气象条件对西辽河平原绿芦笋产量和质量的影响

以2a生芦笋阿波罗为试材，在地处西辽河平原的内蒙古民族大学试验农场，研究了采笋期间气象条件对绿芦笋产量和质量的影响。结果表明，绿芦笋日合格笋产量、总产量均与近3日（采笋当日及前2日）积温间呈极显著正相关关系，当日温度对笋产量的影响最大，其次为前1日温度和前2日温度。采笋当日与前1日的日平均风速均与不合格笋的支数、产量呈极显著正相关关系，风力作用是形成弯曲笋和散头笋的主要原因之一。日最高、最低气温与不合格笋的支数、产量呈显著或极显著正相关关系，而温度日较差、空气湿度均与不合格笋支数和产量相关不显著。因此，西辽河平原种植芦笋在春季采笋期间设立风障、小拱棚等保护性设施是提高绿芦笋产量和质量的有效途径。     

Determination of nuclear magnetic resonance T2 cutoff in remoulded loess by the freezing point

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely applied to characterize the microscopic properties of hydrogen-containing porous media. The transverse relaxation time cutoff (T_2c) value is the crucial parameter for the quantitative analysis of NMR data. Currently, there is no universal method for the determination of the T_2c in clayey soils. This study aimed to develop a laboratory method for determining the T_2c of remoulded loess by the freezing point of loosely bound water. Malan loess, a kind of typical clayey silt, was used as test material. Based on the soil freezing characteristic, NMR measurements were performed on remoulded loess with different macro-parameter controls during the cooling process to obtain the T₂ spectrum at each target temperature. By analysing the variation of unfrozen water content with temperature reduction, the freezing point of loosely bound water and the T_2c value within the freezing-point range was determined. The freezing point of loosely bound water in remoulded loess is about −3 to −5°C and that of firmly bound water is less than −5°C. Accordingly, the T_2c value of remoulded loess is determined to be 1.5–1.8 ms. The assessment of heating and cooling process and different methods for determining the T_2c shows that the laboratory method by the freezing point is effective and reliable, and the T_2c determined by statistical methods is worthy of further study and improvement. The saturated permeability of remoulded loess is evaluated according to the determined T_2c, and two NMR-based permeability equations can well reflect pore water distribution in remoulded loess, but to a certain extent, both equations ignore soil microstructure, pore connectivity and chemical effects of pore solution. The laboratory method by the freezing point and the determined T_2c value of remoulded loess fill the gap of NMR measurement in loess analysis and are of great significance for low-plastic clays and clay types.     

Ingredient Characterization and Hardening of High‐Protein Food Bars: an NMR State Diagram Approach

A second‐degree simplex lattice mixture design was used to study the effects of soy, dairy, and soy‐dairy blends of powdered proteins in three high‐protein food bar models (sugar syrup, polyol syrup, and reduced‐sugar syrup). Overall protein performance was evaluated based on textural changes during accelerated storage, bar integrity, and dough stickiness and was a strong function of the syrup model used (R² = 92.33%). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry was used to measure relaxation times (T₂, T₂*, and T₁) at 20°C and to create state diagrams (temperature, T₂* curves) for the individual powdered proteins and syrups over a temperature range of –35 to 50°C. Increases in relaxation times for powdered protein samples were indicative of better overall protein performance, whereas increases in relaxation times for syrup samples were associated with increases in moisture content and concentration of polyols. Increases in water activity (a_w) of the bars during accelerated storage suggested an elevated rate of hardening for polyol‐containing bars that was caused by a decrease in the amount of water capable of acting as a plasticizer in the product. Proteins were separated into four types (A, B, C, and D) based on the shape of the state diagram curve. Predicted to be the most stable, type D proteins (SUPRO 313 and SUPRO 430) offered the most versatility and, when blended with other proteins, often induced synergistic softening effects in the nutrition bars which led to an extended product shelf life. The NMR state diagram technique appears to be a valuable tool for predicting overall performance of powdered proteins in sugar‐, polyol‐, and reduced‐sugar syrup based food bars.     

