秋水仙素诱导象鼻兰种子产生多倍体

以象鼻兰种子为试验材料,采用浸泡法,研究了秋水仙素处理对蝴蝶兰种子染色体加倍的影响,以期获得诱导多倍体的适宜条件。结果表明:秋水仙素浸泡法诱导种子染色体加倍时,种子在液体培养基中培养5d,再采用0.20%秋水仙素处理1d的处理效果最好,萌发率达到6.41%,高于1.96%的自然萌发率,四倍体、嵌合体诱导率分别达到了27.75%、34.84%;四倍体植株与二倍体植株相比,形态与气孔特征均发生了明显变化,形态特征表现为,植株粗壮、根系发达且粗壮、植株生长较快等;气孔特征表现为单位面积气孔数减少,气孔增大,长宽分别增长25.19%和26.19%。该研究得到了秋水仙素浸泡象鼻兰种子诱导染色体加倍的适宜条件且提高了象鼻兰种子的萌发率,获得了四倍体植株和嵌合体植株,为把象鼻兰优异基因高效导入栽培品种奠定了基础,为蝴蝶兰体细胞无性系变异新品种的培育提供了参考依据。     

芦笋四倍体诱导、倍性鉴定及生物学特性的研究

以南方主栽品种"井岗701"二倍体芦笋的露白种子和幼苗为试材,研究了秋水仙素浓度、处理时间及浸泡时的转速对芦笋四倍体诱导效果的影响,并对四倍体和二倍体芦笋的部分抗性和形态特征进行了比较。结果表明:以0.2%的秋水仙素浸泡露白种子6h效果最好,四倍体诱导率最高,为20%,但浸泡时的不同转速对四倍体诱导影响差异不显著;而用0.3%的秋水仙素连续滴苗4d,四倍体诱导率最高为18%;浸泡露白种子法比滴苗法诱导效果好;四倍体植株较二倍体更加粗壮,在抗热性和抗旱性方面也明显优于二倍体。     

番木瓜四倍体的诱导及形态学分析

在离体培养条件下,将二倍体穗中红番木瓜无菌试管苗茎尖浸入0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%秋水仙素水溶液中处理1、2、3、4、5d,诱导多倍体,对照用无菌水处理2d。结果表明0.2%的秋水仙素溶液浸泡处理3d效果最好,诱导率为36.7%。通过体细胞染色体数目检测,变异芽为四倍体或嵌合体,四倍体染色体数目为36(2n=4x=36)。对获得的四倍体和二倍体进行了形态及气孔特征的比较,结果表明四倍体与二倍体植株在叶长、叶宽、叶厚、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔保卫细胞大小及叶绿体数目等方面存在明显的差异,其中叶片厚度、气孔密度和保卫细胞内叶绿体数目可作为鉴别四倍体与二倍体的重要性状。     

秋水仙素处理对芦笋“达宝利”四倍体诱导效果的影响

以芦笋“达宝利”露白种子为试材,秋水仙素(添加2%DMSO)处理浓度和处理时间作为诱导因子,设计多个梯度的正交实验,研究秋水仙素对芦笋四倍体诱导率的影响,以期获得最佳的芦笋多倍体诱导条件。结果表明:最佳的秋水仙素处理组合为0.15%的秋水仙素(添加2%DMSO)处理16h,诱导率高达28.33%;经鉴定发现二倍体芦笋的染色体数目为20条,而四倍体染色体数目为40条;与二倍体相比,四倍体芦笋植株粗壮、叶片长度和直径增加,气孔细胞密度减少,气孔细胞体积增大,叶绿体数目和叶绿素含量增加。     

文心兰类原球茎液体增殖过程中秋水仙素化学诱变

 采用秋水仙素对液体增殖培养中的文心兰类原球茎进行多倍体诱变, 获得了大量的文心兰多倍体试管苗。结果表明, 秋水仙素浓度越高, 处理时间越长, 类原球茎受伤害程度越严重, 再生苗多倍体比例越大, 最高诱变率可达46.7%; 低浓度, 短时间秋水仙素处理易产生嵌合体; 四倍体试管苗植株粗短, 健壮, 叶片宽厚, 叶片下表皮气孔张度较大, 下表皮细胞核较大且靠近细胞壁边缘; 根尖细胞染色体数加倍。     

