芸薹属5种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析

采用高效液相色谱-质谱法对芸薹属中红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、红菜薹、紫色白菜和紫结球甘蓝新鲜叶片所含花青素苷含量和组成进行鉴定。结果表明,这些蔬菜中花青素苷主要组分为矢车菊素苷,兼有少量的飞燕草素苷和矮牵牛素苷。红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、紫色白菜和红菜薹中均含有矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷、矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的46.51%、56.04%、46.38%和68.96%。紫结球甘蓝主要花青素苷成分为矢车菊–3–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的41.87%、20.58%和16.02%。花青素苷含量最高的是红叶芥菜,为719.04 μg · g-1 FW;其次是紫红色大白菜,为604.03 μg · g-1 FW;第三是紫结球甘蓝,为264.96 μg · g-1 FW;最低的是红菜薹和紫色白菜,分别为219.07 和130.02 μg · g-1 FW。紫红色大白菜中检测到2 种特有的矢车菊素苷和1 种矮牵牛素苷。     

芥蓝感染核盘菌过程中活性氧和芥子油苷的变化

 分析了核盘菌侵染芥蓝过程中,芥蓝的发病症状、含水量、电导率、活性氧和芥子油苷的变化。结果表明,在侵染过程中,侵染部位产生褐色病斑,并逐渐扩大到全叶。叶片含水量逐渐下降,电导率不断上升,活性氧（过氧化氢和超氧阴离子）大量累积,吲哚–3–甲基芥子油苷、4–甲氧基–吲哚–3–甲基芥子油苷、1–甲氧基–吲哚–3–甲基芥子油苷和烯丙基芥子油苷含量先上升后下降,3–丁烯基芥子油苷和2–羟基–3–丁烯基芥子油苷含量逐渐下降。研究表明芥子油苷,特别是吲哚类芥子油苷可能参与芥蓝对核盘菌侵染的防卫反应。     

植物中的咖啡碱：从合成途径研究到转基因作物

 在植物细胞中咖啡碱的核心合成途径为：黄嘌呤核苷→7–甲基黄嘌呤核苷→7–甲基黄嘌呤→可可碱→咖啡碱，即3次顺序甲基化反应和1次核糖水解过程。目前已经从茶树等植物中分离出催化上述甲基化反应的酶，并克隆得到编码这些酶的基因。在此基础上，利用RNAi干扰和农杆菌介导法等技术，已成功培育出低咖啡碱饮料作物茶树和咖啡以及能合成咖啡碱的烟草和菊花植株。     

胡萝卜中类胡萝卜素积累与主要合成基因转录水平相关性分析

以胡萝卜白色野生资源‘松滋野生’和欧洲橘色栽培品种‘Amsterdam’及其回交重组自交系（BILs）中的5个不同根色株系为试材,研究其根和叶中α–胡萝卜素、β–胡萝卜素合成途径分支点上LCYE、LCYB1、CHXE、CHXB1基因转录表达与类胡萝卜素含量之间的关系。cDNA测序结果表明,松滋野生和Amsterdam之间存在多个SNP变异位点。类胡萝卜素测定发现,Amsterdam叶中α–胡萝卜素含量（87.3 μg ? g-1）显著高于松滋野生（2.8 μg ? g-1）,而其β–胡萝卜素含量（122.7 μg ? g-1）显著低于松滋野生（237.9 μg ? g-1）。qRT-PCR结果显示,LCYE、LCYB1、CHXE和CHXB1在不同材料的根和叶中均表达,其中LCYE与根中α–胡萝卜素、β–胡萝卜素及总类胡萝卜素含量之间呈显著正相关;与叶中叶黄素和总类胡萝卜素含量之间呈显著负相关,说明LCYE对类胡萝卜素积累起着关键性作用。     

芍药开花过程中花色和色素的变化

 以从内蒙古自治区赤峰市克什克腾旗引种的野生芍药（Paeonia lactiflora）为材料,采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡和分光色差计测量不同开花阶段的花色,利用高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测（HPLC-DAD）和高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-二级质谱联用技术（HPLC-ESI-MS²）定性定量分析其花色素组分,运用多元线性回归方法分析了花色与花瓣中色素组成之间的关系。结果表明：开花过程中花色的明度增加,红色减退,彩度变小,颜色由红紫（N57A）变为淡紫红色（75C）。从其花瓣中共检出6种花青苷,4种黄酮苷和15种黄酮醇苷。其中两种花青苷（芍药花素–3–没食子酰葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷、芍药花素–3–丙二酰葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷）,两种黄酮苷（木犀草素–7–没食子酰葡萄糖苷、木犀草素–7–阿拉伯糖苷）和13种黄酮醇苷在芍药中属首次报道。分析结果表明其花青苷的主要成分是芍药花素–3, 5–二葡萄糖苷,约占总花青苷含量（total anthocyanins content,TA）的93.93%;其花黄素（包括黄酮和黄酮醇）的主要成分是山奈酚–3–葡萄糖苷,占总黄酮含量（total flavones content,TF）的48.78%。不同的开花阶段,从露色期到松瓣期TA含量略增加,松瓣期后开始降低,TF则先略减少后增加。多元回归结果显示,芍药花素–3, 5–二葡萄糖苷、槲皮素–3–葡萄糖苷、槲皮素–7–葡萄糖苷、异鼠李素–3–葡萄糖苷的含量与花色变化具有线性相关性。     

