中国土壤学过去30年在一些关键领域的研究进展

Due to continuous decreases in arable land area and continuous population increases,Chinese soil scientists face great challenges in meeting food demands,mitigating adverse environmental impacts,and sustaining or enhancing soil productivity under intensive agriculture.With the aim of promoting the application of soil science knowledge,this paper reviews the achievements of Chinese scientists in soil resource use and management,soil fertility,global change mitigation and soil biology over the last 30 years.During this period,soil resource science has provided essential support for the use and exploitation of Chinese soil resources,and has itself developed through introduction of new theories such as Soil Taxonomy and new technologies such as remote sensing.Soil fertility science has contributed to the alleviation and elimination of impeding physical and chemical factors that constrain availability of essential nutrients and water in soils,the understanding of nutrient cycling in agroecosystems,and the increase in nutrient use efficiency for sustainable crop production.Chinese soil scientists have contributed to the understanding of the cropland’s role in global change,particularly to the understanding of methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice fields and the effect of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on rice-wheat system.Soil biology research has progressed in biological N fixation,distribution of fauna in Chinese soils,and bioremediation of polluted soils.A new generation of soil scientists has arisen in the last three decades.The gaps between research and application in these soil science fields are also discussed.     

内盖夫荒漠中小型土壤节肢动物群落的时空变化

Desert ecosystems are characterized by sparse vegetation that affects both abiotic parameters and soil biota along the soil profile.This study was conducted in 2010–2011 in a loess plain in the northern Negev Desert highlands, Israel, to test two main hypotheses:1) the abundance and diversity of microarthropods would vary seasonally in the top 30-cm soil layer, but would be relatively stable at soil depths between 30 and 50 cm and 2) soil microarthropods would be more abundant in soils under shrubs with large litter accumulations than under shrubs with less litter or bare soil. Soil samples were collected each season from the 0–50 cm profile at10-cm intervals under the canopies of Hammada scoparia and Zygophyllum dumosum and from the bare interspaces between them.Soil moisture and soil organic carbon in the top 30-cm layers varied seasonally, but there was little variation in the soil layers deeper than 30 cm. Soil mites were most abundant in the top 30-cm soil layer in autumn and winter, with the highest number of families found in winter. There were no differences in soil microarthropod abundance attributable to the presence or absence of shrubs of either species. The microarthropod communities of the microhabitats studied consisted of Acari, Psocoptera, and Collembola. The Acari were mostly identified to the family level and were dominated by Oribatida(55%) and Prostigmata(41%) in all seasons and microhabitats, while the psocopterans were most abundant in summer. These results are opposite to those obtained in other studies in similar xeric environments. Moreover, our findings were not in line with our hypothesis that a better microhabitat played a major role in microarthropod community composition, diversity, and density.     

长期种植苜蓿对中国半干旱地区黄土钾含量和粘土矿物的影响

Alfalfa cropping has been considered an efficient method of increasing soil fertility.Usually nitrogen increase in root nodules is considered to be the major beneficial effect.A 21-year time series (five sampling periods) of alfalfa cultivation plots on a loess soil,initially containing illite and chlorite,in Lanzhou of northwestern China was selected to investigate the relationships among alfalfa cropping,soil potassium (K) content and soil clay minerals.The results indicated that soil K significantly accumulated after cropping,with a peak value at about 15 years,and decreased afterwards.The accumulated K was associated with the K increase in the well-crystallized illite,which was not extracted by the traditional laboratory K extraction methods in assessing bioavailability.The steep decline in soil K content after 15-year cropping was in accord with the observed fertility loss in the alfalfa soil.Plant biomass productivity peaked at near 9 years of culture,whereas soil K and clay minerals continued to increase until cropping for 15 years.This suggested that K increased in the topsoil came from the deep root zone.Thus alfalfa continued to store K in clays even after peak production occurred.Nitrogen did not follow these trends,showing a general decline compared with the native prairie soils that had not been cropped.Therefore,the traditional alfalfa cropping can increase K content in the topsoil.     

