有机质含量对人造技术土水分结构性质的影响

Constructed Technosols may be an alternative for creating urban green spaces. However, the hydro-structural properties emerging from the assembly of artefacts have never been documented. The soil shrinkage curve (SSC) could provide relevant structural information about constructed Technosols, such as the water holding capacity of each pore system (macropores and micropores). The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the SSC and water retention curve (WRC) to describe the structure of constructed Technosols and (ii) to understand the influence of organic matter content on soil hydro-structural properties. In this study, Technosols were obtained by mixing green waste compost (GWC) with the material excavated from deep horizons of soil (EDH). The GWC was mixed with EDH in six different volumetric percentages from 0% to 50% (GWC/total). The GWC and EDH exhibited highly divergent hydro-structural properties: the SSC was hyperbolic for GWC and sigmoid for EDH. All six mixture treatments (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% GWC) exhibited the classical sigmoid shape, revealing two embedded levels of pore systems. The 20% GWC treatment was hydro-structurally similar to the 30% and 40% GWC treatments; so, a large quantity of expansive GWC is unnecessary. The relation with the GWC percentage was a second-degree equation for volumetric available water in micropores, but was linear for volumetric available water in macropores and total volumetric available water. Total volumetric available water in the 50% GWC treatment was twice as high as that in the 0% GWC treatment. By combining SSCs and WRCs, increasing the GWC percentage increased water holding capacity by decreasing the maximum equivalent size of water-saturated micropores at the shrinkage limit and increasing the maximum equivalent size of water-saturated macropores, resulting in an increased range of pore diameter able to retain available water.     

生物炭对沙质土水分蒸发和导水率的影响（英文）

Biochar,as a kind of soil amendment,has important effects on soil water retention.In this research,4 different kinds of biochars were used to investigate their influences on hydraulic properties and water evaporation in a sandy soil from Hebei Province,China.Biochar had strong absorption ability in the sandy soil.The ratio of water content in the biochar to that in the sandy soil was less than the corresponding ratio of porosity.Because of the different hydraulic properties between the sandy soil and the biochar,the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sandy soil gradually decreased with the increasing biochar addition.The biochar with larger pore volume and average pore diameter had better water retention.More water was retained in the sandy soil when the biochar was added in a single layer,but not when the biochar was uniformly mixed with soil.Particle size of the added biochar had a significant influence on the hydraulic properties of the mixture of sand and biochar.Grinding the biochar into powder destroyed the pore structure,which simultaneously reduced the water absorption ability and hydraulic conductivity of the biochar.For this reason,adding biochar powder to the sandy soil would not decrease the water evaporation loss of the soil itself.     

使用自由软件和便携式光学显微镜研究土壤孔隙特征

Total porosity (TP), determined by image analysis, pore type and pore size distribution were evaluated on impregnated soil blocks from an undisturbed Brazilian sandy loam soil using a digital portable optical microscope. The free software Image J (version 1.40g) was used for image analysis. Procedures for soil image collection and analysis were presented. The image analysis allowed the evaluation of pore sizes with diameters ranging from 20 to >1 000 μm. The following types of pores were also obtained: rounded, elongated and intermediate. The results allowed the characterization of the soil as moderately porous (TP=21.6%). Rounded, intermediate and elongated pores were responsible for 11.6%, 31.7% and 56.7% of TP. In relation to pore size 51.1% of TP was in the 100-500 μm size class and a third of TP came from the pores larger than 500 μm.     

