新型氮肥肥料效应与氮素利用率对比研究

旱地和水田施用新型Ｎ肥试验结果表明,与普通尿素相比,施用腐殖酸尿素、木质素尿素和涂层尿素对水稻、小麦具有明显增产效果,稻谷增产率为１４％～１６％,小麦籽实增产率为４％～１７％,肥效为腐殖酸尿素≥木质尿素〉涂层尿素。水稻对肥料Ｎ素利用率提高７％,差异达显著水平,小麦对肥料Ｎ素利用率提高２．７％～１７％。     

包膜尿素对水稻的增产效应及提高氮素利用率的研究

随着经济的发展,国内包膜肥料逐渐得到应用,包膜肥料施用方便,肥效期长,在国内应用潜力巨大.本文通过田间试验比较了硫磺加热固性树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素对水稻的增产效应,研究表明,在低N水平下产量比施用普通尿素增加了22.2%,增产效果显著:N素利用率分别为76.9%和37.8%:在收获期,同等N素水平下,包膜尿素处理的植株含N量显著高于普通尿素,分别高出24.1%和20.0%.施用包膜尿素减缓了N素的释放,一次性施肥就能够满足水稻整个生育期的营养需求,大大节约了劳动力,并且在低N水平下获得了较高的经济效益.     

施用腐殖酸对提高玉米氮肥利用率的研究

试验研究腐殖酸与尿素配合施用对玉米养分吸收、产量与N肥利用率的影响结果表明,腐殖酸能明显促进玉米植株对N、P、K养分的吸收,滞留在茎叶的N和K2O明显增加。在尿素中添加腐殖酸能明显提高玉米产量和N肥利用率。在尿素中添加10%的腐殖酸玉米产量和N肥利用率综合效果较好。     

不同动物排泄物氮的作物利用及对N2O排放的贡献

本文用同一种土壤,在不同水分管理模式下,种植两种作物,以不施 N 作为对照研究了人粪、猪粪、奶牛粪和鸡粪作肥料与尿素等 N 量施用,对小米和水稻籽粒产量、N 素利用率的影响以及对N20排放量的贡献.尿素与4种粪肥对小米和水稻产量、N素利用率和N20排放的贡献并不相同.水稻产量以施用尿素最高,施用鸡粪产量效应最低,与不施N处理接近,但旱作小米以施用人粪最高,其次为尿素和鸡粪处理.水稻和小米对N素的回收率均以尿索为最高,其次为人粪、鸡粪和牛粪,猪粪最低.尿素和4种粪肥处理,在小米播种和水稻移栽后的第2天均出现了N20的排放高峰.由于两种作物水分管理不同,N20排放高峰持续时间不同,水稻长于小米.在水稻烤田前后的干湿交替过程中,不同肥料处理均出现了N20的第2次排放高峰,除牛粪和猪粪处理外,N20 峰值的持续时间长达10天左右.N20排放总量在旱作小米生长季以人粪处理最高,尿素,鸡粪和猪粪处理接近,牛粪处理最低.水稻生长季N20排放量以尿素处理为最高,依次为人粪、鸡粪处理和猪粪处理,牛粪处理最低,与不施N处理接近.     

涂层尿素对主要作物增产效果的研究

对涂层尿素在主要农作物上的增产效果和施用方法进行了大量的田间试验,结果表明施用涂层尿素对小麦、玉米、水稻等农作物有明显的增产作用,与等养分普通尿素相比,增产6.7%～9.7%,提高氮肥利用率2.5个百分点以上,每吨尿素增产所获得的纯收益达1000元以上。     

控释尿素施用对水稻吸氮量及产量的影响

以15N标记尿素及用其制成的有机-矿质材料控释尿素为供试肥料,探讨其在黑土水稻田上使用后水稻对N的吸收利用及水稻产量的变化。结果表明:控释尿素比普通尿素氮肥利用率提高了3.64%～19.92%,土壤中N的残留量增加6.37%～20.86%,可提高水稻产量8.66%～25.70%。     

