类固醇激素对牛输卵管上皮细胞分泌的调节及其分泌物对小鼠胚胎发育的影响

模拟发情期（０～６ｄ）母牛外周血浆雌激素和孕酮变化水平，在添加相应水平１７β－雌二醇和孕酮的ＴＣＭ－１９９液中，培养间情期牛输卵管上皮细胞（ＢＯＥＣ）。５％ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析ＢＯＥＣ分泌物，发现上皮细胞受类固醇激素作用分泌的２类蛋白质分子量与自然发情期（０～６ｄ）分泌的特异蛋白相似。证明类固醇激素可以调节和启动间情期ＢＯＥＣ的分泌活动。当雌二醇浓度高达１ｍｇ／Ｌ时，即使不加孕酮，ＢＯＥＣ仍能分泌这２类蛋白质。在培养小鼠原核胚的ＣＺＢ培养液内添加牛输卵管上皮细胞分泌蛋白（ＢＯＥＰ），与添加间情期牛输卵管冲洗蛋白（ＢＯＰ）和小牛输卵管冲洗蛋白（ＣＯＰ）相比，能显著提高通过２－细胞阶段胚胎的百分率和桑囊形成率，表明ＢＯＥＰ能较好地促进胚胎的分裂和发育。但ＢＯＥＰ组的桑囊形成率显著低于对照组，表明ＢＯＥＰ中可能缺少某些低于Ｍｒ１．０×１０４的蛋白因子的协调作用，以及含有Ｍｒ３．０×１０４～５．６×１０４的分泌蛋白的抑制作用而阻碍胚胎分裂与发育。     

类固醇激素对牛输卵管上皮细胞分泌的调节及其分泌物对小鼠胚…

模拟发情期（０～６ｄ）母牛外周血浆雌激素和孕酮变化水平，在添加相应水平１７β雌二醇和孕酮的ＴＣＭ－１９９液中，培养间情期牛输卵管上皮细胞（ＢＯＥＣ），５％ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析ＢＯＥＣ分泌物，发现上皮细胞受类固醇激素作用分泌的２类蛋白质分子量与自然发情期（０～６ｄ）分泌的特异蛋白相似。证明类固醇激素可以调节和启动间情期ＢＯＥＣ的分泌活动，当雌二醇浓度高达１ｍｇ／Ｌ时，即使不加孕酮，ＢＯＥＣ仍能分泌这     

类固醇激素对牛输卵管上皮细胞特异性糖蛋白基因表达作用的研究

模拟发情期母牛体内类固醇激素水平，在培养乏情期母牛输卵管上皮细胞的体系中添加雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)和血小板激活因子(platelet activating factor，PAF)，以诱导细胞的分泌作用。借助Northern的斑点杂交技术分析输卵管上皮特异性糖蛋白(OGP)基因RNA水平，研究激素及生长因子对体外培养的乏情期母牛输卵管上皮细胞分泌OGP的影响。结果显示：E2、P和PAF可以促进乏情期母牛输卵管上皮细胞OGP基因的表达。     

奶牛发情期子宫粘液的生化分析

本文就怀孕奶牛情孕前发情期的子宫颈粘液中唾液酸，蛋白质以及酸性磷酸酯酶（ＡＣＰ）和碱性磷酸酯酶（ＡＫＰ）进行了分析，发现孕牛孕前发情期的唾液酸，ＡＣＰ、ＡＫＰ明显较不孕牛高。因此，可用发情期子宫颈粘液中唾液酸的变化来分析雌激素的水平，而ＡＣＰ和ＡＫＰ活性可用来衡量雌激素和孕酮比率的变化和提高精子对子宫颈粘液中糖苷的利用。     

不同培养体系对牛体外受精早期胚胎发育的影响

为探讨体外受精早期胚胎的最佳体外培养体系,将从屠宰牛卵巢上获取的卵母细胞进行体外成熟培养、体外受精后获取的早期胚胎,分别用TCM199和mSOFaa与牛卵泡颗粒细胞和牛输卵管上皮细胞进行共培养。结果表明：TCM199和mSOFaa均能使体外受精胚胎突破8～16细胞期的发育阻断,但是囊胚发育率仅为14.3%和15.5%,差异不显著;胚胎与牛卵泡颗粒细胞和牛输卵管上皮细胞进行共培养能够使胚胎的囊胚发育率达到30.2%和33.5%,差异不显著。     