粘土土壤孔隙大小分布及其与土壤有机质的相关性

Soil pore size distribution(PSD) directly influences soil physical,chemical,and biological properties,and further knowledge of soil PSD is very helpful for understanding soil functions and processes.In this study,PSD of three clayey soils collected from the topsoil(0-20 cm) of Vertisols in Northern China was analyzed using the N_2 adsorption(NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) methods.The effect of soil organic matter(SOM) on the PSD of clayey soils was also evaluated.The differential curves of pore volume of clayey soils by the NA method exhibited that the pores with diameter 0.01 μm accounted for more than 50%in the pore size range of 0.001 to 0.1 μm.The differential pore curves of clayey soils by the MIP method exhibited three distinct peaks in pore size range of 60 to 100,0.3 to 0.4 and 0.009 to 0.012 μm,respectively.In the three clayey soils,the ultramicropores(5-0.1μm) were determined to be the main pore class(on average 35.5%),followed by macropores( 75 μm,31.4%),cryptopores(0.1-0.007μm,16.0%),micropores(30-5 μm,9.7%) and mesopores(75-30 μm,7.3%).The SOM greatly affected the pore structure and PSD of aggregates in clayey soils.In particular,SOM removal reduced the volume and porosity of 5-100 μm pores while increased those of 5 μm pores in the 5-2 and 2-0.25 mm aggregates of clayey soils.The increase in the volume and porosity of 5 μm pores may be attributed to the disaggregation and partial emptying of small pores caused by the destruction of SOM.     

添加木本泥炭和膨润土对侵蚀退化黑土理化性质的影响

为减缓黑土农田侵蚀退化,提高农田地力。本研究选取典型侵蚀退化黑土地,向土壤中添加木本泥炭和膨润土,利用室内模拟和田间原位观测相结合,进行土壤饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率以及持水性、有机碳含量和作物产量研究。结果显示：室内条件下添加2%或4%木本泥炭会使饱和导水率分别降低14.3%和增加9.9%、导气率分别增加18.9%和4.1%、相对气体扩散率分别增加15.5%和6.6%、有机碳含量分别增加39.4%和71.5%、盆栽玉米产量分别增加2.0倍和1.9倍;添加1%膨润土会使饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率分别降低63.2%、55.3%和7.6%,有机碳含量和盆栽玉米产量分别增加1.0%和1.1倍;添加2%或4%木本泥炭和1%膨润土会使饱和导水率分别降低65.8%和73.1%、导气率分别降低33.2%和32.8%、相对气体扩散率分别增加0.2%和降低4.7%、有机碳含量分别增加37.8%和70.6%、盆栽玉米产量分别增加1.9倍和1.5倍。大田中添加木本泥炭会使土壤饱和导水率、相对气体扩散率、有机碳含量和大豆产量分别增加75.0%、32.0%、36.1%和43.2%,土壤导气率降低45.2%;添加膨润土会使土壤饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率分别降低39.1%、44.4%和44.0%,有机碳含量和大豆产量分别提高3.6%和4.2%,但有机碳含量和大豆产量差异不显著。混合添加木本泥炭和膨润土会使土壤饱和导水率、相对气体扩散率、有机碳含量和大豆产量分别增加134.4%、28.0%、36.0%和26.3%,土壤导气率降低38.2%。添加木本泥炭和膨润土均可提高土壤持水能力,添加膨润土的处理有机碳分解减慢。总之,混合添加效果最好,可提高土壤通气透水性、持水能力、有机碳含量和作物产量,并有助于有机碳累积。     

再氧化对土壤的通气性变异的影响

The interplay between soil physical parameters during the recovery from anoxic stresses (reoxidation) is largely unrecognized. This study was conducted to characterise the soil aeration status and derive correlations between variable aeration factors during reoxidation. Surface layers (0-30 cm) of three soil types, Haplic Phaeozem, Mollic Gleysol, and Eutric Cambisol (FAO soil group), were selected for analysis. The moisture content was determined for a range of pF values (0, 1.5, 2.2, 2.7, and 3.2), corresponding to the available water for microorganisms and plant roots. The variability of a number of soil aeration parameters, such as water potential (pF), air-filled porosity (Eg), oxygen diffusion rate (ODR), and redox potential (Eh), were investigated. These parameters were found to be interrelated in most cases. There were significant (P < 0.001) negative correlations of pF, Eg, and ODR with Eh. A decrease in water content as a consequence of soil reoxidation was manifested by an increase in the values of aeration factors in the soil environment. These results contributed to understanding of soil redox processes during recovery from flooding and might be useful for development of agricultural techniques aiming at soil reoxidation and soil fertility optimisation.     

