Comparison of growth and survival of white shrimp postlarvae (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed dried Artemia biomass versus four commercial feeds and three crustacean meals

The use of dried Artemia biomass meal as an exclusive feed for postlarval white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was compared with four commercial feeds and three crustacean meals in a series of trials. Postlarvae (PL1–PL6) were stocked at a density of 1.5–2.5/litres in 16 tanks (100 litres volume) and fed, ad libidum, five times a day, over 23–29 days. Feeding postlarval shrimp with dried Artemia biomass resulted in a significantly larger size than feeding with three of the commercial feeds, and the crustacean meals. There was no significant size difference observed in animals fed with Artemia biomass and the commercial 'Golden Pearls' feed for postlarvae, however the coefficient of variation among the size of the 'Golden Pearls' fed animals was significantly higher. The weight increase of animals fed with Artemia biomass was higher than in animals fed with all the tested feeds. The survival rate was not significantly different in animals fed with Artemia flakes from 'Salt Creek', 'Bio-Marine', 'Golden Pearls' and Artemia biomass, however the survival rate was significantly larger in animals fed with Artemia biomass than in animals fed with the crustacean meals and 'Artemac.' Results suggest that dried Artemia biomass is a well-suited feed for postlarval L. vannamei.     

Comparison of growth and survival of white shrimp postlarvae (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed dried Artemia biomass versus four commercial feeds and three crustacean meals

The use of dried Artemia biomass meal as an exclusive feed for postlarval white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was compared with four commercial feeds and three crustacean meals in a series of trials. Postlarvae (PL1–PL6) were stocked at a density of 1.5–2.5/litres in 16 tanks (100 litres volume) and fed, ad libidum, five times a day, over 23–29 days. Feeding postlarval shrimp with dried Artemia biomass resulted in a significantly larger size than feeding with three of the commercial feeds, and the crustacean meals. There was no significant size difference observed in animals fed with Artemia biomass and the commercial 'Golden Pearls' feed for postlarvae, however the coefficient of variation among the size of the 'Golden Pearls' fed animals was significantly higher. The weight increase of animals fed with Artemia biomass was higher than in animals fed with all the tested feeds. The survival rate was not significantly different in animals fed with Artemia flakes from 'Salt Creek', 'Bio-Marine', 'Golden Pearls' and Artemia biomass, however the survival rate was significantly larger in animals fed with Artemia biomass than in animals fed with the crustacean meals and 'Artemac.' Results suggest that dried Artemia biomass is a well-suited feed for postlarval L. vannamei.     

The immune system of cyprinid fish. The immunosuppressive effect of the antibiotic oxytetracycline in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The effect of oxytetracycline (oxyTC) upon the immune system of carp was investigated. OxyTC was administered by feeding with oxyTC-containing pellets or by intraperitoneal injection. In order to study cellular immunity, allogeneic scale transplantation was carried out. Oral administration of oxyTC had no influence upon the median survival time (MST) of the scales. However, injections with oxyTC significantly prolonged the MST from 8.5 to 11–20 days. Thus, cellular immunity was not affected by oral administration of oxyTC, but injections did have a dramatic immunosuppressive effect.To investigate the effect of oxyTC upon humoral immunity, animals were injected with rabbit red blood cells (RaRBC). During the primary and secondary response the number of rosette forming cells (RFC) in the spleen was determined. Control animals (not treated with oxyTC) developed an anti-RaRBC response up to 25000 RFC/10⁶ white spleen cells but oxyTC-treated animals always showed reduced RFC numbers. In some cases the RFC number in oxyTC-treated animals was comparable with background levels in non-immunized control animals (4000 RFC/10⁶ white spleen cells). Thus, irrespective of the route of administration, the humoral immune response is depressed by oxyTC. It is concluded that both humoral and cellular immune responses of carp are suppressed during treatment with oxyTC.Preliminary observations showed an increased number of granulocytes in the spleen of oxyTC-treated animals. It is tempting to speculate that in those cases where specific lymphoid defence mechanisms are blocked, the phagocytic defence system becomes more active.     

Mandibular fractures in cattle--treatment and results

The results of a retrospective investigation of 25 cases of mandibular fractures in cattle are reported; 19 animals were treated and 6 slaughtered without therapy. Five cases of unilateral fracture of the pars molaris healed with conservative therapy, whereas the same method of treatment was unsuccessful in four cases with compound fractures (2 x pars incisiva, 1 x diastema, 1 x pars molaris) and in one with multiple fractures of the corpus and ramus of the mandible. For animals with symphyseal fractures, surgical fixation using cerclage wire (three cases) proved successful, as did percutaneous fixation in six animals with fractures of the diastema or body of the mandible. The fractures healed well in 14 out of 19 treated cattle and the animals were retained, on average, for a further four years.     