类似但成土因素不同的土壤：巴西始成土的趋同演变

Soils result from the interaction of five independent formation factors.If one factor varies,while the others remain constant,different soils can be produced.Herein,we demonstrated an opposing trend,wherein two soils were similar,despite considerable differences in all factors of soil formation.We sampled two Inceptisols (Oxic Dystrudepts) formed on different parent materials (gneiss vs.mica schist),climate (tropical altimontane vs.warmer,drier plateau),topography (1 650 m,45％ slope vs.1000 m,8％ slope),time (rejuvenated vs.old,stable surface),and vegetation (rainforest vs.Cerrado savanna).The two soils had similar chemical properties,whereas the soil on mica schist had finer particle size distribution,lower porosity,and lower saturated hydraulic conductivity.These properties were related to a coarser blocky microstructure compared to the soil on gneiss.Both soils presented active mineral weathering and pronounced pedoplasmation,demonstrated by clay contents ＞ 300 g kg-1,although only the Dystrudept on gneiss possessed coarse rock fragments.The C horizons of both soils presented fragmented clay coatings suggestive of argilluviation,likely relict,because they were not observed in the B horizons.The similarities in many properties of the two Dystrudepts,despite contrasting factors of soil formation,suggest converging evolution and that soil classification at the subgroup level was efficient in grouping similar formative processes in tropical conditions.Moreover,this work revealed that similar pedogenic processes acting on different factors of soil formation can result in similar soil properties,at least for Inceptisols where further soil development is hindered by topographic limitations.     

地中海生态系统中可溶性有机N研究

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soils has recently gained increasing interest because it may be both a direct N source for plants and the dominant available N form in nutrient-poor soils, however, its prevalence in Mediterranean ecosystems remains unclear. The aims of this study were to i) estimate soil DON in a wide set of Mediterranean ecosystems and compare this levels with those for other ecosystems; ii) describe temporal changes in DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) forms (NH4+ and NO3? ), and characterize spatial heterogeneity within plant communities; and iii) study the relative proportion of soil DON and DIN forms as a test of Schimel and Bennett’s hypothesis that the prevalence of different N forms follows a gradient of nutrient availability. The study was carried out in eleven plant communities chosen to represent a wide spectrum of Mediterranean vegetation types, ranging from early to late successional status. DON concentrations in the studied Mediterranean plant communities (0-18.2 mg N kg-1) were consistently lower than those found in the literature for other ecosystems. We found high temporal and spatial variability in soil DON for all plant communities. As predicted by the Schimel and Bennett model for nutrient-poor ecosystems, DON dominance over ammonium and nitrate was observed for most plant communities in winter and spring soil samples. However, mineral-N dominated over DON in summer and autumn. Thus, soil water content may have an important effect on DON versus mineral N dominance in Mediterranean ecosystems.     

利用有机质和pH值估算中国西北和东北退耕还林土壤容重

Regression models for predicting soil bulk density (BD) have usually been related to organic matter content,but it remains unknown whether soil acidity modifies this relationship,particularly for afforested/reforested soils.We measured soil BD along with organic matter content and pH in an afforested/reforested area in Northwest and Northeast China.Using these measurements,we parameterized and validated three BD models:the Adams equation,and exponential and radical models.Model validation showed that the Adams equation failed to predict the BD of the afforested/reforested soils,producing a large overestimation.Incorporation of soil pH into the Adams equation significantly improved its performance.The exponential and radical models parameterized by the measured data simulated soil BD quite well,particularly when soil pH was incorporated.However,incorporation of soil texture variables into these models did not improve model performance compared with the pH-modified models.This led to the conclusion that the Adams equation,exponential,and radical models with pH modification are applicable to afforested/reforested soils with various acidities.     