生物炭引起的土体回弹变化：土壤质地和生物炭用量的影响

Biochars are,amongst other available amendment materials,considered as an attractive tool in agriculture for carbon sequestration and improvement of soil functions.The latter is widely discussed as a consequence of improved physical quality of the amended soil.However,the mechanisms for this improvement are still poorly understood.This study investigated the effect of woodchip biochar amendment on micro-structural development,micro-and macro-structural stability,and resilience of two differently textured soils,fine sand (FS) and sandy loam (SL).Test substrates were prepared by adding 50 or 100 g kg-1 biochar to FS or SL.Total porosity and plant available water were significantly increased in both soils.Moreover,compressive strength of the aggregates was significantly decreased when biochar amount was doubled.Mechanical resilience of the aggregates at both micro-and macro-scale was improved in the biochar-amended soils,impacting the cohesion and compressive behavior.A combination of these effects will result in an improved pore structure and aeration.Consequently,the physicochemical environment for plants and microbes is improved.Furthermore,the improved stability properties will result in better capacity of the biochar-amended soil to recover from the myriad of mechanical stresses imposed under arable systems,including vehicle traffic,to the weight of overburden soil.However,it was noted that doubling the amendment rate did not in any case offer any remarkable additional improvement in these properties,suggesting a further need to investigate the optimal amendment rate.     

生物炭碳固定于稳定性土壤团聚体中：土壤黏土矿物及其它土壤性质的作用

Aggregation and structure play key roles in water-holding capacity and stability of soils.In this study,the incorporation of carbon(C) from switchgrass biochar into stable aggregate size fractions was assessed in an Aridisol(from Colorado,USA) dominated by 2:1 clays and an Alfisol(from Virginia,USA) containing weathered mixed 1:1 and 2:1 mineralogy,to evaluate the effect of biochar addition on soil characteristics.The biochar was applied at 4 levels,0,25,50,and 100 g kg~(-1),to the soils grown with wheat in a growth chamber experiment.The changes in soil strength and water-holding capacity using water release curves were measured.In the Colorado soil,the proportion of soil occurring in large aggregates decreased,with concomitant increases in small size fractions.No changes in aggregate size fractions occurred in the Virginia soil.In the Colorado soil,C content increased from 3.3 to 16.8 g kg~(-1),whereas in the53 μm fraction C content increased from 5.7 to 22.6 g kg~(-1) with 100 g kg~(-1)biochar addition.In the Virginia soil,C content within aggregate size fractions increased for each size fraction,except the2 000 μm fraction.The greatest increase(from 6.2 to 22.0 g kg~(-1)) occurred in the 53–250 μm fraction.The results indicated that C was incorporated into larger aggregates in the Virginia soil,but remained largely unassociated to soil particles in the Colorado soil.Biochar addition had no significant effect on water-holding capacity or strength measurements.Adding biochar to more weathered soils with high native soil organic content may result in greater stabilization of incorporated C and result in less loss because of erosion and transport,compared with the soils dominated by 2:1 clays and low native soil organic content.     

生物炭和PAM混施影响煤矸石基质水分的入渗和蒸发

探究生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)混施对煤矸石基质水分入渗和蒸发的影响,可为矿区矸石山土壤水分的调节提供依据。采用模拟土柱方法,研究不同矸土比(1∶2,1∶1和2∶1)的煤矸石基质,在混施生物炭(1%,2%和4%)和PAM(0.5‰和1‰)条件下,基质水分的吸持性能、入渗及蒸发特征。结果表明:(1)对煤矸石基质入渗性能的影响程度为生物炭PAM矸土比;随生物炭施用量的增加,基质的饱和含水量以及入渗速率均呈增加趋势,而PAM施用量的增加则减弱了煤矸石基质的饱和含水量和入渗速率。(2)添加1‰PAM处理的基质累积蒸发量均低于添加0.5‰PAM的处理;矸土比对煤矸石基质水分蒸发影响程度较生物炭和PAM大。(3)聚类分析表明,4%生物炭和0.5‰PAM混施时煤矸石基质的水分吸持性能及入渗速率较高;而矸土比为2∶1时,2%的生物炭和1‰的PAM混施可减弱基质水分的蒸发。总之,增加生物炭施用量有利于基质水分入渗,而PAM用量的增加,可抑制煤矸石基质水分的蒸发。     