The immune response of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, Renibacterium salmoninarum

Abstract. Both under-yearling and post-yearling Atlantic salmon parr produced high agglutinating antibody titres in response to a single intraperitoneal injection of killed bacterial kidney disease (BKD) cells emulsified in. Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), Low or no response was observed in animals injected with BKD cells in saline or in animals vaccinated by hyperosmotic immersion. Immunological duration was insufficient in fish vaccinated as under-yearling parr to provide protective immunity 2 years later when the fish had become smolts. Atlantic salmon post-yearling parr injected with BKD cells in FCA demonstrated a reduced prevalence of BKD lesions compared to control animals when both were observed as smolts 1 year after vaccination.     

亲缘生物法生物信息技术在水产基因研究中的应用

用Entrez、SRS等检索工具可从GenBank、EMBL等核酸序列数据库、鱼类专业数据库获取相关水产动物的基因等信息,通过电子邮件或网页填表等方式用BLAST、FASTA等序列分析软件来分析获得的信息,以鳜鱼rRNA基因为例,根据鳜鱼的分类树,按种、属、科、亚目、目、总目追级向上寻找亲缘关系较近的其它鱼类的rRNA基因,直到找到有价值的rRNA基因序列。将有价值的rRNA基因序列拼接成重叠群,根据重叠群设计引物、克隆鳜鱼的rRNA基因,获得鳜鱼的3个rRNA基因及其间隔序列。为经济动物的基因研究建立了一种亲缘生物法的生物信息学技术。     

Metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in cattle. Treatment and results

94 cattle with 97 metacarpal or metatarsal fractures were presented at the Department of Veterinary Surgery of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t, Munich, between 1970 and 1987. The cause of fracture was incorrect traction during assisted delivery in almost one third (30.9%) of cases. Eighty-two animals were treated. 59 out of 73 cattle treated conservatively and 7 out of 9 which were operated, could be healed. In 38 animals the fracture healed without malpositioning; 28 developed a shortening or bending of the affected limb, which, with the exception of one case, did not functionally impair the animals. Complications occurred in 22 patients (= 26.9%); in closed fractures the reason was predominantly due to dislocation of the fragments within the cast, whereas an osteomyelitis was usually the cause in the case of the open fractures.     

几何形态测量学在水生动物中的应用及其进展

几何形态测量法起源于上个世纪80年代末90年代初,不同于传统的径向测量法,它主要关注的是物体的外形变化,通过相应的理论基础,将物体的形态和大小分开,利用多元分析等数学方法对结果进行分析和解释。该方法对分析具有固定形态的生物有着重要的意义,已广泛使用于种群划分等众多领域中。水生动物一般由硬组织包裹,具有较为固定的外形,同时它们在不同的水域中扮演着的不同的重要角色,对该类生物的形态学分析对个体生长和相应的环境变化的影响也显得越来越重要。因此本文对近十年来国内外学者利用几何形态测量法对水生动物形态的研究进行回顾,介绍分析方法和软件,同时对该方法未来在水生动物学科中的发展及其应用进行展望。     

Relationship between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets

In order to determine the effects of ghost fishing by lost gill nets, the relationship was examined between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets by using diving observations. Two experimental gill nets were set at 13 m depth in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, Japan for approximately 200 days. One gill net was deployed in a small trough surrounded by artificial reefs, and the other was deployed on an adjacent open sandy bed. Twelve species of crustaceans, six species of gastropods, and five species of bony fish were enmeshed in the experimental gill nets. The number of enmeshed animals in the artificial reef gill net was substantially larger than that in the sandy bed gill net. The number of enmeshed animals in the experimental gill nets increased rapidly within one month after deployment, and then declined gradually showing fluctuations caused by the decrease in newly enmeshed animals, and the drop off from gill nets caused by the decomposition of dead animals. The decrease in the number of enmeshed animals was expressed by logarithmic equations, and based on these equations, the duration of capture function for the lost gill nets was calculated to be 284–561 days in the artificial reef gill net and 200 days in the sandy bed gill net. The duration of capture function for the lost gill nets for non-commercial by-catch species such as small crustaceans and gastropods was longer than for commercial species such as Japanese spiny lobster and bony fish.     

Experimental modification of the resorption process and lead deposition in the body of the domestic duck

In an experiment with 40 domestic ducks (Peking White breed) being 40 days old, it was shown that the process of lead resorption and deposition was neither significantly modified by different kinds of therapy nor by changes of food composition. A single dose of 30 lead small shot given to the experimental animals resulted after 1 week in a significant increase of lead concentration in liver (4.32 mg/kg-1), kidney (11.36 mg/kg-1) and muscle tissue (1.15 mg/kg-1) as compared to the values of control animals (liver 0.07, kidney 0.11 and muscle 0.06 mg Pb/kg-1). After 3 weeks with different types of therapy and feeding of experimental diets, i.e. at the end of the experiment, no significant differences in liver, kidney and muscle lead concentrations between the control and experimental animals could be found.     