基于小白菜Cd吸收推算土壤Cd安全阈值

Cadmium(Cd), a common toxic heavy metal in soil, has relatively high bioavailability, which seriously threatens agricultural products. In this study, 8 different soils with contrasting soil properties were collected from different regions in China to investigate the Cd transfer coefficient from soil to Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis L.) and the threshold levels of Cd in soils for production of Chinese cabbage according to the food safety standard for Cd. Exogenous Cd(0–4 mg kg~(-1)) was added to the soils and equilibrated for 2 weeks before Chinese cabbage was grown under greenhouse conditions. The influence of soil properties on the relationship between soil and cabbage Cd concentrations was investigated. The results showed that Cd concentration in the edible part of Chinese cabbage increased linearly with soil Cd concentration in 5 soils, but showed a curvilinear pattern with a plateau at the highest dose of exogenous Cd in the other 3 soils. The Cd transfer coefficient from soil to plant varied significantly among the different soils and decreased with increasing soil p H from 4.7 to 7.5. However, further increase in soil pH to 8.0 resulted in a significant decrease in the Cd transfer coefficient. According to the measured Cd transfer coefficient and by reference to the National Food Safety Standards of China, the safety threshold of Cd concentration in soil was predicted to be between 0.12 and 1.7 mg kg~(-1) for the tested soils. The predicted threshold values were higher than the current soil quality standard for Cd in 5 soils, but lower than the standard in the other 3 soils. Regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between the predicted soil Cd safety threshold value and soil p H in combination with soil organic matter or clay content.     

人工油松林中跳虫群落恢复状况

Large areas of forest plantations have been developed in China.It is important to evaluate the soil fauna in plantations and the conditions needed for their recovery in view of the large areas of plantations in China.Three Pinus tabulaeformis forests,a 26-year-old plantation (P26) and a 45-year-old plantation (P45),exposed to clear-cutting before plantation,and an 80-260-year-old natural forest (N260),were chosen to study the effects of different forest ages/types on Collembola community in the litter and soil layers during 2008 and 2009.Soil conditions in P26 and P45 were significantly deteriorated when compared to N260.A higher value of soil bulk density and lower values of soil organic matter,soil N,litter depth,soil pH,and soil water content were observed in P26 and P45.Totally,the same genera of Collembola tended to occur in the forests of all ages studied;however,the Collembola community structure was significantly impacted by the differences in forest age.Both in the litter and soil layers,the density and generic richness of the Collembola were the highest in N260 and the lowest in P26.Some collembolan groups were sensitive to soil conditions in particular forest ages.N260 was associated with relatively high abundance of Plutomurus collembolans and P45 with relatively high abundance of Pseudofolsomia collembolans.The canonical correspondence analysis showed that the community structure of Collembola was mainly affected by forest age in both litter and soil layer.The ordination analysis of non-metric multidimensional scaling also found that the Collembola community did not recover to the level of natural forests in 26-year regeneration after clear-cutting.Even in 45-year regeneration after clear-cutting,the Collembola community only showed a slight recovery to the level of natural forests.Our results clearly showed that both Collembola community and soil conditions did not recover in 26-and 45-year regeneration after clear-cutting in P.tabulaeformis plantations;however,they might have the potential to recover in the future because the same genera of Collembola were distributed in the plantations and natural forests.     

巴西东北部地区土地退化对土壤微生物量和活性的影响

Land degradation causes great changes in the soil biological properties.The process of degradation may decrease soil microbial biomass and consequently decrease soil microbial activity.The study was conducted out during 2009 and 2010 at the four sites of land under native vegetation(NV),moderately degraded land(LDL),highly degraded land(HDL) and land under restoration for four years(RL) to evaluate changes in soil microbial biomass and activity in lands with different degradation levels in comparison with both land under native vegetation and land under restoration in Northeast Brazil.Soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm depth.Soil organic carbon(SOC),soil microbial biomass C(MBC) and N(MBN),soil respiration(SR),and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate(FDA) and dehydrogenase(DHA) activities were analyzed.After two years of evaluation,soil MBC,MBN,FDA and DHA had higher values in the NV,followed by the RL.The decreases of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in the degraded lands were approximately 8-10 times as large as those found in the NV.However,after land restoration,the MBC and MBN increased approximately 5-fold and 2-fold,respectively,compared with the HDL.The results showed that land degradation produced a strong decrease in soil microbial biomass.However,land restoration may promote short-and long-term increases in soil microbial biomass.     