不同共培养体细胞和胎牛血清浓度对牛体外受精后早期胚胎的影响

利用屠宰黄牛的卵母细胞经体外成熟(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)后的早期胚胎,与单层颗粒细胞(GC)、输卵管上皮细胞(BOEC)等体细胞共培养及在胎牛血清的胚胎培养液中的后续发育进行了研究,并探讨了其影响因素,以期筛选出最佳的体外培养条件。结果表明:使用GC和BOEC体外共培养牛体外受精后胚胎,均取得了较好的囊胚发育率;且牛体外受精后早期胚胎体外培养体系中,添加10%血清能有效地促进牛体外受精后胚胎的囊胚率。     

Leptin和ITS对牛卵母细胞体外培养和胚胎生产的影响

利用Leptin和ITS促进体外成熟和体外培养的牛卵母细胞的发育和质量,探讨提高胚胎体外生产的质量和数量的方法和技术。试验1：体外受精胚胎的培养液：添加BSA的KSOM中添加10mL/L浓度的ITS,结果使胚胎的桑椹胚率和囊胚率显著（P〈0.05）高于培养液中不加ITS的对照组（桑椹胚率：43.48%vs29.07%,囊胚率：22.83%vs11.63%）,卵裂率、正常分裂率和8细胞率与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）。试验2：在卵母细胞的体外成熟液中添加10μg/L具有生物学活性的重组鸡Leptin成熟肽融合蛋白,Leptin处理组和对照组卵母细胞经体外成熟、受精后转入加有10mL/LITS的KSOM培养液进行体外培养。试验组卵裂率和正常分裂率极显著（P〈0.01）高于对照组（88.96%vs66.81%和61.11%vs29.36%）,8细胞率显著（P〈0.05）高于对照组（84.84%vs69.57%）。Leptin处理的卵母细胞在受精后的桑椹胚率和囊胚率与对照组差异不显著,但最后的囊胚数量较对照组增加1倍多,分别为IVF卵母细胞总数的14.8%和6.4%（P〈0.01）。这说明,添加Leptin对牛卵母细胞体外成熟有促进作用,可显著提高卵母细胞受精后早期胚胎的卵裂率、正常分裂率和8细胞率;加入ITS则能提高桑椹胚率和囊胚率;而Leptin和ITS的按顺序结合使用,则能大大增加体外生产胚胎的桑椹胚和囊胚的数量,从而提高胚胎体外生产的效率。     

影响黄牛小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外受精及早期胚胎发育的因素

从屠宰场收集黄牛卵巢,取皮质深层卵母细胞进行体外成熟、体外受精和早期胚胎体外培养,分析了影响其效果的因素。结果表明,在成熟培养液中添加FSH(10IU/mL)、HCG(20IU/mL)和17β-E2(1mg/L)对卵母细胞受精后早期胚胎发育能力有极显著促进作用;等量牛卵泡液(BFF)与新生牛血清(NCS)对体外受精胚胎发育效果影响不显著,以15?F为宜;颗粒细胞与输卵管上皮细胞均能显著提高卵母细胞体外成熟受精后早期胚胎的发育率,颗粒细胞 输卵管上皮细胞对克服胚胎阻滞现象效果显著。     

序贯培养法对猪孤雌激活胚胎发育能力的影响

经体外成熟、孤雌激活和培养获得猪胚胎,研究了不同培养体系、共培养体细胞和序贯培养对猪孤雌激活胚胎发育的影响。试验表明:孤雌激活卵母细胞在SOF 10?S培养体系中分裂效果最好,添加胎牛血清的NCSU-23和颗粒细胞对胚胎发育有促进作用,培养6d后发育到桑囊胚的比率增加(P<0.05)。在序贯培养的前3d,SOF培养基(不含葡萄糖)和颗粒细胞对胚胎的发育有促进作用,分裂率(P<0.05)和突破4细胞阻滞的数目显著增加,在培养的后3d,添加胎牛血清的NCSU-23和输卵管上皮细胞能支持较多胚胎发育到桑囊胚,桑囊胚的发育率为(59.5±3.2)%(P<0.05)。结果表明,SOF培养基和颗粒细胞 添加胎牛血清的NCSU-23和输卵管上皮细胞的序贯培养系统能较好的促进胚胎的发育。     