红掌四倍体的离体诱导及其鉴定

以愈伤组织为诱导材料, 采用秋水仙素处理方法进行了红掌四倍体的离体诱导。结果发现,红掌四倍体诱导率因处理方法、秋水仙素浓度和处理时间不同而异。采用液体培养的四倍体诱导率比固体培养的高, 低浓度秋水仙素的诱导率比高浓度的高, 长时间处理的诱导率比短时间处理的高, 基因型对四倍体诱导率影响不明显。在含0.2 g·L^-1秋水仙素的液体培养基中振荡培养14 d, 四倍体诱导率最高, 为45.5%。四倍体红掌的花药和花粉比二倍体的大, 植株粗壮, 叶片和佛焰苞大而厚, 颜色深, 叶片下表皮上的气孔密度小, 长度长。改良压片法与气孔长度和密度鉴定法是鉴定红掌四倍体的可靠方法。     

秋水仙素离体诱导同源四倍体青花菜

 以青花菜品种‘海兹’高频再生试管苗为外植体, 利用秋水仙素离体诱导四倍体。结果表明: 用含秋水仙素200 mg·L ^{- 1}的MS + 0.1 mg·L ^-1NAA + 6.0 mg·L ^{- 1} 6-BA液体培养基处理2 cm长的再生苗48 h, 每个外植体平均可产芽2.1个, 再生植株变异率为83.33% , 四倍体诱导率达79.17%。与二倍体相比, 四倍体植株叶片、花冠、气孔等均表现巨大性; 流式细胞仪倍性鉴定显示, 对照DNA相对含量为200, 四倍体再生植株为400。四倍体根尖染色体2n = 4x = 36。     

秋水仙素离体诱导大花蕙兰多倍体试验

在离体培养条件下,以大花蕙兰“红宝石”原球茎为材料,比较了秋水仙素浸泡法和混培法在不同浓度、不同处理时间诱导大花蕙兰体细胞染色体加倍的效果。结果表明：无论是用秋水仙素溶液浸泡处理还是将秋水仙素加入培养基中混培处理,均可诱导大花蕙兰多倍体的产生。但以后者混培法效果较好,在秋水仙素浓度为3%,处理15 d的条件下,诱导率最高达30%。对变异株进行细胞学观察后发现,染色体为2n=4x=80,为四倍体;而二倍体对照染色体为2n=2x=40。     

基于体细胞胚发生的细叶百合和兰州百合多倍体诱导及鉴定

以细叶百合（Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch.）和兰州百合（Lilium davidii var. unicolor）的鳞片和胚性愈伤组织作为诱导材料,用不同浓度秋水仙素以浸泡和混培两种处理方式进行多倍体诱导。以形态学观测、根尖染色体计数、气孔观测对多倍体植株进行倍性鉴定,分别获得了19株细叶百合四倍体植株和6株兰州百合四倍体植株,最佳处理方式为0.1%秋水仙素浸泡胚性愈伤组织24 h。使用ISSR对经体细胞胚发生的二倍体和多倍体再生植株进行遗传分析,发现两种百合二倍体植株遗传较稳定,而多倍体植株均发生遗传变异,其中细叶百合和兰州百合遗传变异率分别为15.48%和9.75%。     

秋石斛同源四倍体诱导与鉴定

 为了创制秋石斛同源四倍体新种质, 以秋石斛同株异花授粉种子为材料, 用组织培养方法,通过种子非共生萌发与原球茎诱导, 在原球茎发育的原胚期, 以低浓度混合诱变剂进行多倍体诱导。结果用0.01%秋水仙素+ 5 mg·L ^{- 1}氨磺灵处理8～10 d, 四倍体(2n = 4X = 76) 诱变率达90%以上, 未发现嵌合体。与二倍体对照比较, 四倍体植株粗壮, 叶色深绿, 叶片宽厚。     

An Experiment on the Winter-Killing of Vegetable Crops in Market Gardens

Summary

The development of an efficient methodology for the genetic transformation of orchids is needed in order to support thegenetic engineering of orchids. It is therefore important to identify those factors affecting the transformation process.Previously, we reported a convenient method for the transformation of Phalaenopsis amabilis using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in which intact protocorms were used. We also found that embryos cultured on a medium containing tomato extract grew more rapidly than those cultured on a medium with coconut water. When we used protocorms grown on a medium containing tomato extract, we obtained regenerated shoots that had been transformed with a kanamycin resistance gene at relatively high frequencies (7 – 17%). These results suggest that the rate of growth of pre-cultured protocorms may be important for the successful regeneration of transformed shoots. We also obtained regenerated shoots that had been transformed with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene at a high frequency (10 – 14%). Both the presence and expression of these transgenes were confirmed in transformed plants by molecular analyses and by the detection of green fluorescence following excitation with blue light.     