Evaluation of 1H NMR relaxometry for the assessment of pore‐size distribution in soil samples

¹H NMR relaxometry is used in earth science as a non‐destructive and time‐saving method to determine pore size distributions (PSD) in porous media with pore sizes ranging from nm to mm. This is a broader range than generally reported for results from X‐ray computed tomography (X‐ray CT) scanning, which is a slower method. For successful application of ¹H NMR relaxometry in soil science, it is necessary to compare PSD results with those determined from conventional methods. The PSD of six disturbed soil samples with various textures and soil organic matter (SOM) content were determined by conventional soil water retention at matric potentials between −3 and −390 kPa (pF 1.5–3.6). These PSD were compared with those estimated from transverse relaxation time (T₂) distributions of water in soil samples at pF 1.5 using two different approaches. In the first, pore sizes were estimated using a mean surface relaxivity of each soil sample determined from the specific surface area. In the second and new approach, two surface relaxivities for each soil sample, determined from the T₂ distributions of the soil samples at different matric potentials, were used. The T₂ distributions of water in the samples changed with increasing soil matric potential and consisted of two peaks at pF 1.5 and one at pF 3.6. The shape of the T₂ distributions at pF 1.5 was strongly affected by soil texture and SOM content (R² = 0.51 − 0.95). The second approach (R² = 0.98) resulted in good consistency between PSD, determined by soil water retention, and ¹H NMR relaxometry, whereas the first approach resulted in poor consistency. Pore sizes calculated from the NMR data ranged from 100 μm to 10 nm. Therefore, the new approach allows ¹H NMR relaxometry to be applied for the determination of PSD in soil samples and for studying swelling of SOM and clay and its effects on pore size in a fast and non‐destructive way. This is not, or only partly, possible by conventional soil water retention or X‐ray CT.     

The effect of water content on solid-state 13C NMR quantitation and relaxation rates of soil organic matter

Two hydrofluoric acid‐treated soils were prepared with water contents ranging up to 22% by exposing them to a range of atmospheric humidities. There was no effect of water content on the chemical shift distribution of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal in ¹³C cross‐polarization (CP) NMR spectra. The sensitivity of the ¹³C CP NMR spectra decreased slightly with increasing water content. Much of this decrease could be attributed to decreases in T_1ρH relaxation rates, caused by enhanced molecular mobility of the organic matter in the presence of absorbed water. Rates of T_1H relaxation were very sensitive to water content, and average T_1H relaxation rates decreased four‐ to five‐fold from the smallest to the largest water content. Rates of T_1H relaxation were non‐uniform, and were better modelled by two‐T_1H component fits than one‐T_1H component fits. The ratio of rapidly to slowly relaxing components increased with increasing water content. Proton spin relaxation editing (PSRE) subspectra revealed substantial changes in the nature of these two components with increasing water content. These results indicate the presence of an organic matter component that is very sensitive to water content, transforming from slowly relaxing at a small water content to rapidly relaxing at a greater water content. This component was shown to be rich in O–alkyl and carbonyl C, and may be hemicellulosic root exudates and microbial mucilages. The slowly relaxing PSRE component was a mixture of ligno‐cellulose and alkyl biopolymers, whereas the rapidly relaxing component was primarily charcoal for one of the soils, and was reminiscent of dissolved organic carbon for the other soil. These findings show that care must be taken in controlling water contents when using PSRE to study organic matter.     

Spin accounting and RESTORE – two new methods to improve quantitation in solid-state 13C NMR analysis of soil organic matter