生物炭和PAM共施对黄绵土水分入渗和蒸发的影响

采用二因素三水平(生物炭用量分别为干土重的0,2%和4%,聚丙烯酰胺用量分别为干土重的0,0.02‰和0.04‰)完全试验方案设计,研究了两种土壤结构调理剂生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)共施对黄绵土水分入渗和土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明:(1)生物炭施用后对Philip模型的稳渗率(A)和Horton模型的衰减指数(β)有显著影响,2%生物炭添加对A和β影响不大,但4%生物炭添加显著降低A,显著增加了β;施用PAM对Kostiakov模型的参数K,Philip模型的吸渗率(S)和Horton模型中的稳定入渗率(if)与初始入渗率(i0)有显著影响,0.02‰PAM添加对这些参数无显著影响,但0.04‰PAM添加显著降低K,S,if和i0。生物炭和PAM共施对3种入渗模型的大多数参数存在显著交互作用。所有处理中,以2%生物炭+0.02‰PAM增加入渗的效果为最好;(2)生物炭、PAM及二者交互作用对蒸发速率和累积蒸发量影响均不显著,表明生物炭和PAM单施或共施对黄绵土蒸发影响不大。     

河北坝上地区不同植被类型土壤持水性能研究

以河北坝上地区不同植被类型土壤为研究对象,使用离心机法测定不同土层深度不同吸力下的土壤含水率,利用Van Genuchten模型拟合土壤水分特征曲线,分析土壤水文特征。研究表明:(1)研究区土壤为砂土,土壤容重为1.59 g/cm3,土壤水分特征曲线呈现\"迅速下降–缓慢下降–稳定\"的形态,不同植被类型土壤水分特征曲线相似;(2)农地的持释水能力最强,杨树样地的持水能力最差,柠条样地的释水能力最差,研究区内非农地的土壤凋萎系数平均为8.69%,随着土层深度的增加,土壤的持水能力、释水能力和凋萎系数都逐渐减小(P<0.05)。(3)坝上地区应逐步减少高耗水乔木,建立起可持续发展的乔灌草防护体系。本研究可以为确定张北地区土壤凋萎系数和土壤干层,并合理选择种植植被提供理论依据。     

岩溶山地不同土地利用土壤的水分特性差异

对北碚观音峡背斜岩溶低山不同土地利用方式下土壤的持水、供水、吸水和蒸发特征进行了研究。结果表明,土地利用方式的不同使低吸力段水分状况存在明显差异,样地1,7的供水性能较好,样地3和6持、供水能力都较好,样地9的持、供水性能差,样地4,10的持水性能较好但供水能力较差。样地2,3,5,9土壤比水容量达10-7数量级(ml/Pa·g)时在土水势-10～-30kPa范围开始出现,表明其土壤的保水供水性能相对弱;各样地土壤在土水势-30～-60kPa时比水容量达10-7数量级,表明岩溶山地土壤在脱水过程中,在还未达到理论上的BCM值时,实际就有可能因水分不足而对植物生长产生不利影响。通径分析表明,岩溶山地土壤的持水性能主要与有机质、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体有关,二者的效应大于粘粒的效应。     

