性质,尝试对山地土壤的发育特征和系统分类归属进行研究。结果表明:(1)发育在宁夏的10个山地土壤高级单元归属为新成土、雏形土、淋溶土和均腐土等4个土纲,正常新成土、干润雏形土、湿润雏形土、冷凉淋溶土、湿润均腐土等5个亚纲,干旱正常新成土、简育干润雏形土、暗沃干润雏形土、冷凉湿润雏形土、简育冷凉淋溶土、斑纹湿润均腐土等6个土类,石灰干旱正常新成土、普通简育干润雏形土、普通暗沃干润雏形土、暗沃冷凉湿润雏形土、普通简育冷凉淋溶土、斑纹简育湿润均腐土等6个亚类,续分为10个土族,包括粗骨砂质硅质混合型温性—石灰干旱正常新成土,粗骨砂质长石型温性—石灰干旱正常新成土,壤质长石混合型石灰性冷性—普通简育冷凉淋溶土,砂质硅质混合型非酸性冷性—斑纹简育湿润均腐土等,10个供试剖面在土族完全分异,因而续分为10个土系,包括葡萄泉系、一堆系、滚钟口系、六盘山公园系、绿塬腰系等10个土系。(2)海拔对宁夏山地土壤的发育特征有着明显影响,表现为随海拔升高:腐殖质积累过程逐渐明显、土体淋溶过程加剧、土体石灰反应逐渐减弱直至消失;土壤水分条件逐渐改善,处于高海拔位置的山地土壤土体底部有弱氧化还原反应发生,形成铁子和铁锰胶膜;土壤pH逐渐减小,土壤酸碱性发生一定的变化。(3)受成土环境和成土因素的作用,土壤发育规律在诊断特征上的反映为随海拔高度的抬升呈现一定的垂直分异规律,其中诊断表层由淡薄表层演变为暗沃表层;土壤水分状况经干旱/半干润土壤水分状况向湿润土壤水分状况演化;土壤温度状况由温性土壤温度状况变为冷性状况。     

土壤起源与宜居地球的形成

在各种成土因素交互作用下,地球土壤起源和演变历经变化的环境和多种成土过程。研究表明最早的古风化壳出现在太古宙;而随着地球生物演进,生物因素加入风化成土作用与成土过程,土壤学家眼中的土壤形成、发育于寒武纪。漫长的地质历史时期不同的成土环境发育有各种类型土壤,这些土壤发育与演化过程又反作用于景观、地形、生态系统、气候系统,改变大气成分组成和地球化学循环,影响、反馈、调节全球或地区的表层系统,土壤圈的形成是宜居地球形成的重要标志。     

土壤侵蚀作用对黄土高原黏化层鉴定和淋溶土分类的影响

黏化层是淋溶土的首要诊断标准。一般情况下,黏化层是在长期相对稳定的湿润淋溶条件下形成的。但黏化过程很可能因为气候变化和土壤侵蚀作用而被打断。本文以山西土系调查16个淋溶土剖面为研究对象,通过对各剖面黏化层与上覆下伏层、各剖面间的基本特征及其理化性状分析,探索土壤侵蚀作用对黄土高原黏化层鉴定和淋溶土分类的影响。结果表明:(1)黄土高原16个淋溶土剖面中大多数黏化层与上覆层之间的形态特征过渡明显,胶膜、黏化率、粉黏比以及石灰性强弱等理化性质均表明黏化层主要是淋溶淀积的结果;(2)根据诊断层与诊断特性,将这16个淋溶土剖面进一步分为表蚀铁质干润淋溶土、石化钙积干润淋溶土、简育钙积干润淋溶土和普通简育干润淋溶土等不同亚类;(3)表蚀亚类的黏化率明显低于其他几个亚类,而粉黏比与之相反;(4)依据胶膜存在而被鉴别为黏化层的诊断层是古土壤黏化层受地质剥蚀作用剥蚀后而出露地表的。这一结果与土壤系统分类诊断剖面只限于近地表1.5 m、最多不超过2.0 m深度有关,而如果按土壤地理发生分类,则这些古土壤黏化层会被认定为"红黏土母质"并在土属一级得到反映。     

