环境温度对哈白生长猪代谢产热量的影响

本试验利用开放式呼吸测热装置在2个环境温度(13℃、23℃)及定量采食(2×35 g/kg0.75*d)条件下对哈白猪(21±1 kg)的代谢产热量进行测定.试验结果表明环境温度对产热量有显著影响,13℃、23℃的产热量分别为35.7 kJ/kg0.75*h和26.3 kJ/kg0.75*h.     

环境温度对哈白生长猪代谢产热量的影响

试验利用开放式呼吸测热系统研究在环境温度(13℃、23℃)对哈白猪代谢产热量的影响。试验结果表明环温度对代谢产热量有显著影响，13℃、23℃的每小时产热量分别为35．7k/kg0.75和26.3kJ/kg0.75,低温条件下的产热比高温下的高35．7％.     

肉仔鹅能量需要和日粮代谢能水平的研究

应用禽用呼吸测热装置 ,对 66只溆浦鹅与吉林白鹅的杂交后代进行育雏期和生长期能量代谢研究。结果表明 :肉仔鹅 ME、MEm和 MEg需要量 ,体重在 1 kg左右时 ,分别为 1 474、499和 975k J/ d·只或 1 554、52 6和 1 0 2 8k J/ kg0 .75· d;体重在 3kg左右时 ,分别为 2 4 4 8、1 0 2 9和1 41 9k J/ d·只或 1 1 1 9、470和 649k J/ kg0 .75· d。育雏期日粮 ME水平为 1 1 .37MJ/ kg,生长期为1 1 .83MJ/ kg,能量利用率和经济效益均比较理想     

麻保沙星(marbofloxacin)在鸡体内的生物利用度及药物动力学

选用 36只 5 1～ 6 0日龄健康岭南黄鸡 ,随机均分为 3组 ,对静注、肌注及内服麻保沙星 (2 .5 mg/ kg)的生物利用度和药物动力学进行了研究。用三氯甲烷提取血浆中的药物 ,反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中麻保沙星的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理所得到的血药浓度 -时间数据。静注给药的药时数据适合三室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2π(0 .19± 0 .0 3) h;t1 /2α(2 .0 7± 0 .2 7) h;t1 /2β(6 .5 2± 0 .6 9) h;V1 (0 .48± 0 .0 3) L / kg;Vd(area) (2 .0 6± 0 .39)L/ kg;Vd(ss) (1.0 5± 0 .0 6 ) L/ kg;Cl B(0 .19± 0 .0 2 ) L/ (kg· h) ;AUC(13.95± 1.0 7) mg· kg- 1 · h。肌注给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .5 4± 0 .0 5 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .33± 0 .2 0 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .2 7± 0 .46 )h;tmax(1.5 7± 0 .0 9) h;Cmax(1.88± 0 .0 5 ) m g/ L ;AUC(13.18± 0 .6 7) mg· kg- 1 · h;F(94.45± 4.80 ) %。内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .42± 0 .0 6 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .31± 0 .2 5 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .48±0 .6 6 ) h;tmax(1.35± 0 .12 ) h;Cmax(1.83± 0 .18) mg/ L;AUC(13.5 5± 0 .6 7) mg· k     

肉仔鸡静注和内服环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)的药物动力学

16只健康 AA肉仔鸡 ,随机分成 2组 ,每组 8只 ,按 10 mg/ kg剂量分别进行静注和内服单剂量环丙沙星药动学试验。血浆中药物浓度用高效液相色谱法测定 ,血药浓度 -时间数据用 MCPKP药动学计算机程序处理。结果表明 ,静注给药后的药时数据符合无吸收二室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数分别为 :t1 /2α为 (0 .2 34± 0 .0 49) h,t1 /2β为 (10 .118±0 .2 71) h,VB为 (1.374± 0 .12 4) L/ kg,CLB为 (0 .0 94± 0 .0 0 9) L· kg- 1 · h- 1 ,AUC为 (10 7.0 6 8± 10 .6 40 ) mg· L- 1· h。内服给药后的药时数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数分别为 :t1 /2 kα为 (0 .114± 0 .0 0 8) h,t1 /2 k为(7.784± 0 .5 14) h,Tp 为 (0 .70 2± 0 .0 31) h,Cmax为 (5 .736± 0 .5 15 ) m g/ L,AUC为 (6 8.6 2 2± 8.147) mg· L- 1· h,F为 (6 4.0 92± 7.6 10 ) %。肉仔鸡静注环丙沙星在其体内消除较慢 ,分布广泛 ;内服给药吸收迅速 ,消除较静注给药快。     