不同林分类型土壤水分物理性质及其海拔效应——以浙江省凤阳山为例

以浙江省凤阳山常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林为例,通过野外调查和室内测定土壤容重、土壤孔隙度及土壤含水量等,研究了中亚热带主要林分类型的土壤水分物理性质及其海拔影响.结果表明,在0-60 cm土层中,随着深度的增加土壤容重逐渐增大,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、最大持水量、毛管持水量、最小持水量逐渐减小.在海拔300～I 355 m高程范围随着海拔升高土壤容重平均值逐渐减小,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、最大持水量、毛管持水量、最小持水量、土壤贮水量平均值均增大;土壤排水能力平均值为:海拔900 m＞海拔600 m＞海拔1 355 m＞海拔300 m.同一海拔4种林分类型土壤容重平均值:人工杉木林＞针阔混交林＞人工柳杉林＞常绿阔叶混交林;土壤总孔隙度、土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、最小持水量、土壤贮水量平均值均表现为人工柳杉林优于其他3种林分类型;土壤排水能力平均值表现为:常绿阔叶混交林＞人工杉木林＞人工柳杉林＞针阔混交林.综合分析,同一海拔常绿阔叶林水源涵养及保持水土能力要高于人工柳杉林.     

红壤地区三种不同母质发育土壤的水分特性差异

对红壤地区玄武岩母质发育的红粘泥、第四纪古红土发育的黄筋泥以及与黄筋泥交叉分布的红砂土等 3种土壤在不同利用条件下的持水、供水特征进行研究 ,结果表明 ,土壤持水和供水的总体特征主要受土壤母质的控制 ;3种土壤对植物的最大有效水分含量差异明显 ,并且土壤种类之间的差异大于同一土壤不同利用方式下的差异 ;土壤利用方式的不同则使低吸力段水分状况存在明显差异 ,从而改变其旱作土壤的通气状况     

东莞5种生态公益林枯落物及土壤水文效应

为了解东莞市内不同森林公园的森林地表枯落物和土壤水源涵养能力,于2020年7月选取东莞市5个森林公园5种30年的生态公益林作为研究对象,采用烘干法和浸水法对枯落物、土壤的持水能力及物理性质进行研究.结果表明:生态公益林林地枯落物层厚度变动为1.5～10.5 cm,生物量变化范围为0.32～5.73 t/hm2,最大持水...     

川西亚高山次生林恢复过程中土壤物理性质及水源涵养效应

川西亚高山原始针叶林遭受大规模采伐后自然恢复形成的次生林已成为该区域的主要森林类型之一,也是我国西南林区水源涵养林的重要组成部分。现有亚高山森林水源涵养功能研究主要集中在暗针叶林,对天然次生林关注较少。选择川西米亚罗林区亚高山次生林自然恢复演替序列上高山柳灌丛、次生桦木阔叶林、岷江冷杉桦木针阔混交林,以相邻岷江冷杉成熟林为对照,采用空间代替时间的方法,基于土壤容重、孔隙度、持水性能等测定,分析了次生林恢复过程中土壤物理性质变化及土壤水源涵养效应动态,结果表明:(1)次生林恢复过程中,土壤容重总体呈下降趋势,除灌丛与阔叶林、针阔混交林、暗针叶林间具有显著差异外,其余植被类型间无显著差异,随着土层的加深,土壤容重呈增加趋势;(2)不同恢复阶段土壤孔隙度具有显著差异,以针阔混交林0—30 cm土层总孔隙度(64.39%)和毛管孔隙度(50.49%)为最高,灌丛总孔隙度(41.25%)和毛管孔隙度(33.70%)为最低;而土壤非毛管孔隙度以暗针叶林(14.27%)为最高;随着土层的加深,土壤孔隙度大致呈现出递减的趋势;(3)随着林龄增加,次生林土壤0—30 cm土层最大持水量呈波动性增加趋势,在针阔叶混交林阶段达到最大(1 815.02 t/hm~2),到暗针叶林阶段有所下降(1 659.88 t/hm~2);土壤毛管持水量以针阔混交林(1 369.72 t/hm~2)为最高,而非毛管持水量以暗针叶林(534.95 t/hm~2)为最高,暗示针阔混交林树木生长所需有效水贮存量较大,亚高山暗针叶林具有较强的土壤水分调节能力和土壤渗透能力。从水源涵养功能角度,川西亚高山森林植被恢复应注重构建针阔叶混交林结构。     