Rapid T_1ρH relaxation and inefficient cross‐polarization have long been known to affect quantitation in solid‐state ¹³C cross‐polarization (CP) NMR spectra of soil organic matter. We have developed two new techniques to overcome these problems. The first, spin accounting, enables accurate gauging of how quantitative a spectrum is likely to be. The result is expressed as the percentage of potential NMR signal that can be accounted for (C_obs). Spin accounting improves on the established spin counting technique by correcting for rapid T_1ρH relaxation and inefficient cross‐polarization. Spin accounting identifies three components: one that is well represented in CP spectra, one that is under‐represented in CP spectra due to rapid T_1ρH relaxation, and one that is under‐represented in CP spectra due to inefficient cross‐polarization. For a range of eight de‐ashed soils, C_obs was in the range 83–106%, indicating that virtually all potential signal could be accounted for after correcting for rapid T_1ρH relaxation and inefficient cross‐polarization. The second new technique, RESTORE (RE storation of S pectra via T _CH and T O ne R ho (T_1ρH) E diting), generates subspectra for the three components identified in spin accounting. The sum of the three RESTORE subspectra is essentially a corrected CP spectrum. The RESTORE spectra of all eight soils more closely resembled the corresponding, and presumably quantitative, Bloch decay spectra than did the CP spectra. RESTORE identifies the types of structures underestimated by CP, and the cause of their underestimation. Rapid T_1ρH relaxation most affected carbonyl and carbohydrate carbons, whereas inefficient cross‐polarization most affected aromatic carbons.     

Effect of paramagnetic cations on solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of natural organic materials

Abstract

The effect of cation (Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pr³⁺) amendment on the solid state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral properties of organic materials was investigated. The organic materials were chosen to represent structures found in natural organic matter (NOM) from soils, waters, sediments, sewage sludges and plant residues, and included cellulose, pectin, chitin, collagen, a commercial humic acid, and charcoal. Cation amendment was shown to have little effect on the observability of ¹³C NMR signal, except for the paramagnetic amended pectin samples, for which observability was decreased from near 100% in the unamended sample to 19% for the Cu²⁺ amended sample and 71% for the Pr³⁺ amended sample. NMR relaxation parameters (T_1p H, T₁H) were more sensitive to cation amendment. For a number of the samples, a decrease in relaxation rate (increase in T_lpH and T₁H) was observed on amendment with Zn²⁺. This was ascribed to a decrease in molecular motion due to the chelating effects of Zn²⁺. An increase in relaxation rate (decrease in T_1pH and T₁H) was generally observed on amendment with Cu²⁺. The effects of amendment with Pr³⁺ varied. T₁H was more sensitive to the presence of paramagnetic species than was T_1pH. These results suggest that bound paramagnetic cations will only decrease the observability of ¹³C NMR signal in NOM samples (or domains within NOM samples) at high paramagnetic cation concentrations (>3%). There is great potential for the use of paramagnetic cation amendment to differentiate relaxation rates of domains within NOM samples, subspectra for which can then be generated using the proton spin relaxation editing (PSRE) technique.     

Time dependence of hydraulic parameters estimation from transient analysis of mini disc infiltrometer measurements

The transient analysis of mini disc infiltrometer (MDI) measurements is an established method for characterising near-surface hydraulic characteristics of soils. The reliability of hydraulic characteristics obtained from transient analysis depends on the (1) adequacy of model, (2) adequacy of data, (3) measurement time and (4) measurement footprint. The measurement time dependence recommendations are reported only for a few soil textures, initially wet samples and tension infiltrometer (TI) with a higher measurement footprint than the MDI. This study investigated the adequacy of infiltration data (using cumulative linearization [CL] and differentiated linearization [DL]) and measurement time influence on the hydraulic parameters determined from the transient analysis of MDI measurements for six soil textures. The objective of the study is to identify suitable MDI measurement durations for different soil textures for the initially dry state, considering both adequacy of data and time fractionation (measurement time influence). The data adequacy time obtained from the DL (T_DL) was found to be 0.8 times less than the value obtained from CL (T_CL). The marginal difference in T_DL and T_CL had a significant influence on the determination of infiltration equation coefficient C₁ and negligible influence on coefficient C₂. The time fractionation procedure adopted for identifying adequate MDI measurement time (T_m) was found to be comparable based on sorptivity (S₀) and hydraulic conductivity (K₀). The average T_m was also comparable with T_DL and T_CL with a strong positive correlation. The C₂ values obtained based on T_m, T_DL, and T_CL were in better agreement than the corresponding C₁ values. The adequate MDI measurement times identified by considering T_m, T_DL, and T_CL were texture dependent, ranging from 45 min for silt to 120 min for silt loam and silty clay loam. For loamy sand, it was 50 min; for sand, it was 70 min, followed by 60 min for loam.     

