植物开花整合子基因FT的研究进展

开花是高等植物从营养生长向生殖生长的转变过程,与之相关基因的表达和调控是实现这一转变的分子基础。FT是植物开花调控途径的重要整合因子和调控开花的关键基因之一。FT基因编码的蛋白质产物是可以长距离运转的成花激素,在花形成过程中起着关键的作用。该文对与高等植物花发育相关的基因,特别是FT基因及其同源基因的功能、进化以及在植物花发育转换过程中的功能等研究现状进行了综述。     

成花基因研究进展

成花过程是植物生长发育过程中的重要转折时期,花发育过程受众多基因的调控。控制植物花发育过程基因有分生组织特性基因、调控花器官形成基因、定域基因及成花计时基因。综述了这些基因的作用、表达部位和相互联系。植物的MADS盒基因家族在控制花发育过程中起重要作用,模式植物MADS盒基因结构、功能及作用机制对研究园艺植物MADS盒基因具有重要的理论指导意义。     

兰科植物花发育相关基因的研究进展

兰科植物花器官结构高度特化,是研究单子叶植物花发育分子机理的理想材料。该文综述了近年来国内外有关兰科植物成花转变及花器官发育相关基因研究进展,花发育分子生物学研究的逐步深入,对通过基因工程手段提高兰花品质及花期调控、推动分子育种进程等具有重要的意义。     

光周期诱导植物成花的分子调控机制

开花是植物从营养生长向生殖生长的转变过程。开花相关基因的表达是实现这一转变的基础,环境因子以及细胞自身的生长状况对这些基因的表达起着调控作用。目前利用模式植物拟南芥、水稻和观赏植物矮牵牛和金鱼草等植物,已了解到光周期信号被植物成熟叶片接受和感知并产生开花信号物质,这种开花物质经过叶片到茎尖的长距离运输,最终引起茎顶端开花起始。对国内外光周期途径植物成花分子机制的研究进展进行综述,旨在为进一步深入研究光周期调控观赏植物成花分子机制提供参考。     

植物花发育调控基因的研究与应用

高等植物从营养生长过渡到生殖生长,是由外界环境条件及自身因子相互作用的结果.植物成花本质上是由花发育调控基因控制的,了解植物花发育调控基因功能后,可以人为地控制植物成花.花发育调控基因有个重要的特点是,其功能在不同植物间是相对保守的,可以广泛应用于转基因的研究中.现综述了植物花发育过程,拟南芥主要的花发育调控基因,系统介绍花发育调控基因在提高经济作物生物产量、植物雄性不育、缩短童期、观赏植物分子育种方面的应用.     

园艺植物性别决定的表观遗传机制研究进展

在被子植物中，花分为两性花和单性花两种类型，而单性花又有雌雄异花同株和雌雄异株之分。在单性花性别分化过程中，性别决定涉及多种调节机制，其中表观遗传机制发挥重要的作用。本文中综述了DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰以及microRNA等表观遗传机制在园艺植物性别决定方面的作用以及表观调控通过调节植物激素影响植物性别和花器官发育的研究进展，并对今后相关研究进行展望。     

拟南芥和芥菜开花抑制因子AGL18花期调控机制研究进展

十字花科作物开花主要受低温春化途径、光周期途径、自主途径和赤霉素途径的信号因子调节,但这些开花信号因子均汇集到开花整合子路径,最终调控开花时间。MADS家族在该发育途径中起着至关重要的作用,最近发现AGL18是一个与开花整合子关系密切的MADS家族成员。综述了拟南芥和芥菜等十字花科作物AGL18在开花途径中的作用及其开花调控分子机制,并展望AGL18开花转变调控的研究方向,为十字花科蔬菜的成花转变及产品器官发育等分子调控提供借鉴。     

园艺植物性别决定机制研究进展

性染色体、性别基因、MADS-box转录因子等是植物雌雄个体或器官发育过程中关键的遗传因素。性染色体和性别决定基因是雌雄异株植物性别决定的遗传基础,而性别分化基因在花器官分生组织中选择性表达,调控不同性别花的产生。花发育的ABCDE模型中涉及的基因绝大部分属于MADS-box家族基因。综述了植物性染色体进化机制、园艺植物性染色体类型、性别连锁基因群定位、基因鉴定以及MADS-box家族基因对花器官发育的调控等方面的研究进展,并提出园艺植物性别决定机制研究中需要解决的问题。     