施用控释氮肥对减少稻田氮素径流损失和提高水稻氮素利用率的影响

采用渗漏池模拟研究了洞庭湖区双季稻种植条件下施用控释肥料对氮素径流损失、水稻产量和稻株氮素含量的影响。结果表明,施用等N量控释氮肥 (CRNF) 和70%N量控释氮肥 (70% CRNF) 的处理总氮 (TN) 径流损失量比施用尿素处理 (CF) 分别降低了24.5%和27.2% (P0.05)。主要是施用控释氮肥显著降低了水稻前期 (施肥后10 d内)的径流水中氮素浓度。与施用尿素相比,两种土壤上施用控释肥的早、晚稻产量均明显提高,特别是在河沙泥上,稻谷总产量以70% CRNF处理最高,比尿素处理增产4.95% (P0.05)。控释氮肥能明显提高水稻生长后期的植株和子粒中的N含量;在水稻增产显著的河沙泥上,70% CRNF处理的早、晚稻子粒N含量较CF处理提高了9.4% (P0.05)和23.3%(P0.01);其氮素利用率高于施用全量尿素的CF处理。     

施用木质素对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响研究

试验研究施用木质素对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响结果表明 ,施用木质素可促进春玉米对N、P的吸收 ,提高肥料利用率 ,减少肥料污染和提高作物品质 ,有显著增产作用 ,且不同处理春玉米增产率均≥ 2 0 %。     

涂层尿素在石灰性土壤上的行为

本项试验主要探索涂层尿素在石灰性土壤上的变化规律。试验结果表明，在三种不同水分含量条件下（10％、15％、20％），涂层尿素施入土壤后氨挥发速率均比普遍尿素低;涂层尿素施入土壤随即浇水，有良好的随水移动性能，肥料氮在土体中的移动深度和肥料氮的回收率随浇水量的不同表现出明显的差异;涂层尿素肥料氮的回收率比普通尿素高2.28个百分点。涂层尿素做底肥时，在小麦上的利用率比普通尿素高3.4个百分点，在玉米上高5.18个百分点;底、追结合施用涂层尿素在小麦上的利用率比普通尿素高5.6个百分点，在玉米上高9.5个百分点。涂层尿素在小麦和玉米上施用，其氮素的损失率比普通尿素低5.4～11.4个百分点。在种植小麦条件下涂层尿素施入土壤后，肥料矿化和供氮特征表现为小麦生长前期0～40Cm土层中速效氮含量低于普通尿素，小麦起身拔节以后，速效氮含量则高于普通尿素。     

不同新型肥料对江淮地区水稻生长及氮素吸收利用的影响

传统肥料具有利用率低、易污染环境等缺点,筛选适合江淮地区水稻施用的新型肥料对于提高水稻产量及氮素利用效率,减少氮损失等具有重要意义。本试验在等氮量200 kg/hm2施用条件下,设置控失尿素、含锌尿素和腐植酸尿素等不同新型肥料处理,同时以普通尿素作为对照,研究其对水稻产量构成因素、土壤理化性质以及氮素吸收利用效率等的影响。结果表明,施用含锌尿素和腐植酸尿素有利于提高水稻有效穗、穗粒数和千粒重,水稻产量较普通尿素处理分别增产5.6%和4.3%,而控失尿素一次性施肥处理水稻反而减产6.5%。腐植酸尿素、控失尿素和含锌尿素施用能够提高土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量。不同类型新型肥料均能够增加水稻地上部氮素吸收量,尤其是腐植酸尿素和含锌尿素,两处理中氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮素表观利用率较普通尿素处理分别提高1.7～2.1 kg/kg、1.7～2.1 kg/kg和6.2%～12.8%。总体而言,江淮地区水稻种植中适宜施用腐植酸尿素和含锌尿素两种新型肥料,有利于提高水稻产量及氮素吸收利用效率。     

