Soils of Israel

Israel, whose area is comparable to half the area of Moscow oblast, has a wide range of soils, from Terra Rossas in the subhumid northern regions to Regosols on the arid southern plains. This diversity is due to both the present-day differentiation of the climate and the landscape structure of the region and due to evidence of the past, mainly of the Neogene and Quaternary environments. The pre-Quaternary history resulted in the prevalence of soils developed on calcareous rocks differing in weathering forms; the Quaternary age is imprinted in soils developed on different rocks of continental genesis, including coastal dunes and lacustrine deposits. This pattern is completed with soils developed on Neogene-Quaternary magmatites. The soil cover of the country was influenced by the eolian accumulation of silty-clay material and experienced periodic climatic changes from more humid to drier ones during the entire Quaternary period and acquired features of a particular spatial unit. At the same time, similar soils occur in adjacent countries: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt. During the last 50–70 years, many new agrogenically transformed soils and soil-like formations have appeared in the soil cover of the country.     

The Role of Soils in Land Degradation Assessment: A Review

Eurasian Soil Science - Within the framework of the existing concepts of land degradation assessment, the main ideas about its causes and consequences are formulated, methodological provisions for...     

湿地土壤氮素研究概述

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一,具有巨大的环境调节功能和效益。湿地发挥着N素的源、汇和转换器的功能,而湿地土壤中N素含量及其迁移转化过程也显著影响着湿地生态系统的结构和功能,所以湿地土壤N素过程研究成为当前研究热点之一。本文对湿地土壤N素贮量,湿地对N素的截留能力以及湿地N素的迁移转化过程等方面进行了综述。     

Anthropogenic Soils of Urban Parks: A Review

Eurasian Soil Science - Urban parks provide a range of ecosystem services and support a healthy urban environment. Soils are directly involved in biogeochemical cycles and maintenance of...     

Anthropogenic Soils of Botanical Gardens: A Review

Eurasian Soil Science - A review of publications on soils of botanical gardens forming in different landscape conditions and approaches to their classification is presented. Transformation of the...     

抗生素在土壤中的吸附行为研究进展

抗生素是人类与动植物疾病防治中被广泛使用的抑菌或杀菌药物,由于其不能完全被机体吸收转化,大部分以原形或代谢物的形式经不同途径进入土壤环境,导致土壤微环境破坏,最终影响人类健康。本文通过文献查阅,综合近几年的研究现状,分析土壤矿物质、有机质、土壤溶液及土壤生物对抗生素吸附作用的机理,探究土壤矿物质、有机质、土壤溶液及土壤生物对抗生素吸附性能的影响,并对抗生素在土壤中的吸附行为进行了展望,以期为土壤中抗生素污染防治提供理论依据。     

外源铜在土壤中的老化研究进展

水溶性Cu添加到土壤后,其可浸提性、生物有效性或毒害随时间逐渐降低,这个过程称为老化过程.田间污染土壤中的Cu与人工新添加的Cu在生物有效性上存在着明显的差异,因此,在生态风险评价和环境质量标准制定中,考虑Cu的老化过程显得十分必要.而且,它对污染土壤的管理和修复也有重要的指导意义.本文详细综述了外源Cu在土壤中的老化机理及影响因素,指出老化过程主要受扩散作用、聚合/沉淀作用和包裹作用共同控制,而且在长期老化阶段,微孔扩散成主导作用机理;pH、温度、有机质和土壤类型是老化的主要影响因子,其中pH影响聚合/沉淀作用和扩散作用,温度主要影响扩散作用,而有机质对上述各个机理都有影响.     