陕西省烟叶主产区土壤系统分类研究

为了明确陕西省烟叶主产区土壤类型归属,选取了陕西省烟叶适宜种植区中洛南县、陇县、旬阳县3个典型剖面,分别进行了野外观察描述土壤性状和室内测试土壤剖面各层次的基本理化性质。在研究了各取样地土壤形成条件和特点的基础上,按照《中国土壤系统分类检索(第3版)》,鉴定了诊断层和诊断特性,明确了供试土壤剖面在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。检索结果表明,陕西洛南、陇县、旬阳3个烟叶种植基地土壤分别为普通铁质湿润淋溶土、普通钙积干润均腐土、普通简育湿润淋溶土。同时与中国土壤发生分类进行了比较,以便于今后陕西省烟叶种植区对土壤系统分类的推广及利用,并为陕西省烟叶种植基地土壤规划利用和国际间土壤学术交流提供科学依据。     

中国变性土的分布、特性和分类

本文研究了我国主要变性土的区域分布、某些发生学特性和分类问题。研究结果表明:我国变性土及变性土型土壤有广泛分布,从热带、亚热带到暖温带。其共同的成土条件是:有一定干湿交替的气候、低平的地势、富含盐基的母质和粘重的质地。据估计,此类土壤约占全国总土地面积的1%左右。变性土是在特殊的地球化学环境和干湿交替的条件下形成的,深受地域性因素的影响,其成土年龄古老而发育程度较弱。一般变性土带有某些水成土的特征,而钙质变性土兼有水成土和钙层土但又不完全与它们相同的成土地球化学特点。所研究的11个剖面中,有8个属于中国土壤系统分类(首次方案)中的变性土土纲,其余3个则属于潮湿土土纲。     

东北黑土区不同垄作坡面产流产沙过程

起垄种植是东北黑土区普遍的耕作模式,不同垄作坡面产流产沙规律尚不明晰、亟需研究。为此,基于野外放水冲刷试验,设计3个冲刷流量(30 L/min,60 L/min,90 L/min)和4种处理坡面(横坡垄作、斜坡垄作、无垄作、顺坡垄作),探究东北黑土区不同垄作坡面的土壤侵蚀差异。结果表明:(1)3种冲刷流量产流率和含沙量均随垄作措施改变呈持续波动趋势,但受冲刷流量影响二者变化规律不同。(2)4种垄作措施状况下,产流时间与冲刷流量均不相关,含沙量与产流时间均呈负相关; 其他试验条件下,因冲刷流量和垄作措施的差异出现不同相关性。(3)30 L/min,60 L/min两种冲刷流量下,侵蚀强弱表现为:顺坡垄作>无垄作>斜坡垄作>横坡垄作。冲刷流量90 L/min时,侵蚀规律变为:横坡垄作>顺坡垄作>斜坡垄作>无垄作,且横坡垄作与斜坡垄作的累积产沙量较30 L/min冲刷流量比分别增加了12.78倍和10.11倍。综上,小流量冲刷条件下横垄和斜垄可有效控制径流和水土流失,当冲刷强度增大后二者发生断垄恰是径流和泥沙发生变异的最主要因素。     

坡面不同截-排水沟布置方式下土壤微团聚体流失特征

传统坡面水系工程主要在节约工程量的考量下,把截水沟布置成平行于等高线的形式,但为了符合坡面自然排水状况,该研究中考虑用汇流和分流的方式来探究从理论上改变坡面沟道的基本形状是否具有可行性。该研究设计按比例缩小的坡-沟模型,以无措施坡面为对照,用人工模拟降雨的方法探究在不同坡度、地类坡面上布置汇流型和分流型截排水沟道后,坡面土壤微团聚体的流失变化规律。结果表明:在各个地类和坡度中,布置汇流和分流截排水措施后均出现较小颗粒微团聚体(5μm)在侵蚀泥沙中富集的现象;在坡耕地中,布设截排水措施能显著稳定土壤小粒径微团聚体(5μm)比例的稳定性,但分流截排水措施的效果更加明显,但在5°和10°时,汇流截排水措施能更好减缓坡面土壤粗化(250~1 000μm)趋势;汇流措施能减少林地侵蚀泥沙中微团聚体富集的波动性并控制林地坡面较小粒径微团聚体流失(5μm)的程度,但在荒草地中,总体来看,汇流措施对控制坡面微团聚体流失具有更强的作用。汇流型和分流型截排水措施对不同地类坡面微团聚体的控制保护各有侧重,在布设坡面沟道时,根据坡面、土壤实际情况和土壤保护要求来选择坡面截排水措施是极有必要的。该研究为进一步研究坡面自然排水方式在现实中运用可能性和可行性提供部分基础资料。     