Quantitative solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy of organic matter fractions in lowland rice soils

Spin counting on solid‐state ¹³C cross‐polarization (CP) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of two humic fractions isolated from tropical lowland soils showed that only 32–81% of potential ¹³C NMR signal was detected. The observability of ¹³C NMR signal (C_obs) was higher in the mobile humic acid (MHA) than in the calcium humate (CaHA) fraction, and increased with increasing intensity of irrigated rice cropping. NMR observability appeared to be related to the nature of the organic carbon, with phenol‐ and methoxyl‐rich samples having the higher values of C_obs. The Bloch decay (BD) technique provided more quantitatively reliable ¹³C NMR spectra, as evidenced by values of C_obs in the range 91–100% for seven of the eight humic fractions studied. The BD spectra contained considerably more aryl and carbonyl signal, and less O–alkyl and alkyl signal, with the greatest differences between CP and BD spectra observed for the samples with low C_obs(CP). The causes of low CP observability were investigated using the spectral editing technique RESTORE ( RE storation of S pectra via T _CH and T O ne R ho (T_1ρH) E diting). Rapid T_1ρH relaxation was found to be primarily responsible for the under‐representation of carbonyl carbon, whereas inefficient cross‐polarization was primarily responsible for the under‐representation of aryl carbon in CP spectra. Proton NMR relaxation rates T_1H and T_1ρH were found to correlate with other NMR properties and also with cropping management. Non‐uniform rates of T_1H relaxation in two of the CaHA fractions enabled the generation of proton spin relaxation editing subspectra.     

Soil properties and crop yields in a dryland Vertisol sown with cotton-based crop rotations

Information on the effects of growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-based crop rotations on soil quality of dryland Vertisols is sparse. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of growing cereal and leguminous crops in rotation with dryland cotton on physical and chemical properties of a grey Vertisol near Warra, SE Queensland, Australia. The experimental treatments, selected after consultations with local cotton growers, were continuous cotton (T₁), cotton–sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) (T₂), cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) double cropped (T₃), cotton–chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) double cropped followed by wheat (T₄) and cotton–wheat (T₅). From 1993 to 1996 land preparation was by chisel ploughing to about 0.2 m followed by two to four cultivations with a Gyral tyne cultivator. Thereafter all crops were sown with zero tillage except for cultivation with a chisel plough to about 0.07–0.1 m after cotton picking to control heliothis moth pupae. Soil was sampled from 1996 to 2004 and physical (air-filled porosity of oven-dried soil, an indicator of soil compaction; plastic limit; linear shrinkage; dispersion index) and chemical (pH in 0.01 M CaCl₂, organic carbon, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na contents) properties measured. Crop rotation affected soil properties only with respect to exchangeable Na content and air-filled porosity. In the surface 0.15 m during 2000 and 2001 lowest air-filled porosity occurred with T₁ (average of 34.6 m³/100 m³) and the highest with T₃ (average of 38.9 m³/100 m³). Air-filled porosity decreased in the same depth between 1997 and 1998 from 45.0 to 36.1 m³/100 m³, presumably due to smearing and compaction caused by shallow cultivation in wet soil. In the subsoil, T₁ and T₂ frequently had lower air-filled porosity values in comparison with T₃, T₄ and T₅, particularly during the early stages of the experiment, although values under T₁ increased subsequently. In general, compaction was less under rotations which included a wheat crop (T₃, T₄, T₅). For example, average air-filled porosity (in m³/100 m³) in the 0.15–0.30 m depth from 1996 to 1999 was 19.8 with both T₁ and T₂, and 21.2 with T₃, 21.1 with T₄ and 21.5 with T₅. From 2000 to 2004, average air-filled porosity (in m³/100 m³) in the same depth was 21.3 with T₁, 19.0 with T₂, 19.8 with T₃, 20.0 with T₄ and 20.5 with T₅. The rotation which included chickpea (T₄) resulted in the lowest exchangeable Na content, although differences among rotations were small. Where only a cereal crop with a fibrous root system was sown in rotation with cotton (T₂, T₃, T₅) linear shrinkage in the 0.45–0.60 m depth was lower than in rotations, which included tap-rooted crops such as chickpea (T₄) or continuous cotton (T₁). Dispersion index and organic carbon decreased, and plastic limit increased with time. Soil organic carbon stocks decreased at a rate of 1.2 Mg/ha/year. Lowest average cotton lint yield occurred with T₂ (0.54 Mg/ha) and highest wheat yield with T₃ (2.8 Mg/ha). Rotations which include a wheat crop are more likely to result in better soil structure and cotton lint yield than cotton–sorghum or continuous cotton.     

