减少副渔获物的选择性捕捞技术

近年来,世界许多渔业国家花费了大量的精力来改造各种渔具及其作业方式,成功地研制和应用各种选择性装置和捕捞技术,有效地减少捕捞渔业中不想要的渔获(副渔获)。例如,在虾拖网中使用海龟排除装置(T EDs)大大减少了濒危海龟的死亡率,使用分离栅和方目网片减少副渔获量和鳍鱼抛弃量;改变金枪鱼围网的结构和作业方法大幅度地减少兼捕海豚的死亡率;减少延绳钓渔业兼捕海鸟的技术措施已被成功地开发出来;副渔获考虑和渔具改造在几种主要渔业法规中发挥重要作用;不断提出和测试新的副渔获减少装置和其它革新型渔具改造,以减轻副渔获问题。     

海洋渔业副渔获物问题及对策

<正> 一、问题的提出 所谓副渔获物是在捕捞目标品种的同时意外捕到的非目标品种或目标品种的幼体。有的副渔获物常因各种原因被渔民丢弃回海里,称为海上丢弃。据粮农组织报道(FAO,1994),全世界每年的海上丢弃量约为2700万t,是世界年总捕捞量(8400万t)的1/3,其中西北太平洋地区就达910万t。各种渔业中尤以捕虾业的副渔获量最大,全世界每年捕虾180万t,副渔获物达950万t,平均每捕1t就有5.2t副渔     

珠江口底拖网渔获物分析

1981～1982年间,在珠江口设4个采样点,用底拖网每月采样一次,获鱼类76种,其中以棘头梅童鱼、凤鲚、广东鲂、中华海鲇、七丝鲚、花鲈渔获量最多。在季节变化上,春夏季渔获种类较多,冬季较少;但冬季渔获量最高,春季最低。几种主要经济鱼类初次性成熟年龄多为1龄,产卵期集中在5～7月。     

拖网渔获物充满报警器

到目前为止，我们在拖网过程中对进网渔获物的数量，只能凭主机的排气温度，拖速的变化以及船长的经验来估计，但由于海况条件复杂多变，这种估计往往是很不准确的，特别是在水深流急的渔场，进行夜网作业时，更是如此，再加上某些捕捞对象群体小而密，     

鱼虾分离器对虾拖网渔获的影响

在虾拖网渔业的混合渔获中鱼的平均分布率高达81％，不仅鱼类资源有巨大浪费，而且对鱼类资源的繁殖也产生严重影响。为了减少幼鱼副渔获，经常采用网囊的网目选择性。但是，早期的研究证明，许多变量影响拖网和其他移动性渔具中鱼类的尺寸选择。要克服的最大问题之一就是网囊渔获增加后有效网目张开减小。     

介绍国外一些分隔式拖网

各种拖网渔具对幼鱼的损伤是捕捞科技工的难题之一。譬如在虾拖网作业中,大量幼鱼随同海底垃圾和虾一起被捕捞上来,有损资源,且在甲板上挑拣和归类既费时又费劲,渔获物质量也受到影响。因此,有不少国家对拖网渔具,特别在对虾拖网作业中,对幼鱼捕捞量进行了限制。六十年代以来,世界上一些先进的渔业国家一直在研制几种能有效释放幼鱼的分隔式拖网系统。由于捕捞对象在体型和生活习性上存在差异,各种分隔式拖网在结构上也有所不同,     

海州湾双船有翼单囊拖网渔获物组成及选择性分析

为支撑《全国海洋捕捞渔具目录》的制定,利用套网法分别于2015年10月、2016年9月、2017年8月在黄海区海州湾渔场开展了黄海双船有翼单囊拖网网囊网目选择性试验,研究该网具的渔获物组成及选择性。基于渔获物分析,获得该类网具渔获物种类组成、主要渔获物、幼鱼比例、逃逸率及逃逸产值等参数,并利用Logistic选择性模型获得该类网具选择性曲线。结果表明,双船有翼单囊拖网对渔获物种类的选择能力较差,具有捕获栖息于作业海域绝大多数种类的能力。渔获物组成中,8月份渔获物幼鱼比例较高,达到90%,且渔获物产量及产值均较高;9月份渔获物产量及产值均低于8月份,平均产值约为1 666元·h~(-1);而10月份渔获物产量及产值均最低,平均产值约为800元·h~(-1)。随网目尺寸增大,渔获物逃逸率及50%选择体长L_(0.5)均逐渐增大,且尾数逃逸率高于质量逃逸率。试验结果显示,该网具主要渔获物中小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)、银鲳(Pampus argenteus)、蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)幼鱼比例非常高,而其他重要经济渔获物种类幼鱼比例低于65%(8月份除外),为保护小黄鱼等小型经济鱼类渔业资源,建议将该类网具秋季最小网目尺寸定为60mm(网目内径)。     

亚洲渔业副渔获物利用的回顾

本文作者译自“ＦＡＯ／ＤＦＩＤ热带渔业副渔获物利用专家咨询会”，全文介绍亚洲渔业副渔获物利用的现状和总体副渔获物利用和市场趋势。影响利用的因素及建议。内容很好，以飨我国各渔业公司参考。     

南沙群岛西南陆架海域底拖网渔获物组成及生物多样性

根据2013 年对南沙西南陆架海域的4 个航次底拖网调查数据, 分析了渔获组成及生物多样性指数。结果显示, 4 个航次调查期间共收集并记录渔获物251 种, 其中鱼类202 种、头足类16 种、甲壳类33 种, 渔获种类夏季最多, 冬季最少。根据计算相对重要性指数( IRI) , 短尾大眼鲷( Priacanthus macracanthus) 、剑尖枪乌贼 ( Uroteuthis edulis) 和多齿蛇鲻( Saurida tumbil) 为优势种( IRI 500) ; 深水金线鱼( Nemipterus bathybius) 、蛇鲭 ( Gemphylus serpens) 、黑鮟鱇( Lophiomus setigerus) 、大头狗母鱼( Trachinocephalus myops) 、带鱼( Trichiurus lepturus) 、花斑蛇鲻( Saurida undosquamis) 和长体圆鲹( Decapterus macrosoma) 等为主要种( 100IRI 500) 。聚类分析表明春秋季的优势物种结构相似性较高。丰富度指数( D) 在夏季达到最高, 冬季最低; 多样性指数( H) 夏季最高, 最小值出现在秋季; 均匀度指数( J) 秋季最低, 其他3 个季节变化不大; 优势度指数( ) 秋季最高, 夏季最低。     

澳大利亚减少对虾施网副渔获的技术措施

捕虾是澳大利亚的重要渔业之一，对虾拖网渔业发生于多数州的沿岸水域。在澳大利亚对虾拖网渔业中渔获物有时空的变化。本文着重报道澳大利亚为减少对虾拖网副渔物而采取的一系列技术措施。     

Evaluation of a by-catch reduction device for glass eel fishing traps

Abstract  The effectiveness of a new design of glass eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), fishing trap was tested in the Ebro River delta fishery (Eastern Mediterranean, Spain). The modified fishing trap incorporated a by-catch reduction device (BRD) to increase trap selectivity and minimise by-catch of non-targeted fish, without affecting glass eel captures. The BRD is inexpensive and easy to implement, consisting of a cylinder covered with a rigid square-mesh of 2.0–2.4 mm knot-to-knot, which is easily fitted to the fishing trap entrance. Testing of the BRD was made by paired comparisons between captures of targeted and non-targeted fish species from both conventional and BRD-modified traps. The use of a BRD in the glass eel traps resulted in a 68.9% reduction in the number of captured non-targeted fish specimens, while it did not reduce glass eel yields. The BRD implementation was fully effective for all species and individuals with sizes >40 mm total length, with the exception of the black-striped pipefish, Syngnathus abaster Risso. These results support the implementation of the BRD in glass eel fisheries along the Eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula where these fishing traps are used.     

Wasted fishery resources: discarded by-catch in the USA

Fishery by‐catch, especially discarded by‐catch, is a serious problem in the world's oceans. Not only are the stocks of discarded species affected, but entire trophic webs and habitats may be disrupted at the ecosystem level. This paper reviews discarding in the marine fisheries of the USA; however, the type, diversity and regulatory mechanisms of the fisheries are similar to developed fisheries and management programmes throughout the world. We have compiled current estimates of discarded by‐catch for each major marine fishery in the USA using estimates from existing literature, both published and unpublished. We did not re‐estimate discards or discard rates from raw data, nor did we include data on protected species (turtles, mammals and birds) and so this study covers discarded by‐catch of finfish and fishable invertebrates. For some fisheries, additional calculations were required to transform number data into weight data, and typically length and weight composition data were used. Specific data for each fishery are referenced in Harrington et al. (Wasted Resources: Bycatch and discards in US Fisheries, Oceana, Washington, DC, 2005). Overall, our compiled estimates are that 1.06 million tonnes of fish were discarded and 3.7 million tonnes of fish were landed in USA marine fisheries in 2002. This amounts to a nationwide discard to landings ratio of 0.28, amongst the highest in the world. Regionally, the southeast had the largest discard to landings ratio (0.59), followed closely by the highly migratory species fisheries (0.52) and the northeast fisheries (0.49). The Alaskan and west coast fisheries had the lowest ratios (0.12 and 0.15 respectively). Shrimp fisheries in the southeast were the major contributors to the high discard rate in that region, with discard ratios of 4.56 (Gulf of Mexico) and 2.95 (South Atlantic). By‐catch and discarding is a major component of the impact of fisheries on marine ecosystems. There have been substantial efforts to reduce by‐catch in some fisheries, but broadly based programmes covering all fisheries are needed within the USA and around the world. In response to international agreements to improve fishery management, by‐catch and discard reduction must become a regular part of fishery management planning.     

Non-commercial invertebrate discards in an experimental trammel net fishery

Abstract  Non-commercial invertebrate discards in an experimental trammel net fishery were studied in relation to selectivity of the gear, depth, soak time and season. Forty experimental fishing trials were carried out over a 1-year period with six combinations of small mesh (100, 120 and 140 mm) inner and large mesh (600 and 800 mm) outer panels. On average, 43.8 ± 12.2 (SD) (individuals 1000 m⁻¹ of net) of non-commercial invertebrates were discarded, accounting for 48% and 65% of the total catch and total discards by numbers, respectively. Within non-commercial invertebrates discards, the six most abundant species by number were Phallusia mammillata (Cuvier) (27.5%), Cymbium olla (L.) (13.0%), Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck) (11.3%), Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) (10.9%), Astropartus mediterraneus (Risso) (8.2%) and Astropecten aranciacus (L.) (8.1%); Echinoderms (43.1%) particularly important. The highest and lowest discard ratios were found in autumn and winter, respectively. Discards generally decreased with depth, varied considerably in relation to soak time and were not related to mesh size combinations. Trammel nets seem to be the most important gear in terms of ecological impacts on benthic invertebrates compared with other coastal fishing gears and at the depths studied (15–60 m).     

珠江口虾拖网的副渔获组成

拖虾是南海捕捞渔业的一种主要作业方式,南海北部的珠江口是广东省虾拖网的优良渔场之一。文章以珠江口铜鼓水道虾拖网渔业生物调查资料为基础,对该渔业的副渔获组成进行了分析研究。结果表明,珠江口虾拖网渔获种类多,以底栖鱼类和甲壳类为优势类群;副渔获的组成在不同月份有所变化;副渔获比例较高,虾与副渔获之比为1:10-1:19;副渔获中大部分鱼种未达到可捕规格,对幼鱼资源造成损害。建议渔业管理部门重视对副渔获问题的调查研究。     

Reduction of elasmobranch by-catch in the hake semipelagicnear-bottom longline fishery in the Algarve (Southern Portugal)

ABSTRACT:   Elasmobranch fish, particularly deep-sea sharks, are the mostimportant component of the by-catch of the hake semipelagic near-bottom 'pedra-e-bola' longlinefishery in the Algarve (South Portugal) and most of these fish arediscarded. The effects of the removal of the lower hooks were evaluated,in terms of target and by-catch reductions, by quantifying the catchesof each hook relative to the distance from the bottom. The analysisshowed that most European hake ( Merluccius merluccius ), thetarget species of this fishery, were caught in the middle rangeof the hooks, with very few individuals caught near the bottom,whereas for sharks the situation was the opposite, with most hookednear the bottom. The removal of the lower three pairs of hooks wouldresult in a small reduction in the catch of the target species,but a much more significant reduction in elasmobranch by-catch.In the specific case of the blackmouth catshark ( Galeus melastomus ),discard mortality would be further minimized due to the fact thatthe lower hooks capture significantly smaller animals that are alwaysdiscarded compared with hooks that are more distant from the bottom.     

黄渤海区拖网渔具综合定性调查及特点分析

2010年6～7月,对黄渤海区沿海一线的32个主要渔港渔村和5家网具生产厂的拖网渔具渔法情况进行了综合定性调查(访问)和定量(测量)研究,调查分析了拖网渔具的作业原理、渔期、渔场、渔具配比、渔船功率等及网口周长、网衣总长、网口网目尺寸、囊网最小网目尺寸等现状。结果表明,环黄渤海区共有各种类型的拖网船25000余艘;小型拖网渔船比例高达80%,主要分布在渤海海域和黄海的部分近岸海域。共调查到34种拖网网型,分别为:有翼单囊单船小型底拖网7种,有翼单囊单船小型浮拖网1种,有翼单囊双船小型底拖网1种,有翼单囊双船小型浮拖网两种,单船桁杆多囊拖网1种,单船桁杆、框架单囊拖网5种,有翼单囊单船中型底拖网5种,有翼单囊单船大型底拖网两种,有翼单囊单船大、中型浮拖网两种,有翼单囊双船中型底拖网3种和有翼单囊双船大、中型浮拖网5种。拖网捕捞强度大大超出渔业资源承受能力,渔获物品种低值、幼小;生计渔业与商业捕捞矛盾突出。翼网和网口网目尺寸大型化、囊网网目尺寸小型化,整个网具大型化;最大网型翼网网目尺寸16000mm,网口网目尺寸15000mm,网口周长840m,网衣总长长度170m,囊网最小网目尺寸40～45mm或18～20m...     

Predicting optimal combinations of by‐catch reduction devices in trawl gears: A meta‐analytical approach

Global efforts to reduce unwanted catches have led to the development of a vast array of by‐catch reduction devices (BRDs), in particular for mixed trawl fisheries. Some of these BRDs could likely benefit from being combined. However, the number of possible combinations would be prohibitive to be tested experimentally. Therefore, in this study we propose a meta‐analytical approach that combines the data available on BRDs tested independently in a fishery and predict the theoretical selectivity of all possible combinations of those devices. This allows to identify promising BRD combinations, worth experimental investigation and flexible trawl configurations, where the selectivity can be substantially modified by adding or removing one BRD, thus aiding fishermen in adapting to high variability in catch composition and quota availability. To illustrate the approach, we used BRDs developed for the well‐studied Nephrops (Nephrops norvegicus, Nephropidae) directed mixed trawl fishery in the Skagerrak and Kattegat seas. We predicted the selectivity of 100 BRD combinations for Nephrops, cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Gadidae), compared them in terms of absolute selectivity and performance under realistic catch scenarios, from both single‐ and multispecies perspectives, and identified 15 BRD combinations that could be worth future experimental investigation. The meta‐analytical approach makes best use of existing knowledge and leads to new insights about the potential for improvement and flexibility in trawl selectivity. This could benefit a variety of mixed trawl fisheries and help developing a new generation of more flexible gears, with multiple BRDs integrated in their structure.     

桁杆虾拖网圆形分隔装置的效果分析

在桁杆虾拖网中间一只网囊前部加装圆形分隔装置,并在装置上部开设逃逸口.装置的格栅倾角分别为30.、45.、60.,栅条间距分别为2.5 cm、3.5 cm和4.5 cm.在逃逸口上方装有网袋,用于收集逃鱼.对装配不同倾角和不同栅条间距的装置进行了试验,根据各个网次网囊和网袋的渔获组成和体长分布情况,分析装置的分隔效果....     

Selectivity in a trawl codend during haul-back operation—An overlooked phenomenon

The selectivity of a 99 mm trawl codend was assessed using a codend cover fitted with a MultiSampler, which was acoustically triggered to take separate samples at three different phases of the haul. The first sample was collected during towing, the second during haul-up and the third at the surface. A total of 18 hauls were conducted with a commercial fishing vessel west of Scotland. It was demonstrated that escapes take place not only during the tow but also in the short period when the trawl is hauled back from the seabed and when the codend is at the surface. For haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), respectively, the mean percentages escaping at the surface were 16, 12 and 38% of the total escape while 17, 8 and 28% escaped during the haul-up phase. Compared to towing, the escape rate (no./min) increased for haddock by a factor 2.7 during haul-up and by a factor 1.7 at the surface, whereas the escape rates of whiting were similar for the three phases. The escape rate of Norway lobster increased by a factor of approximately 7 for both the haul-up and surface phases, compared to the towing phase. The selectivity parameters L50 (50% retention length) and SR (selection range = L75–L25) were estimated and compared for the three different phases and for the whole haul for haddock, whiting and Norway lobster. For all three species there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in L50 between the three phases of the haul. There was also no significant difference for whiting and Norway lobster when comparing the SR of the three phases, whereas the SR was significantly lower for haddock when comparing the surface phase with towing and haul-up. The estimate of L50 when towing was about 6 cm lower for haddock and whiting and 9 mm for Norway lobster compared to the selection curve estimated conventionally for the whole haul. Finally, the effect of sea state, duration and codend catch on the selectivity parameters were estimated for the individual phases and for the whole haul. A significant effect of at least one variable was found in all phases.     

捕捞网具逃逸死亡研究进展

幼鱼及非目标种类兼捕已成为许多网具作业共同存在的问题,提高网具选择性能是降低这种兼捕的重要途径。但是选择性能研究主要是基于从网具中逃逸后的鱼类较轻遭受到网具损害并最终存活。如果逃逸死亡率较高,即使选择性提高也是无宜的,因此应当将鱼类逃逸后生存能力作为网具改进效果的评价指标。本文主要由以下三个部分组成:(1)逃逸后死亡的主要影响因素概述,主要包括网具特征、作业时间、作业深度、渔获种类及体长、渔获量及环境因子等;(2)逃逸死亡对资源量和渔业管理决策的影响;(3)总结了近年来通过网具革新措施提高存活率的最新研究概况,如逃逸网片、分离栅及新型材料的应用等。综合分析,认为采取保护幼鱼和非目标种类的一系列措施尽管能够提高鱼类从网具的逃逸几率,但是并不能降低遭遇网具的概率,实施禁渔区、禁渔期制度管理,避免在幼鱼资源高密度区和产卵季节作业是降低这种未报告死亡的最重要的途径。