Iron Oxide Properties as Support to Soil Morphological Features for Prediction of Moisture Regimes in Oxisols of Central Brazil

The relation between iron oxide properties and soil morphology was tested in a catena comprised by a sequence of Anionic Acrudox, Plinthic Acrudox, Plinthic Acraquox and Typic Acraquox soils, for prediction of drainage classes and moisture regimes, in the savanna region of Central Brazil. Morphological features, as mottles, nodules and low chromas of soil matrix, with iron content increasing in the sequence matrix → mottles → nodules, are evidence of iron segregation. The polygenetic nature of these soils is interpreted from the gibbsitic-kaolinitic mineralogical composition associated to high Al goethites attributed to a former dessilication weathering stage, and low Al goethites related to a presently wetter moisture regime. The soil morphological features, the iron distribution, and iron oxide properties are products of the selective dissolution of hematite inducing a xanthization process at the upper sites, followed by dissolution of “primary” high Al-goethite and formation of “secondary” low Al-goethite in mottles and nodules at the lower sites. Iron oxide properties are useful to distinguish preteric from present features in pedoenvironments, supporting the use of morphological soil properties to predict drainage classes and estimate soil moisture regimes in low intensity pedological surveys of these regions.     

Characteristics of soils derived from tephra and pyroclastic flow deposits from Taal volcano,the Philippines

The various morphological, physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of soils derived from tephra and pyroclastic flow deposits of the Taal volcano were characterized and evaluated.

1. As compared with the pumiceous sandy soils of Mt. Pinatubo, soils of the Taal volcano showed generally a finer texture (silty clay to clay) with the exception of the base surge materials consisting of loam.

2. Parent ashes ranged from basaltic-andesite to basalt, as compared with andesitic to dacite for Mt. Pinatubo. Lithologic nature as well as the age of the tephra seemed to account for the advanced degree of weathering and resultant high clay content in the Taal soil.

3. Clay consisted predominantly of crystalline silicate mineral dominated by halloysite. Dominance of crystalline clay could be due to the ustic moisture conditions with a long dry period. In common with Mt. Pinatubo soils, soils of the flood plains were dominated by 2 : 1 clay minerals.

4. Based on the data on andic soil properties the soils studied could not be classified as Andisols. Basically, the typical andic soil properties did not develop under a ustic soil moisture regime which contributed to the clay mineral composition. Two of the pedons examined in this study were classified as Andic Eutropepts while on the pedons studied had been classified as Ustarent.     

Paleosols of kurgans of the Early Iron Age in the Transural steppe zone

Paleosol studies of archaeological monuments of different ages have been conducted on the Transural Plateau. The morphological and physicochemical properties of paleosols under burial mounds (kurgans) of the Early Iron Age (the fifth and fourth centuries BC) were compared with the properties of background surface soils. A paleosol of the Savromat epoch (2500 BP) is characterized by high contents of gypsum and soluble salts. The presence of humus tongues in its profile attests to the aridity and continentality of the climatic conditions during that epoch. Paleosols buried under kurgans of the Late Sarmatian epoch and the Hun epoch (about 1600 BP) are characterized by a higher content of humus and greater depth of the carbonate horizon, which attests to the humidization of climatic conditions. The evolution of soils as related to climate dynamics in the first millennium BC and the first millennium AD is characterized.     

不同透水状况对坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响

 为研究坡地物质迁移的重要过程,通过室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究不同透水状况坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的过程与机制。研究结果表明:不透水坡地的初始产流时间比半透水和完全透水坡地提前57min,且土壤侵蚀总量大于其余两者土壤侵蚀量之和;在二次降雨条件下,不透水坡地的土壤侵蚀剧烈,土壤侵蚀量大于其他2种状况之和的5倍;在首次降雨过程中3种不同透水状况的径流养分浓度变化表现一致,仅在降雨75min后开始呈现差异;二次降雨过程中径流养分浓度存在显著差异。因此,存在不透水底层或入渗速率低的犁底层坡地,具有潜在的严重土壤侵蚀与磷钾流失趋势,尤其在初始土壤含水量较高的情况下。为合理配置坡地水土保持管理措施和控制养分流失提供参考。     