TFL1调控蔷薇科植物开花时间的分子机制北大核心CSCD

蔷薇科包含很多具有重要经济价值的园艺植物,它们的开花模式多样,而不同的开花模式又直接影响了开花观赏期和果树产期,在园艺生产上非常重要。以拟南芥为代表的模式植物中,TERMINAL FLOWER1(TFL1)基因调控开花的分子机制已被深入研究,它是调控植物花芽分化的关键基因,可以维持花序的无限生长状态,延迟拟南芥的开花时间。然而,人们对蔷薇科植物开花调控机制的了解还比较有限。在本文,我们回顾了TFL1同源基因在蔷薇科植物开花时间调控分子机制方面的研究进展,并着重阐述了TFL1同源基因在各种蔷薇科植物开花转型以及童期向成熟期转换过程中的表达规律和遗传功能,为今后深入研究TFL1调控蔷薇科植物开花时间以及童期变化的分子机制提供了重要的基础。     

TFL1调控蔷薇科植物开花时间的分子机制

蔷薇科包含很多具有重要经济价值的园艺植物,它们的开花模式多样,而不同的开花模式又直接影响了开花观赏期和果树产期,在园艺生产上非常重要。以拟南芥为代表的模式植物中,TERMINAL FLOWER1(TFL1)基因调控开花的分子机制已被深入研究,它是调控植物花芽分化的关键基因,可以维持花序的无限生长状态,延迟拟南芥的开花时间。然而,人们对蔷薇科植物开花调控机制的了解还比较有限。在本文,我们回顾了TFL1同源基因在蔷薇科植物开花时间调控分子机制方面的研究进展,并着重阐述了TFL1同源基因在各种蔷薇科植物开花转型以及童期向成熟期转换过程中的表达规律和遗传功能,为今后深入研究TFL1调控蔷薇科植物开花时间以及童期变化的分子机制提供了重要的基础。     

柑橘及其近缘属植物LFY同源基因的比较

LFY基因处于成花调控网络的关键位置,不仅调控开花时间和花转变,而且在花序和花的发育中也起重要作用。为了进一步探讨柑橘及其近缘属植物开花的分子机理,利用PCR技术分别从兴津温州蜜柑(Citrus unshiuMarcovitch)、无核椪柑(Citrus reticulata Blanco)、沙田柚[Citrus grandis(L.)Osbeck]、融安金柑(Fortunella crassifoliaSwing)和无核黄皮[Clausena lansium(Lour.)Skeels]叶片中分离克隆了LFY全长同源基因。结果表明兴津温州蜜柑、无核椪柑、沙田柚、融安金柑和无核黄皮中的LFY全长同源基因的核苷酸长度分别为2090、2086、2092、2081、2089bp,分别编码398、398、398、398和397个氨基酸,这些同源基因均由3个外显子和2个内含子组成。同源性分析发现,这些LFY全长同源基因的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性高,分别为92%～99%和95%～100%。亲缘关系分析结果与当前的植物学分类结果一致。     

Water deficits promote flowering in Rhododendron via regulation of pre and post initiation development

Flowering is generally considered to be advanced by water deficits in many woody perennial species. A long-standing paradigm being that as a plant senses severe environmental conditions resources are diverted away from vegetative growth and towards reproduction before death. It is demonstrated that in Rhododendron flowering is promoted under water deficit treatments. However, the promotion of flowering is not achieved via an increase in floral initiation, but through separate developmental responses. If regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is imposed prior to the time of initiation, fewer vegetative nodes are formed before the apical meristems switch to floral initiation, and chronologically, floral initiation occurs earlier. Both RDI and partial rootzone drying (PRD) treatments stimulate the development of more flowers on each inflorescence if the treatments are continued after the plant has undergone floral initiation. However, floral initiation is inhibited by soil water deficits. If the soil water deficit continues beyond the stages of floral development then anthesis can occur prematurely on the fully formed floral buds without a need for a winter chilling treatment. It is hypothesised that inhibition of floral initiation in plants experiencing severe soil water deficits results from the inhibitory action of ABA transportation to the apical meristem from stressed roots. It is demonstrated that ABA applications to well-watered Rhododendron inhibit floral initiation.     