天津地区水生养殖动物病害流行情况调查及防控对策

为掌握水生动物病害流行规律,有效控制疾病发生,减少养殖生产损失,对天津地区水生养殖动物病害流行情况进行了调查,分析了发病原因,对水生养殖动物病害流行趋势进行了预测,并提出了防控措施。     

The effectiveness of the paramunity inducer Baypamun (PIND-ORF) for the prevention and metaphylaxis of an experimental infection with the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in cattle

Efficacy of the paramunity inducer Baypamun (PIND-ORF) was evaluated by an IBR challenge trial in cattle, as one model for infectious diseases in bovine. Prophylactic treatment with Baypamun protected cattle against manifestation of clinical symptoms after experimental IBR infection. The degree of protection depended on the time between paramunization and challenge infection. Even in metaphylactically paramunized cattle Baypamun reduced the IBR symptoms. In correlation to the reduction of clinical symptoms paramunization also reduced virus excretion by more than 99% in treated cattle compared to non paramunized animals. The induction of interferon following IBR infection was investigated in paramunized cattle. Application of Baypamun enabled treated animals to react faster with interferon synthesis following IBR infection than control animals did. The demonstration of the status of paramunity following Baypamun application in cattle provides a concept in the prevention of infectious disease in the practice.     

The occurrence of hyena disease in young cattle]

Eight juvenile cattle with symptoms of hyena disease are described. This represents the first occurrence of the condition in the Republic of Poland. The growth of the affected animals was retarded, with a marked difference in longitudinal growth of the femoral, humeral, tibial and metatarsal bones. The animals showed altered nickel, manganese and inorganic phosphate concentrations, which may be related to the disease. The genetic studies did not reveal any aetiological factors.     

Factors affecting the recapture of undersize western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus George returned by fishermen to the sea

The rock lobster fishery of Western Australia is one of the largest of its kind; its average catch in the years 1974/75 to 1981/82 was almost 10000 tonnes. The fishery has been stable for many years, largely by virtue of licence limitation and other management measures. Among the regulatory measures is a requirement that all traps used in the fishery must be furnished with escape gaps and another requires fishermen to return to the sea all undersize lobsters that enter the traps, but fail to escape and consequently are brought on board the fishing boat when the trap is lifted.Despite the presence of the escape paps, considerable numbers of undersize lobsters are brought aboard; the number is estimated to be some 16 to 20 million in each season. Moreover, it has been estimated that about a quarter of these retained undersize lobsters remain on board for 10 min or more, and some have been observed to remain on board for more than two hours.Studies were therefore undertaken to ascertain whether this cipture-and-release experience was in fact causative of mortality. Laboratory experiments on animals exposed in direct sunlight resulted in an expected time for 50% mortality of 99, 158 and 233 min with increasing temperature compared with a time of 387 min for animals exposed under shade.Behavioural observations showed that as exposure time increased, returned animals exhibited a decreasing rate of descent through the water column, a decrease in the percentage of active animals and increased loss from predators. In addition, in ten laboratory experiments on octopus predation, octopus predated or injured animals exposed for 15 or 30 min, despite a recovery period of 3.5–5.5 h, but not on unexposed animals.Four tagging operations with over 7000 undersize animals resulted in a significant decrease in recapture rates by commercial fishermen with increasing exposure times. Damage (number of appendages lost) incurred by the rock lobsters and displacement beyond the home range were also generally found to reduce the recapture rates significantly. The combination of all these factors resulted in an estimated reduction in recapture rate of 14.6% in the 1978/79 fishing season and after taking into account natural mortality, this would have resulted in a loss of $A6.4 million to the fishery.     

Induction of Spawning in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

With the advent of sea cucumber aquaculture in the South Pacific region, a reliable method is needed to induce large numbers of animals to spawn in captivity. Broodstock of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra , collected from Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay (27°90'N, 153°24'E) Australia, during the reproductive season from October to January, were used in spawning trials. During the 1997–1998 summer between one to five weeks of captivity, 100% of animals were induced to spawn in four trials at dusk on or close to a new or full moon, using nine males and nine females contained in a Reln tank and 30 cm of filtered sea water, using a 3–5 C temperature shock. H. scabra was induced to spawn in small numbers during the 1996–1997 summer despite a marked degree of weight loss, and all animals spawned during 1997–1998 with minimal loss of weight. The difference in the number of spawned eggs between animals of similar size and mean numbers of spawned eggs in consecutive trials decreased the longer animals were held in captivity before spawning. The hatch rate of eggs was reduced significantly for broodstock held for more than one month. Hatch rate and numbers of spawned eggs are important indicators of egg viability of broodstock maintained in captivity for an extended period.     