Reduced activity of β‐glucosidase resulting from host‐guest interactions with dissolved fulvic acids as revealed by NMR spectroscopy

Interactions between fulvic acids (FAs) and a β‐glucosidase (GLU) enzyme and consequent modifications of enzymatic activity were investigated at pH 5.0 and 7.2 by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. With increasing FA content, the enzyme proton signals were progressively broadened, while the relaxation (T₁ and T₂) and correlation (τ_c) times of GLU decreased and increased, respectively. Regardless of pH, these effects were greater for the hydroxy‐alkylic and aromatic protons of GLU, suggesting that the FA‐enzyme associations, which progressively limited GLU tumbling rate, resulted from weak interactions, such as H‐bonds and dispersive hydrophobic bonds. The catalytic activity of β‐D‐glucosidase, when in weakly bound complexes with FA, was studied by following the change of NMR signals of two different substrates, p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (pNPG) and salicin, and their hydrolysis products. Spectral evidence suggests that enzyme activity was substantially reduced with increasing FA concentration and the rate reduction was more pronounced for salicin than for pNPG. The enzyme inhibition may be explained by either a partial cover of GLU active sites by fulvic molecules or modification of the enzyme conformational structure during formation of humic‐enzyme complexes. Our results indicate that even weak interactions of FA with GLU are sufficient to inhibit partially its catalytic activity, and that the environmental role of extracellular enzymes may be significantly reduced when coming into contact with organic matter in the soil.     

稻麦轮作条件下菌渣还田对土壤剖面养分分布的影响

[目的]揭示菌渣还田提升耕地土壤质量的机理,以期为种植业固体废弃物的资源化利用提供理论依据。[方法]以成都平原稻麦轮作区为研究对象,进行为期1a的田间小区试验。共设置常规化肥(CF)、等氮量还田(T_1)、1.5倍氮量还田(T2)、2倍氮量还田(T3)和2.5倍氮量还田(T_4)5个处理;分别在水稻种植期和小麦种植期采集0—15cm,15—30cm,30—50cm土层土样,对土壤样品的全量养分进行测定。[结果](1)化肥施用或菌渣还田后,0—15cm土层养分含量显著高于15—50cm土层(p0.05);(2)不同处理下土壤养分的变化与常规施肥(CF)相比,在水稻季土壤中,T_4处理下的土壤含有较高的全氮和全钾养分含量水平,T2,T3和T4能有效提高全磷养分含量;在小麦季土壤中,T4能有效提高土壤全氮、全磷含量,全钾在不同菌渣处理条件下的含量与常规施肥相比差异不显著(p0.05);(3)T_1、T_2、T_3和T_4处理下的土壤养分含量均大致呈现出随着还田量的增加而增加的变化趋势。[结论]高量菌渣还田能有效提高土壤全氮、全钾、全磷养分含量,中量菌渣还田能有效提高全磷含量。     