中国亚热带不同种植制度下的土壤侵蚀

In order to optimise land use systems, to prevent erosion-induced degradation and to restore the degraded red soils in subtropical China, five cropping systems and four agroforestry systems were conducted in red soils with a slope of 7° from 1993 to 1995. The results showed that erosion risk period occurred from April to June, and the annual runoff and the losses of soil and nutrients with sediment were alarming for two conventional farming systems, whereas they were negligible for the farming systems with ridge tillage. Enrichment ratios of the lost soils from erosion were more than 1.20 for all nutrients with much higher values for hydrolysable N and organic matter. Compared with the control, the alley cropping systems also distinctly decreased runoff by 30% or 50%. However, the coverage of soil surface varied with alley cropping systems for the competition of nutrients and soil water, which made a profound difference in runoff. The cropping systems of sweet potato intercropped with soybean, the alley cropping systems and the measures of mulching and ridge tillage were the alternatives for red soil reclamation so as to prevent erosion-induced degradation.     

冻融循环对黑土团聚体稳定性与微结构特征的影响

冻融循环作用下的土壤结构变化被认为是融雪期黑土坡面土壤侵蚀加剧的主要原因之一,土壤团聚体稳定性与团聚体微结构是影响土壤可蚀性的关键因子.基于控制条件土壤冻融模拟试验,采用湿筛法、扫描电子显微技术(SEM)和Image-Pro Plus(IPP)图像分析处理相结合的方法,分析了冻融循环过程中黑土团聚体微结构的动态变化特征...     

冻融作用对棕壤团聚体及其重金属镉赋存形态的影响

以重金属Cd为单一污染源的棕壤作为供试土壤,设定-10,-20,-30℃三个温度作为冻结温度,10℃作为融化温度进行土壤冻融循环试验。通过测定冻融作用后土壤团聚体粒径组成、土壤质量平均直径、土壤团聚体粒径中Cd的质量负载率以及赋存形态,研究冻融作用对棕壤团聚体稳定性及Cd在不同团聚体粒径中分布与赋存形态的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤经过冻融作用后,2mm的团聚体比例显著增加(P0.05),增加范围为38.4%~54.6%,土壤质量平均直径显著增加(P0.05);(2)经过冻融作用后,重金属Cd主要富集在2mm的团聚体粒径中,所占比例为51.2%~57.2%;(3)冻融作用使土壤及不同粒径团聚体中交换态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量显著降低(P0.05),铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量显著增加(P0.05)。     

冻融循环对黑土容重和孔隙度影响的试验研究

反复的冻融循环会通过改变土壤容重、孔隙度等物理性质而使其侵蚀加剧,该文探讨了土壤容重及孔隙度在冻融循环作用下的变化.试从机理上分析冻融作用对土壤抗蚀性的影响规律.以东北黑土为研究对象,考虑冻融温差和土壤含水率两个影响因素.通过室内冻融试验研究了黑土容重及孔隙度的变化规律.结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增大,土壤的容重和孔隙度分别呈现缓慢减小及增大趋势,且变化幅度越来越小,最后达到基本稳定的状态;冻融温差越大,冻结温度越低,同一含水率土壤的容重变得更低,而孔隙度相对较高,并且两者的变化量最大;在同一冻融温差下,高含水率土壤经过冻融循环后较低含水率土壤容重更低,而孔隙度更高,且数值的变化量最大.     