海南黑毛和牛发情周期中生殖激素分泌规律研究

本试验以发情期、妊娠期、休情期的海南黑毛和牛母牛为试验动物,采用双抗体一步夹心法酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法)测定其血清中促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)、催乳素(PRL)和孕酮(P4)的含量,对这些生殖激素的分泌规律进行研究。结果表明:FSH与LH分泌趋势基本一致,从发情期到妊娠期再到休情期呈现逐渐下降趋势;E2在进入妊娠期后分泌量显著减少,休情期时变化不大;PRL在妊娠期的分泌水平显著高于非妊娠期(P0.05);P4的分泌水平从发情期到妊娠期显著上升(P0.05),进入休情期逐渐下降。     

Purification and embryotropic roles of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in development of "HanWoo" (Bos taurus coreanae) oocytes co-cultured with bovine oviduct epithelial cells

This study was conducted to purify a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in a serum-free medium conditioned with bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC) and to evaluate its effect on development of "HanWoo" (Bos taurus coreanae) embryos to the blastocyst stage. In the first study using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, the presence of 32 kDa proteins, which contains TIMP-1, was detected in the medium conditioned with BOEC, and TIMP-1 was then purified from the medium by gel filtration and HPLC techniques. When examined TIMP-1 secretion, fluorescent foci indicating the secretion of TIMP-1 were found after stained BOEC with fluorescein isothiocyanate. In the next experiment, two-cell embryos derived from in vitro-fertilization were cultured in a serum-free medium, to which 0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5 microg/ml of purified TIMP-1 was supplemented. More (P<0.05) embryos developed to the morula and blastocyst stages after the addition of 2.5 microg/ml to culture medium than after no addition. In conclusion, our data indicate that BOEC secrete TIMP-1 and this glycoprotein promotes the prehatched development of "HanWoo" embryos derived from in vitro-fertilization.     

A long-term in vitro culture of bovine epithelial cells on collagen rafts

In the present work, we established and characterized a 3D functional polarized primary bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOECs) culture on free-floating type I collagen hydrogels (rafts) at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Intercellular junctions, ultrastructural cellular morphology and the expression of the OVGP1 closely recapitulated those of the in vivo epithelium lining. These morphological and physiological epithelial cell features were maintained under standard DMEM/F12 with 10% foetal bovine serum culture medium for at least 28 days of ALI culture. The versatility of the BOECs raft cultures should allow testing of toxicity compounds, in vitro evaluation of physiological or pathological oviductal states, and the study of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that are critical for the maintenance of oviductal homeostasis.     

Cytopathic effects of Tritrichomonas foetus on bovine oviduct cells

Tritrichomonas foetus is an extracellular parasite of the reproductive tract in cattle. To investigate the cytopathic effects of T. foetus in deeper parts of the reproductive tract, a bovine primary oviduct epithelial cell system (BOECs) was developed. Reproductive tracts were obtained from cows and the effect of co-incubating T. foetus with BOECs was analyzed by scanning electron, transmission electron and fluorescence microscopy. Viability tests were performed using colorimetric methods, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling), fluorescein diacetate, propidium iodide, JC-1 and annexin-V. The results demonstrate that: (1) the in vitro oviduct epithelium is useful for interaction experiments with T. foetus; (2) T. foetus adheres to the BOECs as single separate cells, and later on the cells aggregate as large clusters; (3) the posterior region of the cell initiates the process of adhesion and forms filopodia and digitopodia; (4) T. foetus severely damages BOECs leaving imprints in the epithelial cells, wide intercellular spaces, and large lesions in the epithelium; and (5) T. foetus provokes bovine oviduct cell death by apoptosis and secondary necrosis. Our observations indicate the possibility that T. foetus can move through the reproductive tract to the oviduct and that infertility in cows can be mediated by an attack on the oviduct cells by T. foetus.     