Physiology of flowering and dormancy regulation in annual- and biennial-fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) – a review

Summary

Recent research on how the structure and physiological development of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plants are controlled by genotype and the climatic environment is reviewed. Some older work, especially on plant structure relations, is also included. Physiological differences between annual- and biennial-fruiting plant types are highlighted. One major difference is the different requirements for flower formation. While biennial-fruiting cultivars have an absolute low temperature (≤ approx. 15°C) requirement for floral initiation, annual-fruiting cultivars readily initiate floral primordia at temperatures as high as a constant 30°C. Also, while biennial-fruiting cultivars are facultative short-day plants with a critical photoperiod of 15 h at intermediate temperatures, flowering is promoted by long photoperiods in at least some annual-fruiting cultivars. However, the essential difference that determines whether the shoot life-cycle becomes annual or biennial is that, in biennial-fruiting genotypes, floral initiation is linked to the induction of bud dormancy; whereas, in annual-fruiting cultivars, floral initiation is followed by direct flower development. Although this is genetically determined, it is a plastic trait that is subject to modification by the environment. Thus, at low temperatures and under short photoperiods, the majority of initiated buds also enter dormancy in annual-fruiting cultivars, with tip-flowering as a result. Practical applications are discussed, and it is concluded that our present physiological knowledge-base provides excellent opportunities for the manipulation of raspberry crops for out-of-season production and high yields. It also provides a firm platform for further exploration of the underlying molecular genetics of plant structures and response mechanisms.     

抽薹开花抑制因子FLC 表观遗传调控研究进展

FLOWERING LOCUS C（FLC）是植物抽薹开花调控网络中关键的开花决定因子。随着表观遗传学的发展，人们发现组蛋白修饰等表观调控FLC 的表达在植物抽薹开花时间调控中起着非常重要的作用。FLC 的抑制因子或促进因子通过改变组蛋白氨基酸的共价修饰（如乙酰化、甲基化等），影响FLC基因所在区域的染色质重塑，调控FLC 转录表达水平，从而调节植物抽薹开花。本文就近年来国内外对植物抽薹开花关键调控基因FLC 及表观遗传调控其表达研究现状进行了综述，并针对目前研究中存在的问题提出了今后的研究方向和重点。     

大蒜MADS-box基因AsPI的克隆及表达分析

B类MADS-box基因在调控显花植物的花瓣和雄蕊发育过程中发挥关键作用。为初步了解大蒜花发育的分子机制,以‘阿城紫皮’大蒜(Allium sativum)的花蕾为试材克隆了AsPI(Gen Bank登录号为KY272748)。AsPI的cDNA长939 bp,开放阅读框为615 bp,编码204个氨基酸。推导的氨基酸序列显示,AsPI编码的蛋白质包含高度保守的MADS结构域(1~57氨基酸)和保守的K结构(76~140氨基酸),AsPI蛋白具有PI亚家族特有的序列特征:MADS区特征丝氨酸残基、K区高度保守序列KHExL以及C–末端的PI基序。序列比对、功能域分析及系统发育分析结果表明,AsPI属于单子叶植物B功能基因PI亚家族。半定量和实时RT-PCR检测AsPI在大蒜不同组织器官中的表达模式,结果表明,在花蕾中高丰度表达,在花茎中表达量中等,在根、假茎、嫩叶、保护叶等营养器官中表达量极低甚至不表达。     

Synchronization of anthesis and enhancement of vegetative growth in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) following water stress during floral initiation