北京山区侧柏人工林水源涵养功能对抚育间伐的响应

通过对不同抚育强度下侧柏人工林的土壤及枯落物持水特性的研究,结果表明:抚育间伐5年后,弱度、中度、强度抚育样地土壤容重0-10cm处分别比对照样地降低9.5%,13.0%,18.9%,10-20cm处弱度、中度和强度抚育样地分别比对照降低0.3%,6.5%和9.8%;0-10cm处总孔隙度分别增加9.6%,13.1%,19.1%,10-20cm处分别增加-0.3%,6.3%,9.5%;水源涵养量分别增加5.5%,25.1%,32.1%;土壤总贮水量分别增加14.3%,4.6%,9.7%。与对照样地相比,各抚育样地枯落物蓄积量分别增加92.2%,268.3%,19.0%,最大持水率分别增加10.6%,28.4%,28.7%,持水量分别增加116.8%,379.3%,55.8%。方差分析显示,中度抚育和强度抚育效果与对照样地差异显著,说明抚育可改善土壤物理性质,减小土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,从而提高土壤水源涵养功能。因此从水源涵养的角度来说,在阳坡薄土条件下侧柏人工林更适宜采用中度和强度抚育措施。     

抚育间伐对北京山区油松幼龄人工林水源涵养功能的影响

通过对不同抚育强度下油松人工幼龄林的土壤及枯落物特性的研究,结果表明:5年后,弱度、中度、强度抚育样地土壤容重0-10cm处分别降低2.2%,4.1%,10.3%,10-20cm处分别降低3.2%,4.5%,15.3%,总孔隙度0-10cm处分别增加3.0%,5.8%,10.2%,10-20 cm处分别增加3.1%,7.2%,17.8%;水源涵养量分别增加12.2%,48.7%,44.4%;土壤总贮水量分别增加3.1%,6.5%,13.8%.与对照相比,各抚育样地枯落物蓄积量分别增加19.0%,91.7%,60.2%,最大持水率分别增加4.5%.23.3%,16.5%,持水量分别增加24.3%,135.5%,86.9%.方差分析显示,强度抚育和中度抚育效果差异显著,说明抚育可改善土壤物理性质,减小土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,从而提高土壤水源涵养功能.因此在阴坡厚土条件下,从水源涵养的角度来说,油松人工幼龄林更适宜采用强度和中度抚育措施.     

黄土高原典型植被枯落物坡面分布及持水特征

选取黄土高原丘陵沟壑区刺槐、柠条、铁杆蒿、白羊草4种典型植被样地,系统研究枯落物蓄积量、持水量和拦蓄量变化情况。结果表明:(1)枯落物地表蓄积量(0.14~0.83kg/m~2)和土壤中混入量(0.18~0.66kg/m~2)均表现为林地灌木林地草地,而土壤中枯落物所占比重(44.1%~73.5%)则表现为草地灌木林地林地;林地(刺槐和柠条)地表枯落物和土壤中枯落物沿坡长均表现为增加—减少交替的周期性变化,草地(白羊草和铁杆蒿)则随坡长的增大而增加。(2)枯落物持水量可表示为浸泡时间的对数函数(R2≥0.89,p0.01);白羊草样地地表枯落物持水量最高,刺槐林地土壤中枯落物持水量最高;土壤中枯落物最大持水量均不同程度地高于地表枯落物(1.9~2.5倍)。(3)土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量校正系数为0.34~0.48,普遍小于地表枯落物;地表和土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量分别为2.4~12.5t/hm~2和1.6~5.8t/hm~2,其中林地土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量低于地表枯落物,而草地则高于地表枯落物。总体而言,刺槐样地枯落物总有效拦蓄量最大(16.4t/hm~2),是其他样地的1.5~4.1倍。研究结果为评价黄土高原典型植被枯落物持水特征、深入理解植被恢复水文效应提供重要依据。