紫结球甘蓝功能性成分的提取、鉴定与分析

采用HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS技术,对紫结球甘蓝（Brassica oleracea L. ssp. capitata f. rubra）中花青苷、硫代葡萄糖苷（简称硫苷）、酚酸和黄酮的含量和成分进行了鉴定和分析。结果表明,紫结球甘蓝中总花青苷含量为1 187.92 μg · g-1 FW,分离出的14种不同花青苷均为矢车菊素苷及其衍生物。其中矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷为最主要的种类,分别占花青苷总含量的35.12%和26.76%;其次为矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,占花青苷总含量的14.27%。紫结球甘蓝中总硫代葡萄糖苷（硫苷）含量达到6.39 μmol · g-1 FW,共10种,由6种脂肪族硫苷、3种吲哚族硫苷和1种芳香族硫苷组成。4–戊烯基硫苷和3–丁烯基硫苷为最主要的硫苷,分别占硫苷总含量的40.76%和30.92%,其次是2–羟基–3–丁烯基硫苷和3–吲哚基甲基硫苷,分别占硫苷总含量的11.39%和7.38%。此外,建立了同时测定17种酚酸、黄酮的高效液相色谱分析方法,经HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS鉴定,紫结球甘蓝中总酚酸、黄酮含量为2 003.79 μg · g-1 FW,共鉴定出11种,包含5种酚酸物质和6种黄酮物质。其中阿魏酸和咖啡酸含量最高,分别占总含量的10.62%和10.41%;木犀草素是含量最高的黄酮,占总含量的10.10%。     

不同遮阴处理对滇山茶花瓣花青素苷构成的影响

 研究了不同遮阴条件下滇山茶（Camellia reticulata Lindl.）花瓣中花青素苷组成和含量的变化。结果表明：滇山茶的花瓣中含有13种以上的花青素苷,其中主要成分矢车菊素–3–O–(2–O–β–木糖基)–β–葡萄糖苷（Cy3GX）与矢车菊素–3–O–[2–O–β–木糖基–6–O–(E)–p–香豆酰]–β–葡萄糖苷（Cy3GEpCX）的含量占总花青素苷含量的60.4% ~ 64.2%。在开花期,随着遮阴率的升高和遮阴时间的延长,花瓣中13种花青素苷的含量都同时呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势,但各组分占总花青素苷含量的百分比不变。用60% ~ 70%遮阳网遮阴,对提高滇山茶花瓣中Cy3GX、Cy3GEpCX以及总花青素苷含量的效果最明显,遮阴处理21 d时上述花青素苷含量皆达最大值。90%遮阳网遮阴,花青素苷含量低于不遮阴时的含量。在云南山茶花的种植中,根据实际环境条件适当遮阴,对增加花瓣各种花青素苷的含量,改善花色具有重要意义。     

苹果果实成熟过程中ACC 合成酶基因作用机理研究进展

 苹果（Malus × domestica Borkh.）果实贮藏期的长短直接决定着其采后的经济价值,其与果实在室温下的软化率有直接的关系。乙烯能够调控苹果成熟和软化过程,因此,苹果果实软化和乙烯之间的关系得到了广泛的研究。ACC合成酶（1–氨基环丙烷–1–羧酸合成酶,ACS）是植物乙烯合成中的关键酶,通过检索苹果全基因组序列,共发现20个ACC合成酶（ACS）基因,其中MdACS1和MdACS3已经被证明与苹果果实成熟有着直接关系,并在不同的时空点调控果实成熟过程。对ACS基因调控苹果果实成熟过程的最新研究进展进行了综述,并提出了ACS基因调控苹果果实成熟和乙烯合成的分子模型,同时也对本领域今后的研究方向作了展望。     