冻融对东北黑土硒酸盐吸附解吸的影响

为探究冻融过程对东北黑土硒酸盐(Se(Ⅵ))吸附、解吸的影响机理,通过室内不同初始含水率及冻融次数模拟冻融循环,随后利用冻融后土壤进行Se(Ⅵ)的吸附和解吸试验,分别采用Langumuir和Freundlich方程对Se(Ⅵ)吸附过程进行拟合。结果表明:冻融显著(P <0.05)改变了东北黑土pH值、有机质、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白及各粒级团聚体含量,冻融后土壤Se(Ⅵ)吸附量显著高于未冻融土壤。通过拟合发现东北黑土对Se(Ⅵ)的吸附更符合Langmuir模型(R2> 0.967),高初始含水率及冻融循环次数均增加了冻融后黑土对Se(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量及缓冲容量,同时提高了Se(Ⅵ)的解吸率。70%含水率及多次冻融循环提高了黑土对Se(Ⅵ)的吸附潜能,促进Se(Ⅵ)的解吸,使得冻融后土壤硒的生物有效性增加,有利于作物根系对硒的吸收。     

木质素纤维改良膨胀土的冻融特性及微观机理

高寒区复杂环境场是渠基膨胀土劣化的主要原因,渠基膨胀土改良是保障渠系工程安全运行的重要手段。为探索冻融循环下膨胀土的纤维改良效果,以北疆某引调水工程为背景,开展木质素纤维改良膨胀土的系列室内试验,探明冻融循环下改良膨胀土的体变特性、抗压强度特性、抗拉强度特性及其作用机理。结果表明：相较于未改良试样,冻融循环下改良试样的体积变化率减小了24%～37%;在15次冻融循环后,未改良试样抗剪强度衰减率在42.2%以上,而改良试样抗剪强度衰减率则显著低于29.1%;反复冻融作用并未显著影响试样的压应力-应变关系曲线特征,而是造成试样拉应力-应变关系由“线弹性增长-强化-软化”特征发展为“线弹性增长-软化”特征;木质素纤维的掺入可以有效改善冻融循环下膨胀土的体变特性、抗剪强度特性、抗压强度特性、抗拉强度特性,且当掺量和长度分别为2%和1 mm时,木质素纤维改良膨胀土冻融特性的作用效果最为显著。同时,冻融循环下改良试样内部结构损伤程度显著低于未改良试样,原因在于木质素纤维的存在限制了冻融循环下土颗粒间的错动、重分布,在一定程度上保证了膨胀土内部结构完整性。     

松辽平原高产农田土壤结构性对冻结的响应及机理研究

以松辽平原玉米带耕作区高产田(平面型)与低产田(波浪型)0-20cm耕层土壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟冻融实验方法,设置不同冻结频率和不同含水量条件,研究高产田土壤的结构性对冻结的响应,以及土壤结构特征的变化。结果显示:冻融循环对高产田(平面型)和低产田(波浪型)各粒级风干团聚体、水稳定性团聚体比例的影响均达到显著水平(p<0.01),而含水量仅对小于5mm的水稳性团聚体分布比例有显著影响(p<0.01)。冻融循环次数和含水量对风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体的MWD以及>0.25mm团聚体的保存率均有显著影响(p<0.01),与水稳性团聚体相比,风干团聚体对冻融交替更加敏感。冻融循环对高产田与低产田风干团聚体MWD的影响都显著(p<0.01)。此外,在冻结条件下,土壤含水量越高对于高产田团聚体的破坏性越强;冻结对高产田土壤耕层团聚体有一定的分散作用,对低产田土壤耕层团聚体具有一定的团聚作用,另外冻融循环可以加剧大粒级风干团聚体的破坏作用。     