诺氟沙星在鲤鱼体内的药代动力学

按 10 m g/ kg的剂量给鲤鱼肌注、口服诺氟沙星 ,用高效液相色谱法检测用药后不同时间血浆中药物的质量浓度 ,然后用 90 0 0 3P87实用药代动力学软件处理药时数据。结果 ,肌注和口服诺氟沙星在鲤鱼体内的药时数据均符合开放性二室模型。主要药代动力学参数 ,肌注 :t1/2α( 0 .12 79± 0 .0 130 ) h,t1/2β( 3.4 0 32±0 .5873) h,t1/2 ka( 0 .0 0 6 7± 0 .0 0 0 8) h,AU C ( 2 4 .94 81± 6 .314 6 )μg/ ( m L· h) ,CLS( 0 .4 0 0 8± 0 .10 35)mg/ ( kg· h) ,Tpeak( 0 .0 32 2± 0 .0 0 35) h,Cmax( 16 .8992± 4 .372 6 ) mg/ L;口服 :t1/2α( 3.4 0 71± 1.0 6 98) h,t1/2β( 77.12 39± 2 1.3875) h,t1/2 ka( 0 .14 91± 0 .0 130 ) h,K2 1( 0 .0 4 19± 0 .0 0 38) h- 1,K10 ( 0 .0 4 36±0 .0 0 2 1) h- 1,K12 ( 0 .12 70± 0 .0 30 1) h- 1,AU C ( 150 .6 0 2 9± 35.4 2 78)μg/ ( m L· h) ,CLS( 0 .0 6 6 4±0 .0 0 2 1) m g/ ( kg· h) ,Tpeak( 0 .730 0± 0 .0 10 2 ) h,Cmax( 5.7998± 1.36 75) m g/ L。肌注与内服的主要药代动力学参数差异显著 ( P <0 .0 1)。     

仔猪脾虚状态下单剂量口服左旋氧氟沙星的药动学研究

10头健康仔猪随机均分为健康组、脾虚组 ,按 2 0mg/kg的剂量进行内服左旋氧氟沙星的药动学研究。高效液相色谱法测定血浆中药物浓度 ,3P97药代动力学程序处理药时数据。健康组和脾虚组药动学数据适合一级吸收一室模型。健康组主要药动学数据为 :吸收半衰期 (t1 / 2ka)(0 42± 0 0 8)h ,消除半衰期 (t1 / 2ke) (7 62± 0 38)h ,达峰时间 (tmax) (1 85± 0 2 5)h ,达峰浓度 (Cmax) (6 99± 0 92 )mg/L ,药时曲线下面积 (AUC) (90 7± 1 0 0 7)mg·L- 1 ·h ,表观分布容积 (V/ F(s) ) (2 45± 0 2 8)L·kg,平均滞留时间 (MRT) (1 1 92± 0 94)h。脾虚组 :t1 / 2ka(1 1 7± 0 38)h ,t1 / 2ke (9 0 2± 1 1 8)h ,tmax (3 93± 1 0 5)h ,Cmax (4 2 8± 1 45)mg/L ,AUC (72 2 1± 1 6 0 7)mg·L- 1 ·h ,V/ F(s) (3 95±1 2 8)L·kg,MRT (1 3 74± 1 2 1 )h。结果表明 :仔猪脾虚状态下明显影响左旋氧氟沙星内服给药的药动学特征     