茉莉酸甲酯处理对葡萄果实NO 和H2O2 水平及植保素合成的影响

 以10 μmol · L-1 茉莉酸甲酯（Methyl jasmonate,MeJA）熏蒸处理‘巨峰’葡萄果实6 h,随后转入1 ℃下贮藏28 d。结果表明,MeJA 处理显著抑制了葡萄果实在贮藏期间腐烂率和失重率的上升,促进内源NO 释放量和H2O2 含量在贮藏前期的上升,同时诱导植保素合成相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、肉桂酸–4–羟化酶（C4H）、对香豆酰–CoA 连接酶（4-CL）和白藜芦醇合成酶（RS）活性以及植保素白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇脱氢二聚体含量的上升。由此推测,MeJA 在葡萄果实细胞内发挥了信号传导作用,通过调控下游信号分子H2O2 和NO 的水平来提高植保素合成相关酶活性,从而促进了植保素的积累,提高果实的抗病性,降低了其腐烂率。     

秦岭地区春兰和蕙兰的花挥发性成分研究

采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术（HS–SPME–GC–MS）对原产于秦岭不同地点的春兰和蕙兰的鲜花进行了挥发性成分测定。结果表明该地区春兰的花中挥发性成分有40多种,主要成分有3–乙基–2–甲基–1,3–己二烯、(E)–2–辛烯醛和2–壬烯醛等;不同产地的春兰花中主要的挥发性物质构成比较类似,花香类型比较单一,且多数为无香型。而该地区蕙兰的花中挥发性成分多达50种以上,主要成分有(E)–橙花叔醇,二十二碳六烯酸和[1à,2à(Z)]–茉莉酸甲酯等。蕙兰花中挥发性成分中大多为有芳香味的物质,从而使得蕙兰的花具有更浓郁的香味。此外,蕙兰花挥发性成分构成也比春兰复杂,因此比春兰具有更多的花香类型。     

芥蓝花薹中莱菔硫烷含量的HPLC分析

以23份芥蓝纯合自交系和21份杂交F_1为试材,采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定花薹中莱菔硫烷含量,分析芥蓝花薹中莱菔硫烷含量的变化规律。结果表明:44份芥蓝材料花薹中莱菔硫烷含量变异范围为46.89~419.45mg·kg~(-1)(DW),供试材料间莱菔硫烷含量差异达显著水平。获得了1份莱菔硫烷含量较高的F_1材料A86,含量为419.45mg·kg~(-1)(DW);3份莱菔硫烷含量较高的高代纯合自交系材料A1、A17和A53,含量分别为298.50、354.19、361.06mg·kg~(-1)(DW),可用于芥蓝抗癌新品种的选育和利用。     

Effect of sucrose and mannitol on the accumulation of health-promoting compounds and the activity of metabolic enzymes in broccoli sprouts

The contents of ascorbic acid, glucosinolates, sulforaphane, anthocyanins, total phenolics, the activity of myrosinase and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and the antioxidant activity of broccoli sprouts grown under 88 mM and 176 mM of sucrose and mannitol were investigated. The results showed that the contents of sulforaphane, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins in broccoli sprouts were significantly increased after treatment with 88 mM of sucrose compared with the control. The contents of glucosinolates and total phenolics, the activity of PAL and the antioxidant activity in broccoli sprouts treated with 176 mM sucrose were also significantly increased, whereas the activity of myrosinase was significantly reduced. On the other hand, the contents of glucosinolate, sulforaphane and total phenolics in broccoli sprouts were also significantly increased after treatment with 176 mM of mannitol, although the contents of sulforaphane were markedly reduced compared to those treated with 176 mM of sucrose. Sucrose might induce the production of health-promoting compounds through its role of signaling, generating osmotic pressure or serving as a substrate. These results indicate that sucrose treatment could improve the nutritional value of broccoli, and the sprouts growing under adequate concentration of sucrose could benefit our diet by producing more health-promoting compounds.     

高萝卜硫素青花菜品比试验

福青1号是新选育的高萝卜硫素青花菜品种,以3个推广品种曼陀绿、山水、马拉松为对照进行品比试验,试验结果表明,福青1号单球质量中等,株型最小,株高、开展度、叶长均小于其他3个品种;球茎空心率低;萝卜硫素含量达767.170μg/g,是马拉松的4.8倍。     

高萝卜硫素青花菜新品种‘福青1号’

 青花菜新品种‘福青1号’为中晚熟一代杂种,株高60 cm,开展度65 cm,叶片15片,叶面蜡粉中等,叶色绿,花球绿,花蕾中细,定植后80 d开始收获。萝卜硫素含量高达984.47 μg·g-1,是对照品种的9.45倍。     

青花菜DH群体花球中莱菔硫烷含量的遗传效应分析

 以莱菔硫烷含量差异显著的两个青花菜高代纯合自交系（86101 × 90196）配制F1,利用游离小孢子培养的方法构建了包含176个系的DH群体。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对DH群体花球中莱菔硫烷含量进行了测定,并用植物数量性状主基因 + 多基因混合遗传模型对该群体莱菔硫烷含量进行了遗传效应分析。结果表明,青花菜中莱菔硫烷含量性状受3对主基因 + 多基因控制,且存在加性—上位效应,群体主基因遗传率为89.28%,多基因遗传率为2.58%,主基因遗传率较高,表明该性状主要受主基因调控。     