极端干旱区土壤呼吸对储水灌溉和冻融循环的响应

[目的] 揭示中国极端干旱区甘肃省石羊河流域储水灌溉与季节性冻融叠加作用下对土壤呼吸的影响,为进一步提高极端干旱区灌溉水资源利用效率和节约灌溉水源提供理论基础和技术支撑。[方法] 按照1 199.4 m³/hm²低灌溉定额分为灌水和非灌水处理,将冻融循环分为冻结期、冻融期和解冻期3个时间段,采用LI-8100土壤碳通量全自动测量系统对各处理地块的土壤呼吸速率进行观测与分析。[结果] 极端干旱区储水灌溉在季节性冻融作用下农田生态系统土壤呼吸速率增强,土壤碳排放量增加,农田生态系统碳循环被改变,有利于作物的生长和提高粮食产量。不同土地利用方式下土壤呼吸速率对水分和温度的响应程度不同。整个冻融过程中土壤呼吸速率呈现出：解冻期>冻结期>冻融期的规律。冻结期、冻融期和解冻期3个时期的土壤CO₂都表现为源,但在夜间极低温度时土壤CO₂由源转化为汇。[结论] 储水灌溉调控了整个冻融期土壤呼吸的过程,改变了极端干旱区农田生态系统的碳循环。在水分与季节性冻融叠加作用下,储水灌溉地块土壤呼吸速率相对未储水地块随温度的波动更为剧烈,但与温度的变化趋势一致,水分加剧了其随温度的波动。     

季节性冻融对色季拉森林土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

为分析季节性冻融对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以藏东南色季拉山森林土壤为研究对象,通过野外控制性试验利用湿筛法测定团聚体组成,分析了0—10 cm, 10—20 cm, 20—30 cm深度土层各粒径团粒结构变化,以及土壤含水量(SWC),0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSA)、平均质量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)、分形维数D、可蚀性K值各指标之间的关系。结果表明：(1)季节性冻融导致大团粒含量减少,小团粒含量增加,土壤结构失调。(2)含水量是影响团聚体稳定性的重要因素之一。(3)季节性冻融作用整体上导致MWD,GMD变小,D值与K值变大,降低了土壤团聚体稳定性。(4)当土壤冻融次数在一定范围内STF-One中,WSA有所增加,土壤稳定性有所增强。(5)土壤团聚体WSA,MWD和GMD均与D值和K值呈负相关。(6)在SFT-Ys类型土壤中土壤结构变化,0.5 mm粒级是重要临界点。综上,研究为季节性冻融对土壤稳定性的影响提供数据支持,为冻土潜在受侵蚀情况提供理论依据。     

青海湖流域高寒草甸季节冻土土壤温湿变化特征

根据2018—2020年青海湖流域高寒草甸野外定点监测的温度、降水、土壤水热数据，分析了高寒草甸生态系统土壤冻融特征以及不同冻融阶段土壤温度、水分的日变化和季节动态过程。结果表明：(1)基于土壤温度变化特征分析，可将冻融循环过程划分为始冻期、完全冻结期、解冻期和完全融化期。各阶段持续的天数长短依次为：完全融化期>完全冻结期>解冻期>始冻期。从表层到深层土壤，完全融化天数持续增大，完全冻结天数趋于减小，0～180 cm土层完全融化期持续天数超过半年以上。(2)冻土表现出单向冻结、双向融化的规律，土壤融化速率(5.45 cm/d)快于土壤冻结速率(2 cm/d)。整个冻融过程，不同深度土壤水分的变化比温度的变化更复杂。(3)随着冻融循环过程，土壤温湿度呈现出周期性的季节变动特征。土壤温湿度日变化具有一致性，表层日较差大，随着深度的增加，日较差变小并趋于稳定。土壤剖面的结构特征对土壤水分异质性分布具有较强的解释性。     

土壤冻融交替生态效应研究进展

土壤冻融作用是高纬度和高海拔地带性土壤热量动态的一种表现形式.国际上关于冻融的研究多集中在北方高纬度地带,特别是苔原、泰加林和北极生态系统,越来越集中在全球变化对冻融生态系统土壤过程的效应方面.已有研究表明冻融作用会引起土壤团聚结构破坏并导致冻融侵蚀、土壤溶液中养分浓度升高而导致土壤养分流失、土壤解冻后还可能导致土壤呼吸和N素矿化以及一些痕量气体短时间释放增加等,这些研究表明了冻融过程对土壤物理、化学、生物等各方面的效应.我国有大面积北方季节性地带冻土和青藏高原高海拔冻土,而在土壤冻融作用及生态效应方面的工作较少,值得关注和深入研究.