An Acute-phase Protein as a Regulator of Sperm Survival in the Bovine Oviduct: Alpha 1-acid-glycoprotein Impairs Neutrophil Phagocytosis of Sperm In Vitro

We have previously shown that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are present in bovine oviduct fluid under physiological conditions, and that the oviduct provides a microenvironment that protects sperm from phagocytosis by PMNs. Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a major acute-phase protein produced mainly in the liver that has immunomodulatory functions. AGP mRNA is expressed in extrahepatic organs, such as the lung, kidney, spleen, lymph node, uterus, and ovary. Therefore, in this study, we investigated, 1) the local production of AGP in the bovine oviduct, 2) the effect of AGP on the phagocytic activity of PMNs for sperm and superoxide production and 3) the impact of AGP desialylation on the PMN phagocytosis of sperm. The AGP gene was expressed in cultured bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOECs) and AGP protein was detected in oviduct fluid. Preexposure of PMNs to AGP at physiological levels impaired PMN phagocytosis for sperm and superoxide generation. The desialylation of AGP eliminated these suppressive effects of AGP on PMN. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that AGP drastically reduced the formation of DNA-based neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) for sperm entanglement. Additionally, AGP dose-dependently stimulated BOECs to produce prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) which has been shown to partially contribute to the regulation of sperm phagocytosis in the bovine oviduct. AGP and PGE₂ at concentrations detected in the oviducts additively suppressed sperm phagocytosis by PMNs. These results provide evidence that locally produced AGP may be involved in protecting sperm from phagocytosis by PMNs in the bovine oviduct.     

前列腺素E2受体激动剂和雌激素对奶牛输卵管上皮细胞中转化生长因子β3表达的影响

本试验旨在观察前列腺素E₂受体激动剂(布他前列腺素(butaprost))与雌激素对奶牛输卵管上皮细胞中转化生长因子β₃(TGFβ₃)表达的影响,阐明butaprost和雌激素对奶牛输卵管上皮细胞TGFβ₃有无协同调控作用.采用胰酶消化法及机械法分离培养奶牛输卵管上皮细胞,分别将butaprost和雌激素作用于体外培养的奶牛输卵管上皮细胞,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测butaprost和雌激素对奶牛输卵管上皮细胞中TGFβ₃ mRNA表达的影响.结果显示,与0 h作用组相比,雌激素作用16、24和48 h时对奶牛输卵管上皮细胞TGFβ₃的表达量均极显著升高(P< 0.01),4 h的表达量极显著降低(P< 0.01);且受体激动剂butaprost和雌激素有协同调控TGFβ₃的效应;加入吲哚美辛后能有效抑制内源性前列腺素对TGFβ₃表达的作用.结果表明,butaprost和雌激素可调控奶牛输卵管上皮细胞TGFβ₃ mRNA 的表达.     

Ovarian steroids modulate tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide-regulated prostaglandin secretion by cultured bovine oviductal epithelial cells

Ovarian steroids assure an optimum environment for the final maturation of oocytes, gamete transport, fertilization, and early embryonic development. The aim of experiment 1 was to examine the influence of ovarian steroids on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)- or nitric oxide (NO)-regulated prostaglandin (PG), and nitrite/nitrate (NO₂/NO₃) secretion by cultured bovine oviductal epithelial cells (BOECs). BOECs were pretreated with 17β-estradiol (E₂; 10⁻⁹ M) and/or progesterone (P₄; 10⁻⁷ M) for 24 h. For the next 24 h, BOECs were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) or spermine nitric oxide complex (NONOate; 10⁻⁵ M). Prostaglandin F_2α and PGE₂ secretion was measured in medium by ELISA. The pretreatment of cells with P₄ (progesterone), E₂ (17 β-estradiol), or E₂/P₄ augmented TNF-α-induced PGF_2α and PGE₂ secretion (P < 0.01). The pretreatment of cells with E₂ or E₂/P₄ increased NONOate-induced PGF_2α and PGE₂ secretion (P < 0.01). TNF-α induced NO₂/NO₃ production by BOECs. The pretreatment of cells with E₂ augmented only TNF-α-induced NO₂/NO₃ production (P < 0.05). The aim of experiment 2 was to examine the influence of TNF-α, NO, and ovarian steroids on the protein content of enzymes specifically involved in PG and NO production, PG synthases, and NO synthases (NOSs). BOECs were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) or NONOate (10⁻⁵ M). TNF-α increased the protein content of PGG/H synthase, PGF synthase, and PGE synthase (P < 0.05) and endothelial and inducible NOSs (P < 0.05). Nitric oxide increased the protein content of PGF synthase, PGE synthase, endothelial NOS, and inducible NOS (P < 0.05). These results show possible linkage between TNF-α and NO, modulated by ovarian steroids, in the regulation of PG synthesis by BOECs that may be important for triggering the process of oviductal contractions.     