Genetic variation in nitrogen‐use efficiency of tef

Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) is the ancient and most important cereal food crop of Ethiopia. A set of 20 tef genotypes was investigated in field experiments at three environments in Ethiopia to estimate genetic variation in nitrogen (N)‐use efficiency and in characters related to N accumulation as well as their relationships to grain yield. In each environment, genotypes representing both widely grown landraces and recently released cultivars were grown under three N‐fertilizer rates (0, 4, and 8 g m^–2 N). In grain yield, modern cultivars were superior to landraces, whereas in other characters, differences were less clear. The variation in grain yield was significantly related to the variation in total grain N and total plant N. Grain yield weakly correlated with N‐utilization efficiency and N harvest index. Broad sense heritability was higher for grain yield, total grain N, total plant N, and N harvest index than for N‐use, N‐uptake, and N‐utilization efficiencies. The contribution of uptake efficiency to the variation in N‐use efficiency decreased from 75% to 55% and that of utilization efficiency increased from 22% to 43% at the 4 to 8 g m^–2 N‐supply rate change. This study clearly suggests that tef N‐use efficiency would be increased by selecting genotypes with greater uptake efficiency at low N‐supply levels.     

农作物N素利用效率基因型差异及其机理

不同农作物N素利用效率基因型差异主要与N素吸收效率和生理利用效率有关。根系N的吸收动力学、根系形态、吸收时间是影响N素吸收效率的重要因素;N素生理利用效率与N的同化、转运及光合作用、C转运效率等生理过程有关。分析农作物N素利用效率基因型差异机理对提高N肥利用效率,降低N肥损失,充分发挥N肥在农业生产中的作用,降低农业生产成本和保护生态环境,促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

氮肥对水稻氮素吸收及利用效率的影响

选用超级稻品种沈农265和传统品种辽粳294为试材,比较氮肥对两品种氮素吸收及利用效率的影响。结果表明,氮肥施用量高时,沈农265氮素农学效率、生理效率等指标高于辽粳294,氮肥用量低时则相反,说明高氮肥条件有利于沈农265潜力的发挥;同样肥力水平下,沈农265每100 kg子粒所需氮量少,说明其氮素向子粒转化、运输能力强于辽粳294。     

Biochar particle size and Rhizobia strains effect on the uptake and efficiency of nitrogen in lentils

Abstract

Biochar has attained significant attention as a beneficial soil amendment amongst growers and researchers. However, the impact of particle size of biochar is yet to be investigated. Here in the present study, we studied three particle sizes (<2?mm, 2–5?mm, and >5?mm) of biochar and two rhizobia strains (Rhizobium leguminoserum (RL) and Rhizogold (RG)) for their effect on the uptake and efficiency of nitrogen (N) in lentils. The two years experiment followed a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement replicated three times. The data revealed that grain N, straw N, N uptake, N recovery efficiency (NRE), and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) were maximum with biochar smallest size (<2?mm). However, the N physiological efficiency, number of branches and plant height decreased with reduced particle size. Furthermore, the smallest particle size showed more number of pod plant^?1. Biofertilizer strain (RL and RG) significantly increased the straw N but not the grain N. Both strains showed increased NRE and NAE, however, the RL demonstrated 7% more grain N than the RG. Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant^?1, 62% and 48% in plant height and 2% and 5% in root length, respectively. The RL strain improved the number of branches plant^?1 at the lowest (<2?mm) and medium size (2–5?mm) particles size but both RL and RG strains demonstrated increased plant height under the maximum particle size. These results indicated that a mere increase in surface area with decreasing biochar particle size may not serve for enhancing biofertilizer strains performance since reducing particle size may immobilize the starter N applied. However, reducing particle size effect on N cycling into soil plant system was favorable.     