Phloroglucinol enhances recovery and survival of cryopreserved Dendrobium nobile protocorms

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of phloroglucinol in the recovery and survival of cryopreserved Dendrobium nobile protocorms. The exposure of protocorms to 2 M glycerol osmoprotective solution for 20 min followed by 10 min in PVS2 vitrification solution with 1% phloroglucinol resulted in the highest protocorm recovery and survival (68%). A positive effect of phloroglucinol was observed when combined with glycerol and PVS2. Phloroglucinol added at 1% provided an increase of over 100% in protocorm recovery and survival as compared to the same treatment without phloroglucinol. However, when sucrose was added to treatments, a negative effect was observed with a reduction in survival by 90%. Protocorms that survived cryopreservation were successfully regenerated into plants and acclimatized with 100% survival in greenhouse. Survival of cryopreserved D. nobile protocorms was a determining factor for seedling survival and growth into normal and fully functional plants. This study demonstrated an efficient procedure for cryopreservation and subsequent recovery and survival of cryopreserved D. nobile protocorms using phloroglucinol as a cryoprotectant additive.     

High frequency multiplication of Phalaenopsis gigantea using trimmed bases protocorms technique

This study was conducted to determine the effects of coconut water (CW) and activated charcoal (AC) on multiplication of Phalaenopsis gigantea protocorms. The protocorms used for this study were obtained by germinating seeds in vitro. Protocorms with trimmed and untrimmed bases were cultured on XER basal medium containing 0, 10, 15 or 20% (v/v) CW; and 0, 1, 2 or 2.5 g AC l⁻¹. Trimmed protocorms exhibited the highest percentage of proliferation on a medium containing 15% (v/v) CW and 2.5 g AC l⁻¹ (56.82 ± 38.86%) with an average of 4.24 ± 2.89 protocorms formed per protocorm. Untrimmed protocorms cultured on a medium containing 20% (v/v) CW without AC produced the highest percentage of new protocorms (6.93 ± 6.28%) with an average of 0.72 ± 0.57 per protocorm. When CW was added to a medium singly, 10% (v/v) CW induced a higher degree of proliferation on trimmed protocorms (5.68 ± 10.14%) with an average 0.50 ± 0.84 new protocorms per protocorm. Untrimmed protocorms proliferate to a much lower extent (2.57 ± 2.74%) with an average of 0.72 ± 0.57 protocorms per protocorm when cultured on a similar medium. A high concentration of CW enhanced proliferation on untrimmed protocorms, but increased mortality of trimmed protocorms. The addition of CW with AC to media increased protocorm proliferation and survival of both trimmed and untrimmed protocorms. When cultured on all media, trimmed protocorms produced a higher number of new protocorms (an average 0.5–7.0) as compared to untrimmed protocorms (0.3–1.9). Comparative studies showed that trimmed protocorms produced up to 10 times more new protocorms than untrimmed ones. Altogether this study showed that trimmed protocorms cultured on a medium containing CW and AC can be used for high-frequency multiplication of P. gigantea seedlings.     

大叶风兰组培快繁技术体系的研究

通过大叶风兰的花梗腋芽诱导出无菌植株,再利用无菌植株茎尖诱导形成原球茎,成功地诱导分化形成了再生植株,筛选出了花梗腋芽启动、原球茎诱导、增殖、生根以及过渡培养等培养基配方,形成一套完整的大叶风兰组培快繁技术体系。     

寒富苹果叶片离体再生及四倍体诱导

为建立寒富苹果高效的离体再生体系和多倍体诱导体系,以试管苗叶片为外植体,研究了培养基中激素对寒富叶片再生芽的影响及适宜的四倍体诱导方法。结果表明,当培养基中BA质量浓度为0.5mg/L时,再生频率最高达35.7%;当培养基中BA质量浓度为2.5mg/L时,再生频率超过90%,平均再生芽数在4以上。在培养基中附加1.0mg/LTDZ,再生频率达100%,平均再生芽数达19.47。以附加15、30、60、120mg/L秋水仙素的液体再生培养基处理叶片5d,各个质量浓度处理均诱导出四倍体植株,诱变率在5.3%～22.2%之间;寒富苹果叶片在附加50mg/L秋水仙素固体再生培养基上处理5d亦获得了四倍体植株。研究结果表明寒富苹果叶片具有极强的不定芽再生能力,叶片再生过程中进行秋水仙素处理是获得其四倍体的一个有效途径。     