生物有机肥部分替代化肥对莴笋及土壤理化性质和微生物的影响

以莴笋为试材,通过田间试验,以不施肥(CK)和常规施肥(CF)为对照,研究常规施肥总施肥量减量20%(F1)和30%(F2),配施3000kg/hm^2(B1),6000kg/hm^2(B2)生物有机肥对莴笋干物质积累、养分吸收、肥料利用率及土壤理化性质和土壤微生物数量的影响,为莴笋合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明,与CF相比,F1B2处理莴笋根、茎、叶干物质积累量分别增加5.74%,22.19%和17.82%,氮、磷、钾养分积累量分别提高128.81%,113.19%和23.15%。化肥减量配施生物有机肥使氮、磷、钾肥的吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力均显著提高,常规施肥的土壤氮素、磷素、钾素依存率均最高。生物有机肥显著提高土壤养分含量,F1B2和F2B2处理土壤有机质含量比CF处理分别增加71.65%和58.51%,全氮、磷、钾含量分别增加84.53%,75.41%,19.94%和70.17%,72.13%,9.28%,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加75.90%,17.06%,24.35%和42.94%,13.48%,11.42%。生物有机肥部分替代化肥可增加莴笋根际土壤细菌数和放线菌数,抑制真菌的生长。同CF相比,F1B2处理的好氧自生固氮菌、厌氧自生固氮菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量分别增加了1.36,6.10,47.50,23.76倍。细菌数量与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、全氮含量呈显著正相关性,放线菌数量与全磷含量呈显著正相关,固氮菌和氮转化细菌的数量与碱解氮、全氮含量呈显著或极显著正相关。主成分分析综合得分表明,不同施肥处理土壤肥力次序为F1B2>F2B2>F1B1>F2B1>CF>CK。生物有机肥部分替代化肥不仅能提高莴笋养分积累量和肥料利用率,还能显著提高土壤养分含量,调节土壤微生物结构,改善莴笋根际土壤理化性状,综合对莴笋养分吸收积累和肥料利用效率的提高及土壤的培肥效果,F1B2处理最好,是实现肥料资源合理利用和改善土壤环境的良好施肥模式。     

1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Studies of Water Mobility in Dough Systems Containing Barley Flour

This study used ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin‐spin relaxation time (T₂) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurements of unfreezable water content (UFW), to assess water behavior in freshly prepared (25°C), refrigerator‐stored (4°C, one day), or freezer‐stored (–35°C, one day) doughs containing 5, 10, or 30% whole grain, air‐classified β‐glucan‐diminished, and air‐classified β‐glucan‐enriched (BGB‐E) barley flours. Three populations of water were detected by NMR, depending on moisture content of dough, namely, tightly (T₂₁, 2–5 msec), less tightly (T₂₂, 20–50 msec), and weakly (T₂₃, 100–200 msec) bound water. T₂₂ peak was always detectable, and T₂₂ peak time linearly correlated to moisture content of dough in a range of 0.7–2.0 g/g db (r = 0.99, P < 0.05). Freezer storage showed less effect on water mobility in dough compared with refrigerator storage, whereas cooking and cool storage of cooked dough significantly decreased the water mobility (P < 0.05). Adding barley flour steadily decreased the water mobility in dough, and the reduction was more significant with adding BGB‐E (P < 0.05). Immobile water content was calculated by extrapolating T₂₂ peak time versus total moisture content in dough and significantly correlated to the UFW content measured by DSC (r = 0.72, P < 0.05).     

土壤中芦笋生长最大需磷量对接种丛枝菌根真菌的响应特征

Fertilizer application efficiently increases crop yield, but may result in phosphorus（P） accumulation in soil, which increases the risk of aquatic eutrophication. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） inoculation is a potential method to enhance P uptake by plant and to reduce fertilizer input requirements. However, there has been limited research on how much P application could be reduced by AMF inoculation. In this study, a pot experiment growing asparagus（Asparagus officinalis L.） was designed to investigate the effects of AMF inoculation and six levels of soil Olsen-P（10.4, 17.1, 30.9, 40.0, 62.1, and 95.5 mg kg^-1for P0, P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5treatments, respectively） on root colonization, soil spore density, and the growth and P uptake of asparagus. The highest root colonization and soil spore density were both obtained in the P1treatment（76% and 26.3 spores g^-1 soil, respectively）. Mycorrhizal dependency significantly（P 〈 0.05） decreased with increasing soil Olsen-P. A significant correlation（P 〈 0.01） was observed between mycorrhizal P uptake and root colonization, indicating that AMF contributed to increased P uptake and subsequent plant growth.The quadratic equations of shoot dry weight and soil Olsen-P showed that AMF decreased the P concentration of soil required for maximum plant growth by 14.5% from 67.9 to 59.3 mg Olsen-P kg^-1. Our results suggested that AMF improved P efficiency via increased P uptake and optimal growth by adding AMF to the suitable P fertilization.     