信阳市主要野生水产动物重金属含量分析及质量安全评价

测定了信阳市主要野生水产动物Cd、Cr、Pb、As和Hg的含量,并根据单因子污染指数评价法对信阳市主要野生水产动物的品质进行质量安全评价。结果表明,8种信阳市主要野生水产动物的所有样品中均检出Pb和Cr,但均未检出Cd和Hg。在鲫鱼、鲤鱼、青虾和克氏原螯虾中检出As,检出率分别为60%、65.5%、55%和50%。单因子污染指数评价法表明,8种信阳市主要野生水产动物均受到不同程度的Pb污染,鲤鱼和鲫鱼受到了轻度的As污染。     

Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted with juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) to compare the growth and performance of animals fed a series of experimental and commercial pelleted shrimp and fish feeds and dietary feeding regimes within an indoor running-water culture system and an outdoor zero-water-exchange culture system. The best overall shrimp growth performance was observed for animals fed the experimental shrimp diet and all-day feeding regime under outdoor zero-water-exchange culture conditions. Final body weight and average weekly growth rate under these conditions were 2.8 and 3.4 times greater, respectively, than animals of similar size fed with the same diet under indoor running-water culture conditions. Although direct comparison between indoor and outdoor culture systems is difficult because of the lower indoor water temperatures, and consequently lower mean daily feed intake of animals, it is believed that the higher growth and feed performance of animals reared under outdoor `green-water' culture conditions was primarily due to their ability to obtain additional nutrients from food organisms endogenously produced within the zero-water-exchange culture system. The most promising features of zero-water-exchange culture systems are that they offer increased biosecurity, reduced feed costs and water use for the farmer, and by doing so provide a potential avenue of moving the shrimp culture industry along a path of greater sustainability and environmental compatibility.     

南沙岛礁周围水域主要鱼类食物网

在南沙岛礁周围水域收集了43种主要鱼类,共940个胃含物,根据对它们的食性分析,并依其食料生物的生态类群以及消化器官特点,一般可划分为浮游生物食性、底栖动物食性、游泳动物食性、浮游生物兼底栖动物食性、底栖动物兼游泳动物食性等5种食性类型。根据食物网中各营养级的相互关系,初步划分为4个营养级,即初级生产者(海洋植物)、草食性动物和杂食性动物、低级肉食性动物和中级肉食性动物、高级肉食性动物。并根据这些营养级的划分,南沙岛礁周围水域43种主要鱼类可分低级肉食性鱼类,中级肉性鱼类和高级肉食性鱼类,它们的比为28105。灰裸顶鲷是南沙岛礁周围水域三重剌网举足轻重的捕捞对象,从食物网的观点出发,应加强灰裸顶鲷幼鱼期敌害鱼和其竞食者的捕捞,为低级肉食性经济鱼类除害,灰裸顶鲷就有可能增加资源量。     

L-肉碱的研究及其在水产动物养殖中的应用

L-肉碱是一种具有多种生理功能和生物活性的新型无公害添加剂,20世纪80年代已在养殖动物中应用并受到普遍关注,近几年来在水产动物方面的研究和应用不断增多。本文系统介绍L-肉碱的发现、功能、机理、合成等,重点综述了近年来L-肉碱在水产动物养殖中的效果研究,并针对其现状提出了今后的研究与开发重点。     

Distribution and abundance of overwintering Calanus finmarchicus in the Faroe–Shetland Channel

The distribution and abundance of overwintering Calanus finmarchicus in the Faroe–Shetland Channel was studied during December 1994 and January 1995. Maximum abundance of animals in the Channel was approximately 50 000 m⁻², with a peak concentration of 627 m⁻³ at a depth of 930 m. Copepodite stages IV and V accounted for > 98% of the population. A clear association was found between the horizontal and vertical distribution of animals and the Arctic water masses in the bottom of the Faroe–Shetland Channel. The Wyville–Thomson Ridge formed a barrier to the southern distribution of Arctic waters and the abundance of overwintering C. finmarchicus was 25 times lower to the south of the Ridge than to the north. Spatial variability in lipid content and composition indicated that overwintering C. finmarchicus in the southern Norwegian Sea were in poorer condition with respect to wax ester content, and in a more advanced state of emergence from overwintering, than the animals within the Channel. The overwintering stock in the Channel probably originated from the Norwegian Sea or from north of the Faroe Islands. The Faroe–Shetland Channel is an important source of animals advected into the northern North Sea in the spring (March/April). The population abundance in the Faroe–Shetland Channel was estimated to be 4.5 × 10¹⁴ individuals, which is more than adequate to account for the mean concentration of adult stages observed in the northern North Sea in April.