三维激光扫描提取DEM的地形及流域特征研究

以三维激光扫描系统为工具,建立黄土高原丘陵沟壑区绥德县桥沟小流域高精度DEM。在ArcGIS中将高精度DEM和该流域1:1万 DEM分别生成6种栅格大小不同的DEM图像。用2种精度、6种不同水平分辨率的DEM提取研究区的地形及流域特征,进行对比分析。结果表明:与1:1万 DEM相比,高精度DEM提取出的研究区流域面积变小,平均坡度、平均高度、沟壑密度增大,河网密度、河道坡度增大,能够更加详细、准确地描述研究区的地形及流域特征,对流域水文过程分析以及水土保持研究起到积极作用。     

不同近地表水文条件下紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀过程研究

采用模拟降雨试验,研究了自由下渗(free drainage)、土壤水分饱和(saturation)、壤中流(seepage)3种近地面水文条件下紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀过程.结果表明,近地表水文条件会对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程产生重要影响.在地面坡度5°～15°条件下,当地表水文条件由自由下渗演变为土壤水分饱和时,坡面侵蚀量由1.31～2.02 g/(min·m2)增加到1.83～5.50 g/(min·m2);当地表水文条件由土壤水分饱和变为壤中流时,坡面侵蚀量达到4.40～16.41 g/(min·m2).土壤水分饱和条件下坡面侵蚀量是自由下渗的1.40～2.73倍;壤中流条件下坡面侵蚀量是自由下渗时的3.36～8.12倍,是土壤水分饱和时的2.40～2.98倍.同时,坡面坡度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程有重要的影响.     

Biochemistry of lignin in soils of periodic excessive moistening (from the Example of Agrogray Soils in Opolie Landscapes of the Russian Plain)

Tissues of Angiospermae (deciduous arborous and herbaceous plants) were found to take part in the formation of humus in the agrogray soils. The proportions of lignic phenol contents between the soils did not change neither upon their plowing, no their drainage. Within the catenas studied, the maximal accumulation of phenol compounds takes place in the soils of the mesodepressions with long-term reduction conditions and in the soils of the microdepressions with spring perched water on two levels. In the Fe-Mn nodules of the agrogray soils, lignin of higher plants was found. Its fractional composition was correlated with the predominant vegetation. With the increasing size of the nodules, the amount of products of lignin oxidation in the nodules decreased due to its mineralization. Drainage caused a deep transformation of lignin in the Fe-Mn nodules, especially in the coarse fractions of concretions. The mineralization of lignin aromatic compounds under aerobic conditions was accompanied by the significant increase in the share of phenol acids.     

Effects of Landfill Gas on Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Two Leguminous Trees (Acacia Confusa,Leucaena Leucocephala)

A study was made on the effects of landfill gas on ARA (acetylene reducing activity) of nodules of two woody legumes (Acacia confusa and Leucaena leucocephala) widespread on landfill sites in Hong Kong. The effects of the three main components of landfill gas, O₂, CO₂ and CH4, were first measured separately over a 1-hr period. Maximum ARA was found at 20% O₂ (close to atmospheric partial pressure) and ARA decreased as the O₂ decreased in the range of 16–1%. Acacia confusa nodular ARA was significantly inhibited at 30–50% CO₂, but not Leucaena leucocephala nodular ARA. CH₄ had no significant effect on ARA of either species. As the landfill gas concentrations in the landfill topsoil were mostly > 10% O₂ and < 10% CO₂, root nodules should fix N₂ effectively over these ranges of gases. A four-week test was conducted to assess the long-term influence of landfill gas on seedlings of the two legumes. Landfill gas and elevated CO₂ both suppressed their growth and their nodular ARA. Even under the influence of the gases, however, seedlings with nodules formed a higher biomass than seedlings lacking nodules. The growth of the two legumes under actual landfill conditions was investigated by transplanting non-inoculated and pre-inoculated seedlings to two landfill sites in Hong Kong: Junk Bay and Shuen Wan Landfill. After six months, most of the non-inoculated seedlings became infected: Acacia confusa 63 and 70%, Leucaena leucocephala 17 and 89%, respectively, at the test sites. The results indicate that there were free rhizobia at these landfill sites to infect the legumes and they had formed effective nodules to fix N₂ under landfill conditions.