SUMMARY

The possibility of using water stress during floral initiation and development, to synchronize flowering in potted coffee trees of cvs Catuai Rojo and Mundo Novo was investigated. Moderate and severe cyclic and constant water stress had little effect on vegetative growth during floral initiation. However, upon rewatering, shoot growth was significantly greater in plants where leaf water potential [¨,] had declined to -2.5 MPa compared with plants where ¨, was maintained above -0.5 MPa. The period of floral initiation was not influenced by water stress and occurred only under short days (<12 h). In contrast, a y, of -2.5 MPa significantly reduced the number of inflorescences compared with plants maintained at a ¨| of -0.5 or -1.5 MPa. This reduction was associated with leaf drop in stressed plants. Therefore, regular irrigation during the period of floral initiation is recommended. Water stress (¨, of -1.5 or -2.5 MPa compared with -0.5 MPa) accelerated floral development with no deleterious effects on floral differentiation. Once flower buds are fully differentiated they enter dormancy and reach anthesis only if trees are stressed and rewa-tered. Flower buds remain dormant if trees are watered regularly or a constant water stress provided. A constant period of water stress in the late stages of floral development after floral initiation is complete provides a means of increasing the proportion of fully differentiated dormant flower buds (mature buds). This could represent a practical method to achieve synchronized flowering in field conditions where there is irrigation and a reliable dry season in the late stages of floral development.     

Evidence for a translocatable florigenic promoter in mango

Movement of a putative florigenic promoter from leaves to buds was investigated in two cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.) over two flowering seasons through examination of the minimum number of leaves on each stem necessary for floral induction and movement of this component over various distances from stem to stem in isolated branches. The minimum number of leaves on individual stems necessary to induce flowering was less than 1/4 of a cross-cut leaf per stem. The putative florigenic promoter moved from donor stems bearing as few as one leaf to induce flowering in five receiver stems located as far down branches as 100 cm from the donor stem. Evidence suggests that movement of the putative florigenic promoter occurs in phloem and that far more of this component is available in trees than is necessary for floral induction of initiating shoots during cool, floral-inductive conditions of the subtropics.     

银杏GinNdly基因的植物表达载体构建

未知功能的植物基因一般需要通过转基因植物来研究和验证。银杏(Ginkgo biloba L．)是一种童期很长的古老植物，LEAFY基因是一个花分生组织特征基因，调控着植物开花的时间。用植物双元表达载体质粒pCAMBl-Al301构建了开花基因，LEAFY的银杏同源基因GinNdly的反义与正义植物表达载体。因pCAMBlAl301质粒的多克隆位点处没有启动子和终止子，将pB1121的35S启动子和nos终止子引入该质粒。通过PCR检测和酶切验证，证明质粒构建正确，为研究银杏花分生组织特征基因GinNdly奠定了基础。     

蝴蝶兰PhSVP的克隆及其在花发育过程中的表达分析

从蝴蝶兰杂交品种‘大辣椒’中克隆到SVP同源MADS-box基因PhSVP，使用RACE方法获得PhSVP全长，其开放阅读框为687 bp，编码228个氨基酸。蛋白序列多重比对表明PhSVP蛋白包含一个高度保守的MEF2-like MADS结构域和一个中度保守的K-box结构域，且与兰科的SVP/AGL24同源蛋白相似度高，进化树分析也表明PhSVP蛋白与其他兰科植物的SVP/AGL24同源蛋白亲缘关系最近。PhSVP的空间表达模式表明其在营养器官表达量高，在萼片、侧瓣和唇瓣等生殖器官表达量低。进一步对PhSVP在成花转换和花发育过程中花序顶端的表达进行分析，表明PhSVP的转录水平在营养分生组织向花序分生组织过渡的过程中无显著变化，仅在花序分生组织阶段有少量上升，但在花发育早期花分生组织阶段中的表达水平显著升高，而在花发育后期的萼片原基、花瓣原基和合蕊柱原基阶段持续下降。此外还发现A类基因PhAP1在花发育过程中的花序顶端的表达模式与PhSVP相似，而B类基因PhPI和C类基因PhAG在花瓣原基和合蕊柱原基阶段的表达量最高。检测了PhSVP在抽葶期、花蕾期和盛花期的根、叶和花葶中的转录水平，结果表明PhSVP在花蕾期的根中的表达量稍高于其他时期，在不同阶段的叶中的表达水平无显著差异，而在抽葶期花葶中的表达量显著高于花蕾期和盛花期。试验结果暗示蝴蝶兰PhSVP可能起到调控花分生组织状态的维持、避免花器官原基过早分化的作用。