畦田灌水质量评价及水分利用效率分析

畦田灌水质量是影响作物产量和水分利用效率的重要因素。针对现有评价灌水质量存在工作量较大的问题,根据田间实测资料,利用SIRMOD模型、SRFR模型和田间实测方法分别计算灌水效率和灌水均匀度,结果表明根据较少的观测资料利用SIRMOD模型或SRFR模型也可对畦田灌水质量进行评价。根据模拟结果初步得出了在一定条件下单宽流量、平整精度和田面坡度对灌水质量的影响规律,并对不同规格畦田小麦全生育期的平均灌水质量对产量和水分利用效率的影响进行了分析,得出畦长45 m,畦宽分别为5.0和7.5 m的畦田在获得较高产量的条件下,水分利用效率由现状的1.10 kg/m3分别提高到1.38 kg/m3和1.35 kg/m3,从田间试验角度论证了对灌区较大规格畦田进行缩块改造的必要性。     

不同年代棉花品种磷效率比较

提高磷肥利用率是当今农田磷养分资源管理面临的重要难题,作物品种改良是提高磷利用率的有效途径之一。为明确新疆不同年代棉花品种(系)磷效率的差异,采用单因素随机区组设计,通过大田试验,以新疆1950s—2013年不同年代的22个棉花品种(系)为材料,研究了不同年代培育的棉花品种(系)在苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的磷吸收、利用效率特征,并采用模糊数学隶属函数和聚类分析方法,对不同棉花品种(系)磷效率的高低进行了综合评价。结果表明:不同棉花品种(系)磷吸收效率、利用效率、磷由茎叶向籽粒的转移效率(再转移效率)存在差异。吐絮期磷吸收效率为164.26～395.75 mg·株~(-1),变异系数为3.3%;磷利用效率为0.25～0.40 g·mg~(-1),变异系数为67.7%;磷再转移效率为16.0%～58.1%,变异系数为11.1%。以每20年为一个时期,划分了3个品种更替阶段,棉花磷利用效率在3个阶段没有发生明显改变,始终维持在0.30～0.32 g·mg~(-1);磷吸收效率由225.5 mg·株~(-1)增加到286.3 mg·株~(-1),提高了27.0%;磷由根系向地上部的转移效率(转移效率)没有发生明显改变,始终维持在93.9%～94.9%;磷再转移效率由26.8%增加到38.3%;磷经济利用效率由20.6 mg·mg~(-1)增加到30.4 mg·mg~(-1)。相关性分析表明:不同棉花品种(系)生物量与磷吸收效率呈显著正相关,而与磷利用效率无显著的相关性;皮棉产量与磷吸收效率、转移效率、再转移效率、经济利用效率呈极显著正相关,而与磷利用效率相关性不明显。对22个棉花品种(系)吐絮期生物量、皮棉产量、磷吸收利用效率及转移效率和经济利用效率等性状指标的综合评价和聚类分析,将22个品种(系)分为磷高效型、中效型、低效型和极低效型4组,‘新陆早50号’‘新陆早57号’‘军棉1号’为磷高效型品种。与磷低效组相比,磷高效组的品种具有较高的生物量和产量。以上结果表明,新疆棉花高产育种过程提高了磷素吸收、再转移和经济利用效率。     

Screening tea varieties for nitrogen efficiency

In pursuit of highyield, blind application of a large number of nitrogen fertilizer in tea plantation has not only seriously affected the quality of tea, but also resulted in environmental degradation. This study aimed to screenvarieties of tea cultivars with nitrogen efficiency. Twenty five different tea cultivars were collected and transferred into pot planting experiments to study their changes of total nitrogen and nitrogen utilization efficiency under absence nitrogen supply [0 mmol L^?1 ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃)] and normal nitrogen (6 mmol L^?1NH₄NO₃). Comparison with normal nitrogen supply, the biomass, total uptake of nitrogenand nitrogen utilization efficiencyof most tea cultivars under nitrogen deficiency tended to decrease. The cluster analysis of relative indices (RI) of biomass, total nitrogen contents, and nitrogen utilization efficiencyindicates that the Fudingdahao (#3), Zimudan (#23), and Huangdan (#24) tea cultivars are not sensitive to nitrogen deficiency and it can greatly resist with low nitrogen supply.     