秋水仙素诱导西瓜多倍体的研究

研究了不同浓度秋水仙素处理对3个西瓜品系幼苗染色体加倍的诱导效应,通过形态观察、染色体计数以及流式细胞仪等方法进行了倍性鉴定。结果表明,秋水仙素诱导3个西瓜品系均得到了四倍体,0.3%的秋水仙素处理幼苗的变异率较高,其中以0.3%秋水仙素处理黄小玉母本的变异率最高,达15.1%。四倍体表现出叶片长、宽、厚均增大,花瓣大小和果皮厚度均较二倍体明显增加。根尖染色体压片检查表明,四倍体染色体数为2n=4x=44,二倍体对照为2n=2x=22。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,诱导不仅产生四倍体,还有嵌合体。     

墨兰组织培养结合化学处理脱除建兰花叶病毒(CymMv) 的研究

 对墨兰原球茎顶端分生组织培养结合化学处理脱除建兰花叶病毒(CymMv) 病原的效果进行了研究。取1～2 mm大小的墨兰原球茎顶端分生组织, 经0, 20和40 mg·L ^{- 1}的三氮唑核苷浸泡15 min处理和继代培养, 诱导再生植株。RT2PCR检测表明: 从带病叶样提取的RNA经反向转录和PCR扩增反应, 在琼脂糖凝胶电泳中检测到长为767 bp的CymMv病原特异扩增产物, 而健康墨兰叶样中未检测到该扩增产物。单纯利用原球茎顶端分生组织培养获得的试管苗, 脱毒率为72.9%; 原球茎顶端分生组织经过20 mg·L ^{- 1}的三氮唑核苷处理, 可以获得100%的无病毒苗。虽然三氮唑核苷处理造成原球茎顶端分生组织细胞一定程度的伤害, 但经过5～6个月的培养, 分生组织能恢复生长, 不定芽能有效地增殖, 并获得了再生植株。当三氮唑核苷处理浓度为40 mg·L ^{- 1}时, 原球茎的顶端分生组织出现透明和褐变现象, 细胞活力难以恢复。     

秋水仙素处理离体叶片获得皇家嘎拉苹果四倍体植株

采用皇家嘎拉苹果（Malus domestica Borkh．）离体新梢叶片作为外植体，研究了不同浓度的秋水仙素长时间处理（5 d）诱导四倍体的效率。结果表明，以不定芽再生培养基附加25 mg／L秋水仙素效果最好，最高在36．7％的叶片外植体上获得了四倍体植株。高浓度（75～200　mg／L）秋水仙素处理严重抑制组织的再生。采用流式细胞技术测定出诱变植株的细胞核DNA含量比对照高出一倍，确定了植株为四倍体。四倍体植株不仅在遗传上而且在外观形态上也明显区别于二倍体。四倍体植株已移栽于大田，并进行了嫁接育苗和大树高接。     

Amphidiploids between Alstroemeria ligtu L. hybrid and A. pelegrina L. var. rosea induced through colchicine treatment and their reproductive characteristics

Interspecific hybrids of Alstroemeria ligtu L. hybrid (LH) (2n = 16) and A. pelegrina L. var. rosea (PR) (2n = 16) synthesized by cross-breeding, exhibited a low pollen fertility and failed to produce normal seeds by self-pollination. To produce amphidiploids of LH × PR the ovules of LH × PR were treated with 0.05% aqueous colchicine for 2, 4 or 8 days or the rhizomes of the mature LH × PR were treated with 0.5% aqueous colchicine for 1, 2, 4 or 7 days. A total of 6 mature plants were obtained from the ovules of LH × PR treated with colchicine. Among them 2 plants derived from the ovules treated with colchicine for 4 days were found to be amphidiploids (2n = 32). A total of 17 rhizomes treated with colchicine, sprouted. Among them, 1 and 3 plants developed from the rhizomes treated with colchicine, for 1 and 4 days, respectively, were fertile. The plants developed from seeds obtained by self-pollination were amphidiploids with a chromosome number of 2n = 32. Although each of the amphidiploids induced by colchicine and LH × PR exhibited the characteristics of the parents, the colchicine-induced amphidiploids showed larger flowers than LH × PR and grew more vigorously. Even though the amphidiploids failed to produce normal seeds by self-pollination, pollen fertility was relatively high and their progenies were produced from self-pollinated ovules by ovule culture. The amphidiploids were crossed with LH, PR, A. aurea Graham, A. paupercula Philippi and A. psittacina Lehm., resulting in the production of triploids with a chromosome number of 2n = 24.