Production of blastocysts after intergeneric nuclear transfer of goral (Naemorhedus goral) somatic cells into bovine oocytes

Interspecies cloning may be a useful method to help conserve endangered species and to study nuclear-cytoplasm interaction. The present study investigated in vitro development of goral (Naemorhedus goral) intergeneric nuclear transfer embryos produced by fusing goral fibroblasts with enucleated metaphase II (MII) bovine oocytes. After two to five passages, serum-starved or non-starved goral skin fibroblast cells were transferred into enucleated MII bovine oocytes. Couplets were electrically fused and chemically activated, and then cultured in either modified synthetic oviduct fluid (mSOF) or tissue culture medium-199 (TCM-199) supplemented with 10% FBS. Serum starvation of donor cells did not affect the fusion rate and or development to of cells to the two-cell stage, to more than 9-cells, or to morulae, regardless of culture medium. Three blastocysts from 202 fused embryos were obtained when embryos reconstructed with non- serum- starved donor cells were cultured in mSOF. However, no blastocysts were obtained when the embryos reconstructed with serum-starved donor cells were cultured in mSOF. The total cell number of goral intergeneric embryos averaged 130.3 (range 105-180). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that bovine oocytes can support blastocyst development after intergeneric SCNT with goral fibroblasts.     

Coating of Objects Introduced into the Oviduct of Pseudopregnant Rabbit Does

This investigation addresses the possibility of providing mouse embryos or other foreign objects with a protective mucin coat by transferring them into the oviduct of a life rabbit doe. Mouse embryos at the 8 or 16-cell stage, rabbit oocytes and latex spheres resembling mouse embryos in size were transferred to the ligated oviducts of ovulation-induced rabbit does. The does were killed 24 h later to have their oviducts flushed. A large proportion of the latex spheres (89%) and of the ovulated oocytes of the recipient does (92%) was recovered. The recovery rates for transferred rabbit oocytes, either intact or with the zona pellucida removed, were 61% and 51%, respectively, whereas that for mouse embryos was extremely poor (20%). Rabbit oocytes with or without zona were enveloped in a thick mucin coat regardless whether they had been transferred or ovulated by the recipients. The same applied to empty rabbit zonae. Mouse embryos and latex spheres were also covered by a mucin coat, but it was four times thinner. While residing in the rabbit oviduct, the mouse embryos continued developing to a stage comparable to what would have been expected in situ . During the subsequent in vitro culture, mouse embryos continued developing to the expanded blastocyst stage. They did, yet, not hatch from the zona. It may be concluded that particles of various origins, when placed into the oviduct of ovulated rabbit does, will be provided with a mucin covering which is, however, considerably thinner than that surrounding oocytes or zonae pellucidae originating from rabbits.     

Role of the oviduct in early embryo development

This review highlights the role of the oviduct in early embryo development, which has to fulfil many aligned and well-tuned tasks during early embryogenesis. The oviductal lining is subjected to dynamic changes to timely accomplish gamete transport, fertilization and embryo development and to deliver a competent and healthy conceptus to the endometrium which can implant and develop to term. Although knowledge about the role of the oviduct is limited, we know that embryos are very sensitive to the environment in which they develop. The success of in vitro embryo production techniques demonstrates that it is possible to bypass the oviduct during early development and, to a certain extent, replicate the conditions in vitro. However, comparative studies show that embryos developed in vivo are superior to their in vitro produced counterparts, underlining our relatively poor knowledge of the biology of the oviduct. Oviduct activity is orchestrated by various factors, depending on cyclic dynamics, which crucially affect the success of tubal transfer and/or (re-)collection of embryos in embryo transfer studies. This paper reviews data which demonstrate that in vivo culture of embryos in the bovine oviduct is a useful tool for the assessment of embryos developed under various conditions (e.g. superovulation vs single ovulation, lactating dairy cows vs non-lactating cows). It is concluded that more work in the field of early embryo development within the oviduct would contribute to improved ART protocols leading to healthy pregnancies and offspring.