Effects of cloudiness change on net ecosystem exchange, light use efficiency, and water use efficiency in typical ecosystems of China

As a weather element, clouds can affect CO₂ exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere by altering environmental conditions, such as solar radiation received on the ground surface, temperature, and moisture. Based on the flux data measured at five typical ecosystems of China during mid-growing season (June-August) from 2003 to 2006, we analyzed the responses of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE), light use efficiency (LUE, defined as Gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP)/Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)), and water use efficiency (WUE, defined as GEP/Evapotranspiration (ET)) to the changes in cloudiness. The five ecological sites included Changbaishan temperate mixed forest (CBS), Dinghushan subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (DHS), Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest (XSBN), Inner Mongolia semi-arid Leymus chinensis steppe (NMG), and Haibei alpine frigid Potentilla fruticosa shrub (HB). Our analyses show that cloudy sky conditions with cloud index (k_t) values between 0.4 and 0.6 increased NEE, LUE, and WUE of the ecosystems at CBS, DHS, NMG and HB from June to August. The LUE of tropical rainforest at XSBN was higher under cloudy than under clear sky conditions, but NEE and WUE did not decrease significantly under clear sky conditions from June to August. The increase in GEP with increasing diffuse radiation received by ecosystems under cloudy skies was the main reason that caused the increases in LUE and net carbon uptake in forest ecosystem at CBS, DHS, and alpine shrub ecosystem at HB, compared with clear skies. Moreover, for the ecosystem at CBS, DHS, and HB, when sky condition became from clear to cloudy, GEP increased and ET decreased with decreasing VPD, leading to the increase in WUE and NEE under cloudy sky conditions. The decrease in R_e with decreasing temperature and increase in GEP with decreasing VPD under cloudy skies led to the increase in LUE, WUE, and net carbon uptake of semi-arid steppe at NMG, compared to clear skies. These different responses among the five ecosystems are attributable to the differences in canopy characteristics and water conditions. From June to August, the peaks of the k_t frequency distribution in temperate ecosystems (e.g., CBS, NMG, and HB) were larger than 0.5, but they were smaller than 0.4 in subtropical/tropical forest ecosystems (e.g., DHS and XSBN). These results suggest that the pattern of cloudiness during the years from 2003 to 2006 in the five ecosystems was not the best condition for their net carbon uptake. This study highlights the importance of cloudiness factor in the prediction of net carbon absorption in the Asia monsoon region under climate change.     

植物钾效率及其评价的研究进展与展望

植物对K素的吸收和利用是一个复杂的过程。近年来,科学工作者在植物K素高效机理方面做了大量研究工作,有关K素效率及其评价的研究取得了长足的进展。本文简要综述了植物K素效率的概念、K素吸收效率的差异及其生理机制,讨论了土壤K库、根系特征、根系分泌物和根际微生物、K素在植株和细胞水平的分配和再分配、其他离子对K离子的替代作用、收获指数、研究当中常用的K素效率的评价方法及存在的一些问题,并介绍了分子生物学领域的最新相关研究成果。     

太阳能除湿系统中混合盐溶液的除湿/再生效率

太阳能混合盐溶液除湿技术,是工农业生产中空气除湿降温的关键技术难题,而系统的除湿/再生效率又是整个系统的核心问题。该文利用已建立的太阳能混合盐溶液（CaCl2和LiCl）除湿/再生试验台,测量并分析了除湿器进、出口空气的含湿量与除湿效率的计算关系;研究了再生热源温度与再生量、扩散系数以及再生效率的关系。结果表明：随着太阳能集热器热源温度的升高,再生量、扩散系数、再生效率三者都会相应的升高。当再生热源的温度为104℃时,再生空气含湿量的增量可以达到10 g/kg,扩散系数最高可到0.277 cm2/s,再生效率为55%;但是当热源温度低于50℃时,系统将无法再生,因此太阳能混合盐溶液除湿系统的有效再生热源温度不低于70℃。根据Chung提出的除湿效率计算模型,得到了太阳能混合盐溶液除湿系统叉流绝热型除湿器的除湿效率公式并得到了验证,经过计算叉流绝热型除湿器的除湿效率为56.8%。该研究为温室等设施除湿技术提供了研究基础。