4-甲基亚磺酰丁基硫苷（RAA）合成与代谢及遗传特性的研究进展

4-甲基亚磺酰丁基硫苷（glucoraphanin,RAA）是具天然抗癌特性的萝卜硫素的前体,在十字花科蔬菜尤其是青花菜中含量较高,因此对RAA 的研究也成为学术界的热点。本文综述了RAA 的合成与代谢及其遗传特性的研究进展,同时展望了分子标记在此领域更广泛的应用前景。     

Protective effect of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 on dopaminergic cells

AIM: To determine the influence of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) on dopamine-induced toxicity in dopaminergic cells.METHODS: MTT assay was used to determine the toxic curve of dopamine in SH-SY5Y cells. Lipofection was applied to transfect SH-SY5Y cells with an NQO1 expression plasmid. The endogenous and transfected NQO1 expression was detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. The content of cellular quinone protein was measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) method. RESULTS: Dopamine reduced SH-SY5Y cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, which was correlated with an increase in the content of quinone protein. Increased expression of NQO1 by transient transfection or by phase II enzyme inducer sulforaphane treatment alleviated dopamine-induced toxicity and reduced the content of cellular quinone protein. CONCLUSION: Increased NQO1 expression protects SH-SY5Y cells against cytotoxicity caused by dopamine.     

Protective effects of sulforaphane on retinal neurons in diabetic rats

AIM: To clarify whether sulforaphane (SF) has protective effects on retina neuronal cells in diabetic rats and to identify the related mechanisms involved in this process. METHODS: The diabetic rat model was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The protective effects of SF were evaluated by measuring the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), detecting apoptosis of retina neuronal cells with TUNEL staining and counting the survival retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were examined by immunofluorescence analysis and Western blot. RESULTS: SF treatment significantly attenuated ROS generation, decreased the apoptosis of retina neuronal cells and increased the numbers of survival RGCs in the diabetic rats. Meanwhile, SF significantly increased the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and the protein level of HO-1 in the retinas of diabetic rats. However, HO-1 inhibitor, protoporphyrin IX zinc (Ⅱ) diminished the inhibitory effects of SF on RGCs apoptosis. CONCLUSION: SF partially exerts the beneficial neuroprotective effects via the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, therefore alleviating retinal oxidative stress and decreasing the apoptosis of retina neuronal cells.     

甜瓜果实香气形成机理及影响因素研究进展

摘要：香气成分是评价甜瓜果实品质的主要指标之一，其形成不仅与品种类型有关，也受到了外界因 素的影响，相关机理非常复杂。为了促进高品质甜瓜产业的发展及甜瓜香气品质的改良，综述了甜瓜果 实含有的香气成分及其合成机理，总结了果实成熟度、呼吸类型、植物生长调节物质及施肥和土壤盐分 对甜瓜果实香气形成的影响，并且展望了盐胁迫对香气合成的影响机理研究将进一步成为甜瓜果实香气 合成机理的研究热点。     

Sulforaphane inhibits diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis in rats

AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and its possible mechanism. METHODS: DEN was repeatedly injected into the SD rats to induce HCC model, and different doses (0.19 mg/kg, 0.38 mg/kg and 0.57 mg/kg) of SFN were given at the initial symptoms of fibrosis or cirrhosis. The morphological changes of liver specimens and the number of cancerous nodules were observed, and the degree of hepatocyte injury and hepatocellular carcinogenesis were evaluated by HE and Masson staining. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in liver tissues were measured by ELISA. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and content of mdlondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissues were detected by spectrophotometry method. RESULTS: Macroscopic observation showed that the number of cancerous nodules in SFN intervention groups was lower than that in DEN group, and the dosage of SFN was negatively correlated with the degree of liver canceration. HE staining and Masson staining showed that SFN inhibited the liver canceration and inflammatory cell infiltration induced by DEN, and the degree of alleviation was positively correlated with the dosage of SFN. The data of ELISA showed that SFN attenuated the hepatocyte injury induced by DEN, and the higher the concentration of SFN was used, the lower the levels of AST, ALT, TBIL and ALP in liver tissues were detected. The levels of inflammatory factors IL-1α, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in liver tissues were decreased after administration of SFN, and the degree of reduction was positively correlated with the concentration of administration, while the levels of inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β were positively correlated with the concentrations of SFN. The activity of SOD, CAT and GPx was decreased with the increase in SFN concentration. CONCLUSION: SFN has a certain inhibitory effect on the liver cancer development induced by DEN, which may be related to the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and liver injury-reducing effects of SFN.