Soil porous system changes quantified by analyzing soil water retention curve modifications

Soil water retention curves (SWRCs) relate soil water pressure head (h) to soil water content (θ) and can also be used to find information regarding soil pore distribution. To analyze SWRCs in relation to pore size distribution (PSD), changes due to wetting and drying (W–D) cycles were studied in three different tropical soils (Geric Ferralsol, GF; Eutric Nitosol, EN; Rhodic Ferralsol, RF), using three different treatments: T₀, the control with samples not submitted to W–D cycles; T₃, samples submitted to three consecutive W–D cycles; T₉, samples submitted to nine consecutive W–D cycles. Log-normal PSD equations for each treatment were obtained using the S-theory. For the GF soil, the pressure heads separating structural and matrix domains (h_s) were 17.7, 12.2 and 14.7 kPa for T₀, T₃, and T₉, respectively. These values are equivalent to pore radia of 8.4 μm (T₀), 12 μm (T₃), and 10 μm (T₉). For the RF soil, h_s values were 8.5 kPa (T₀), 20.5 kPa (T₃), and 15.1 kPa (T₉), equivalent to radia of 18 μm (T₀), 7.3 μm (T₃), and 9.9 μm (T₉); and finally, for the EN soil, h_s were 18.1 kPa (T₀), 9.1 kPa (T₃), and 13.5 kPa (T₉), equivalent to radia of 8.2 μm (T₀), 16 μm (T₃), and 11 μm (T₉). It was found that the soil structure presented important changes in PSD due to W–D cycles for all the investigated soils. It was also observed that the W–D cycles increased the S_inf (slope of SWRC) value for the GF soil for all treatments; S_inf did not substantially change in all treatments for the EN soil; S_inf decreased between T₀ and T₃, and T₀ and T₉ for the RF soil. According to the S-theory, it is possible to infer that W–D cycles improved the soil structure of GF, made the RF soil structure worse and did not substantially change the EN soil structure.     

Measurement of the size distribution of water-filled pores at different matric potentials by stray field nuclear magnetic resonance

The water retention characteristic provides the traditional data set for the derivation of a soil's pore‐size distribution. However, the technique employed to achieve this requires that assumptions be made about the way pores interconnect. We explore an alternative approach based on stray field nuclear magnetic resonance (STRAFI‐NMR) to probe the water‐filled pores of both saturated and unsaturated soils, which does not require information relating to pore connectivity. We report the relative size distributions of water‐occupied pores in saturated and unsaturated samples of two sets of glass beads of known particle size, two sands, and three soils (a silty loam, a sandy loam and a loamy sand), using measurements of the NMR T₁ proton relaxation time of water. The T₁ values are linearly related to pore size and consequently measured T₁ distributions provide a measure of the pore‐size distribution. For both the sands and the glass beads at saturation the T₁ distributions are unimodal, and the samples with small particle sizes show a shift to small T₁ values indicating smaller voids relative to the samples with larger particles. Different matric potentials were used to reveal how the water‐occupied pore‐size distribution changes during drainage. These changes are inconsistent with, and demonstrate the inadequacies of, the commonly employed parallel‐capillary tube model of a soil pore space. We find that not all pores of the same size drain at the same matric potential. Further, we observe that the T₁ distribution is shifted to smaller values beyond the distribution at saturation. This shift is explained by a change in the weighted average of the relaxation rates as the proportion of water in the centre of water‐filled pores decreases. This is evidence for the presence of pendular structures resulting from incomplete drainage of pores. For the soils the results are similar except that at saturation the T₁ distributions are bimodal or asymmetrical, indicative of inter‐aggregate and intra‐aggregate pore spaces. We conclude that the NMR method provides a characterization of the water‐filled pore space which complements that derived from the water retention characteristic and which can provide insight into the way pore connectivity impacts on drainage.     