阿莫西林钠在猪体内的生物利用度及药动学研究

1 4头健康杂种猪 ,随机平均分为两组 ,按随机交叉试验设计 ,进行静注及内服阿莫西林钠 (1 0mg/kg)的药动学研究 ,以及肌注阿莫西林钠及阿莫西林钠长效制剂 (1 0mg/kg)的药动学比较。高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆中阿莫西林的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理血浆药物浓度 时间数据。健康猪静注给药的药时数据适合二室开放模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2α0 31± 0 1 6h;t1 /2 β2 2 9± 0 94h ;V1 0 2 2± 0 1 2L/kg ;Vd(area) 1 0 6± 0 45L/kg ;ClB0 33±0 0 7L·kg- 1 ·h- 1 ;AUC31 67± 7 0 9mg·L- 1 ·h。健康猪内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2ka0 74± 0 36h ;t1 /2 β5 96± 3 41h ;tmax1 52± 0 43h ;Cmax5 33± 2 0 7μg/mL ;AUC2 3 89± 9 40mg·L- 1 ·h ;F79 64 %± 38 47%。健康猪肌注阿莫西林钠和阿莫西林钠长效制剂的药时数据均适合一级吸收二室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2ka0 1 1± 0 0 5h和 0 0 9± 0 0 5h ;t1 /2 β3 2 8± 1 89h和 7 32± 3 55h ;tmax0 33± 0 1 4h和 0 36±0 1 6h ;Cmax1 6 51± 4 41 μg/mL和 1 8 98± 2 70 μg/mL ;AUC30 61± 8 2 7mg·L- 1 ·h和 49 44± 1 1 31mg·L- 1 ·h ;F96 65     

杂种肉羊生长期蛋白质需要量及其代谢规律研究

选用 2 4只 4月龄杜泊羊与小尾寒羊杂交一代 ,采用饲养试验和消化试验 ,研究生长杂种肉羊的蛋白需要量及其代谢规律。试验分高、中、低三个蛋白水平。结果表明 :试羊对日粮蛋白质的消化率和代谢率分别为 6 6 .96 %和 34.96 %。生长肉羊代谢粪氮 (MFN)和内源尿氮 (EUN)的排出量分别为 0 .16 4 0g/kgW0 .75·d和 0 .0 997g/kgW0 .75·d。生长肉羊维持可消化粗蛋白质需要量为 2 .5 9g/kgW0 .75·d ,每增重 1kg需可消化粗蛋白 374 .98g。生长肉羊的可消化粗蛋白总需要量 (RDCP ,RCP ,g/d)可按下式计算 :　　RDCP =2 .5 9W0 .75+374 .98△W　　RCP =3.88W0 .75+5 6 0△W　　式中 :W0 .75,代谢体重 (kg) ;△W ,日增重 (kg)     

恩诺沙星在眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药物代谢动力学

应用反相高效液相色谱法 (RP- HPL C)研究了恩诺沙星在眼斑拟石首鱼 (Sciaenops ocellatus)体内的药物代谢动力学。实验数据经 DAS药代动力学分析软件分析后得出 :腹腔注射组血浆的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型 ,动力学方程为 :C =4 .92 5 e- 1 .4 52 t +2 .730 e- 0 .0 75t ,其主要药代动力学参数 :AU C37.5 33mg· L- 1· h、Cmax 4 .74 7mg/ L、Tmax0 .75 0 h、t α0 .4 77h、t β9.2 92 h、Vd/ F 1 .6 76 L / kg、t Ka0 .1 70 h、Ka 4 .0 81 / h、K 6 .71 4 / h、K1 0 0 .1 91 / h、K1 2 0 .76 9/h、K2 1 0 .5 6 6 / h;灌服组血浆的药时数据符合一级吸收一室模型 ,动力学方程为 :C =6 .4 82 (e- 7.0 92 t- e- 1 0 .356 t) ,其主要药代动力学参数 :AU C1 5 .80 5 mg· L- 1 · h、Cmax2 .770 mg/ L、Tmax1 .5 0 0 h、t α4 .989h、Vd/ F2 .0 72 L/ kg、Ka7.0 92 /h、K 1 0 .35 6 / h。结果表明 ,腹腔注射给药比灌服给药吸收快 ,血药浓度达峰时间短于灌服给药 ,但血药浓度峰值明显高于灌服给药 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,血浆中恩诺沙星的回收率为 94 .5 79%。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -