壳聚糖铜 /锌配合物复配的防白腐效果分析

壳聚糖金属配合物(CMC)是一种环境友好的木材保护剂,根据壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)对褐腐菌(Poria placenta)的防腐效果优良,而壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)对白腐菌(Coriolous versicolor)的防腐效果好的特点,本研究将CZC与CCC复配为壳聚糖金属配合物混合液MCMC,进行防白腐试验.结果显示复配后的MCMC,提高了其对木材白腐菌的耐腐能力,防白腐效果与CCA相近.     

壳聚糖金属配合物处理后竹材的防白腐性能

以4年生新伐毛竹为试材,以白腐菌彩绒革盖菌为试菌,对壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)、壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)及相应的金属盐(氯化锌)和铜铬硼(CCB)处理材的抗流失性和耐腐性能进行试验.结果表明: 壳聚糖金属配合物在竹材中固着率略高于CCB,明显高于相应的金属盐,具有较强的抗流失性能;CCC处理的竹材对彩绒革盖菌的耐腐性能高于CCB处理材, 当CCC处理材中金属离子保持量达到6.35 kg·m-3时,腐朽后质量损失为0;CZC处理毛竹试材的耐腐效果和CCC效果相当,明显高于氯化锌处理材,当防腐剂中金属离子保持量高于2.41 kg·m-3时,CZC处理的竹材都达到最耐腐等级,且随着防腐剂中金属离子保持量的提高,处理材的质量损失率接近于0.     

壳聚糖金属配合物处理后竹材的防褐腐作用及力学性能

以4年生新伐毛竹为试材,以褐腐菌棉腐卧孔菌为试菌,对壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)、壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)及相应的金属盐(氯化锌)和铜铬硼(CCB)、ACQ处理材的耐腐性能、力学性能及胶接性能进行研究.结果表明:1) CCC处理的竹材对棉腐卧孔菌的耐腐性能不及CCB和ACQ处理材;但是,随着CCC处理浓度的增加,处理材耐褐腐性能明显增加,当处理材中金属离子保持量达到5.141 kg·m-3时,腐朽后质量损失低于6.1%.2) CZC处理毛竹试材的耐腐效果低于CCC、CCB和ACQ,略高于氯化锌处理材,当CZC中金属离子保持量高于5.091 kg·m-3时,处理材的质量损失在26.4%～29.0%之间.3) 同素材(未处理材)相比,经防腐剂处理后的竹材力学性能及胶接性能均有不同程度下降,尤其是CCB处理材.在所测指标中,抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度下降最明显,横纹抗压强度和胶接强度除CCB外变化不大.     

真空-加压防腐处理对胶合板性能的影响

采用防腐剂季铵铜(ACQ)和铜铬砷(CCA)对杨木和按木酚醛树脂胶合板进行满细胞法加压防腐处理,测试了气干后防腐处理材的物理力学性能和耐腐性能.结果表明:气干后胶合板不可逆厚度膨胀率仅为1.3％～2.0％;防腐处理对胶合强度无不良影响,但气干材的弹性模量和静曲强度较对照样平均降低了31％左右;CCA处理后胶合板受褐腐菌和白腐菌侵染后的质量损失率为2.97％ ～7.16％,达到Ⅰ级耐腐等级.     

CMC系列防腐剂对毛竹材的防霉效果

以3～4年生新伐毛竹为试材,以青霉、木霉、黑曲霉为试菌,与常用的竹材防霉剂硼酸(HBO3)、百菌清等进行比较,对壳聚糖金属配合物(CMC)系列的壳聚糖铜配合物(CCC)、壳聚糖锌配合物(CZC)的防霉性能进行测试.结果表明:CCC和百菌清对木霉、青霉、黑曲霉防治效果均优于CZC、壳聚糖和硼酸;相比之下,CCC对青霉防治效果优于百菌清,而百菌清对木霉防治效果优于CCC.     

5种防腐防霉剂对重组竹材抑菌效果的影响

采用氨溶季铵铜(ACQ),铜唑(Cu Az),丙环唑和戊唑醇(ZJFC-Ⅰ),壳聚糖铜配位聚合物(CCC),碘代丙炔基丁基甲胺酸酯、丙环唑、戊唑醇(PINSKAN)5种防腐防霉剂,分别调配成0.5%,1.0%和1.5%3种浓度;采用桔青霉(Penicillam citrinum)、绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)3种霉菌,绵腐卧孔菌(Poria placenta)和彩绒革盖菌(Coriolus versicolor)2种腐朽菌对毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)炭化重组竹材进行防腐防霉性能研究。结果表明:处理后的重组竹材抑菌能力明显提高,载药量随着防腐防霉剂溶液浓度的增加而增加,载药量越大,重组竹材抑菌效果越好。浓度为1.0%的ZJFC-Ⅰ和浓度为1.5%的ACQ对3种霉菌防治效力最好,均达100%;浓度为1.5%的Cu Az对桔青霉和绿色木霉的防治效力分别为81.25%和87.50%;浓度为1.5%的CCC和PINSKAN对黑曲霉的防治效力分别为87.50%和100%。处理后的重组竹材防腐能力提高60.4%以上,平均质量损失率均在3.36%以下,均达到Ⅰ级强耐腐。浓度相同时Cu Az抑制腐朽菌效果最好;未处理重组竹材防霉性能最差,对3种霉菌防治效力均为0,但具有较好的耐腐能力,平均质量损失率为8.48%,达到Ⅰ级强耐腐。     

不同药剂处理毛竹的室内耐腐性

选择ACQ、铜唑、CCA、有机酸四类13种防腐剂对毛竹材进行处理,研究竹材的室内耐腐性能.结果表明:随着吸药量的增加,药剂对腐朽菌的抑制效力明显增加.ACQ防腐剂中,综合抗菌性能依次为ACQ-B、ACQ-D,ACQ-C对白腐菌的毒性最差,失重率约6%;铜唑类防腐剂对白腐菌的抗菌性最好的是CuAz-1,最差的是CuAz-2;对褐腐菌的抗菌性相差不大.通过对比,ACQ和铜唑类防腐剂的抗菌性与CCA相当,明显优于有机酸类防腐剂.     

绿木霉NY45对木材腐朽菌的抑制作用及机理研究

为探索木材生物防腐,以绿木霉（Trichoderma virens,NY45株系）为对象,研究其对木材白腐菌彩绒栓菌（Trametes versicolor,Tv）及褐腐菌密粘褶菌（Gloeophyllum trabeum,Gt）的抑制效果并探索抑制机理。结果表明：NY45对两种腐朽菌均有明显的抑制作用,经NY45孢子液处理的毛白杨木材,其耐腐等级从IV级（不耐腐）提升到I级（强耐腐）;NY45生长速度远快于木材腐朽菌,可以迅速抢占空间和竞争营养,并能寄生、覆盖、消解木材腐朽菌菌丝,其易挥发性物质对Tv和Gt抑制率分别为18.55%和45.69%,难挥发性代谢产物对两种木材腐朽菌的抑制率均超过90%。NY45有潜力作为木材腐朽生物防治菌进一步开发利用。     

木材天然耐腐性室内试验标准方法的研究

采用三种培养基、两种白腐菌、两种褐腐菌对马尾松、毛白杨的天然耐腐性进行了试验。结果表明:砂子锯屑培养基法对采绒革盖菌(Corjolus versicolor)和绵腐卧孔菌(Poiraplacenta)的生长较快,对木材腐朽力,即重量损失较明显。     

芦丁及其金属配合物对木材腐朽菌的抑菌性初探

为开发新型木材防腐剂,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究天然黄酮类产物芦丁及其不同金属配合物对木材褐腐菌和白腐菌的抑制效果。结果表明:芦丁及其金属配合物对两种腐朽菌均有一定的抑制作用,且抑菌性随浓度升高逐渐增强。芦丁、芦丁-铜和芦丁-锌浓度在6.66 mg/m L时,芦丁-镁和芦丁-锰在9.99 mg/mL时,均可抑制两种腐朽菌的生长。芦丁、芦丁-铜和芦丁-锌可用于制备新型木材防腐剂。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.