干旱胁迫对小叶杨幼苗生长的影响

[目的]了解小叶杨的抗旱机理,为山西省北部半干旱风沙区小叶杨防护林建设提供科学依据。[方法]通过在山西省苗圃基地盆栽模拟干旱试验,以小叶杨生长过程中的苗木株高和地径,根、茎、叶生物量,叶片相对含水量和水势,净光合速率、蒸腾速率等为生长和生理指标,研究干旱胁迫对小叶杨幼苗生长的影响。[结果]干旱胁迫抑制了小叶杨幼苗的生长,包括地上部分和根系的生长;叶片相对含水量和水势随土壤相对含水量降低而下降;各干旱梯度下CK,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5的净光合速率、蒸腾速率也随干旱梯度加深而降低,但从CK(田间持水量,土壤含水量20.3%)到T3(田间持水量的40%,土壤含水量8.12%)净光合速率和蒸腾速率随干旱梯度加深降幅逐渐较小,并且干旱时也能保持较大的光合速率和蒸腾速率,表明小叶杨具有明显抗旱特性;当土壤水分进一步减少,T4(田间持水量的30%,土壤含水量为6.09%)时小叶杨开始出现干枯现象,T5(田间持水量量的20%,土壤含水量为4.06%)时小叶杨全部死亡。[结论]山西省西南部及其周边地区进行小叶杨造林时,土壤水分应尽量要保持在6.09%(T4)以上。     

Relationship of root necrosis potential of soil to asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) decline in Switzerland

Summary The possible relationship between asparagus decline and the root necrosis potential (RNP) of soil was investigated for 11 asparagus and 4 nonasparagus soils. Asparagus seedlings were grown in each soil in climate chambers. A root necrosis index was used to determine RNP. RNP was correlated with the decline observed in the field for seven white asparagus crops, but not for three white and one green asparagus crops. Low RNP values were obtained from the soils not planted to asparagus.Fusarium oxysporum andF. oxysporum var. redolens accounted for 7070 of the fungi isolated from necrotic roots in RNP tests. BothFusarium were obtained from all soils. AllF. oxysporum andF. oxysporum var. redolens isolates tested were highly virulent on asparagus seedlings in inoculation experiments.F. solani, Penicillium verrucosum var.corymbiferum, andRhizoctonia violacea were isolated less frequently but were also highly virulent. It is concluded that soil RNP indicated a risk of decline caused by fusaria, but other soil factors were likely to be involved in the aetiology of decline. The study of these factors is necessary to develop a method for the prognosis of decline associated with fusaria.     

Detoxification of phytotoxic compounds by TiO2 photocatalysis in a recycling hydroponic cultivation system of asparagus

TiO 2 photocatalytic decomposition and detoxification of phytotoxic compounds released by the roots of asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.) were investigated from the viewpoint of conservation-oriented cultivation. The phytotoxically active fraction was extracted either from dried asparagus roots or from the recycled nutrient solution of an asparagus hydroponic cultivation system. We found that the phytotoxic activity gradually decreased in the fraction with TiO 2 powder under irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light at an intensity of 1.0 mW/cm (2). The growth of asparagus plants under actual cultivation conditions was also investigated by comparing asparagus grown in a hydroponic system where recycled waste nutrient solution was photocatalytically treated with solar light and a system with untreated recycled waste nutrient solution. The results showed, as measured by growth indices such as stem length and stem thickness, that asparagus growth in the photocatalytically treated system was superior to the untreated one. Furthermore, the yield of asparagus spears was 1.6-fold greater in the photocatalytically treated system, demonstrating the detoxification effect on the phytotoxic compounds and also the killing effect on pathogenic microorganisms.