Red Data Book of Eurasian Soils: Russia and contiguous countries

The development of the Red Data Book of Eurasian Soils is a challenge necessitated by the intensive and exhaustive use of soil resources. The long-term strategy of interaction between humans and the environment should be directed towards the creation of favorable conditions for the development of society and saving of nature via application of new legislative norms aimed at preservation of pedodiversity and especially valuable soils. It is important to develop pedology as a fundamental science and to harmonize the relation-ships between humans and nature. The 30-year-long experience of Russia in the development of the Red Data Books of Soils is analyzed, and several conclusions aimed at improving the efficiency of special protection of soils in Russia and contiguous countries are made.     

Chromium in Agricultural Soils and Crops: A Review

The mobility and distribution of metals in the environment is related not only to their concentration but also to their availability in the environment. Most chromium (Cr) exists in oxidation states ranging from 0 to VI in soils but the most stable and common forms are Cr(0), Cr(III), and Cr(VI) species. Chromium can have positive and negative effects on health, according to the dose, exposure time, and its oxidation state. The last is highly soluble; mobile; and toxic to humans, animals, and plants. On the contrary, Cr(III) has relatively low toxicity and mobility and it is one of the micronutrients needed by humans. In addition, Cr(III) can be absorbed on the surface of clay minerals in precipitates or complexes. Thus, the approaches converting Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in soils and waters have received considerable attention. The Cr(III) compounds are sparingly soluble in water and may be found in water bodies as soluble Cr(III) complexes, while the Cr(VI) compounds are readily soluble in water. Chromium is absorbed by plants through carriers of essential ions such as sulfate. Chromium uptake, accumulation, and translocation, depend on its speciation. Chromium shortage can cause cardiac problems, metabolic dysfunctions, and diabetes. Symptoms of Cr toxicity in plants comprise decrease of germination, reduction of growth, inhibition of enzymatic activities, impairment of photosynthesis and oxidative imbalances. This review provides an overview of the chemical characteristics of Cr, its behavior in the environment, the relationships with plants and aspects of the use of fertilizers.     

Diagnostics of Volcanic Soils: A Review of Classification Schemes

Eurasian Soil Science - In this paper, we analyze diagnostics of volcanic ash soils in soil classification systems applied in the United States, Russia, New Zealand, and in the international WRB...     

土壤中抗生素的环境行为及分布特征研究进展

抗生素被广泛应用于治疗和控制人类及其他动物的细菌感染性疾病,并且可以作为饲料添加剂或生长促进剂用于禽畜养殖。大量抗生素通过有机肥施用、污水灌溉等途径持续进入土壤,导致土壤环境中抗生素种类不断增加、含量逐年增高。抗生素污染会对土壤中微生物、动物、植物等产生直接或间接的影响,诱导耐药菌株及抗性基因的产生,并且抗生素还可以被植物吸收,通过食物链影响人类健康。本文系统介绍了近20年来土壤中抗生素的相关研究,并着重就土壤中抗生素的来源归趋、环境行为以及时空分布情况进行了总结。研究认为土壤中抗生素的环境行为受抗生素种类和土壤性质的强烈影响,并且土壤中抗生素的时空分布与其环境行为和人类活动密切相关。     

农药污染土壤的植物修复研究进展

植物修复是土壤农药污染修复的有效途径之一。植物主要通过直接吸收和代谢、根际土壤植物酶促降解和根际微生物对污染物的降解等三种机制去除土壤中残留的农药。本文简述了植物修复的含义和优点,系统地综述了植物修复农药污染土壤的机理,阐述了利用植物对农药污染土壤进行修复的研究成果和应用,并展望了今后需要进一步研究的领域。     

城市土壤多环芳烃污染研究进展

针对城市土壤特性,对土壤中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染方面的研究进行了分析与综述,归纳总结了城市土壤PAHs的含量、分布、来源、影响因子及污染评价。结果表明城市土壤PAHs含量在地区、时间上存在较大差异,其来源主要是人为源,同时还受到气候、土壤理化性质、土壤微生物作用及地表植物种类的影响,目前许多城市土壤PAHs存在一定程度的污染,需要尽快建立PAHs数据库,为城市土壤PAHs的污染预警及防治提供数据支持。