莱州湾芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统能量流动及仿刺参生态容量评估

基于2019年莱州湾芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区渔业资源调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.6 (EwE 6.6)软件构建了芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统Ecopath模型,系统分析了芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统的能量流动规律和结构特征,估算了仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的生态容量。Ecopath模型由16个功能组组成,基本涵盖了芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统能量流动的主要过程。结果发现,生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1.000~3.978,其中,花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)处于最高营养级;生态系统总转换效率为10.6%,来自初级生产者的转换效率为10.8%,来自碎屑的转换效率为10.1%;生态系统总流量为2 596.108 t/(km2·a),其中44%来自碎屑;系统总初级生产量/总呼吸量为1.454,连接指数为0.402,系统杂食指数为0.211,Finn´s循环指数和平均路径长度分别为8.860%和2.980。结果表明,芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统成熟度和稳定性较低,食物网结构较简单。根据模型计算得出,仿刺参的生态容量为131 t/km2,是现存量的6.55倍,具有较大的增殖潜力。     

基于线性食物网模型估算荣成俚岛人工鱼礁区刺参和皱纹盘鲍的生态容纳量

俚岛人工鱼礁区是中国北方近海典型的海珍品增殖型人工鱼礁生态系统,刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)和皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)是该生态系的主要增殖放流种类。基于2009年在荣成俚岛人工鱼礁区进行的周年生物资源调查数据,利用EWE软件构建俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统生态通道模型(Ecopath),对该模型进行了不确定性及输入参数敏感度检验,系统分析了俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统特征和能量流动规律,估算了俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统内刺参和皱纹盘鲍的生态容纳量。模型由19个功能组构成,基本涵盖了俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统能量流动的主要过程。分析结果表明,模型可信度P指数为0.51,小型底层鱼类生产量与生物量的比值(P/B)下降50%会使小型底层鱼类生物量(B)估算值变化1.36,影响最大;系统总流量为10 786.680 t/(km2.a),其中27%流向碎屑,17%以捕捞和沉积的形式流出系统;系统的总初级生产力为4 131.966 t/(km2.a);系统的总能量转换效率为10.5%,流量中来自碎屑的比例为39%,其中的61%直接来源于初级生产者,能流通道以牧食食物链为主导;刺参和皱纹盘鲍的生态容纳量为309.4 t/km2和198.86 t/km2,目前礁区刺参和皱纹盘鲍的生物量分别占估算生态容纳量的31.72%和26.15%,仍具一定的增殖空间。     

东海南部海区生态系统结构与功能的模型分析

根据1999～2002年间对东海南部海区的渔业资源和生态环境进行调查后所获得的数据和资料,应用Ecopath with Ecosim5.1软件构建了该海区生态系统的生态通道模型,基于该模型对生态系统结构特征进行了量化分析。生态通道模型由20个功能组构成,基本覆盖了东海南部海区生态系统能量流动的主要过程。分析结果表明,东海南部海区生态系统各功能组的营养级为1.00～4.23,能量流动主要由6个整合营养级构成,营养级I的利用效率颇为低下,大量初级生产力未进入更高层次的营养流动,造成生态系统下层营养流动的"阻塞"。鲹科鱼类、沙丁鱼、鳀科鱼类和其他小型鱼类的生产量较高,占鱼类总生产量的85.6%,而其他大中型肉食性鱼类的生产量都较低。混合营养分析表明,在能量从低级向高层次转化的食物网中,底层功能组起关键作用。反映系统成熟度的指标,包括较高的净初级生产力(NPP)和净初级生产力/呼吸(NPP/R),以及较低的连接指数(CI)、系统杂食指数(SOI)和Finn’s循环指数(FCI)等,均表明该海区处在一个"幼态化"的生态系统。     

大亚湾海域生态系统模型研究I:能量流动模型初探

主要根据1984~1986年和1986~1987年在大亚湾进行的环境、资源和生态调查资料,应用EcopathwithEcosim(EwE)软件,构建大亚湾海域生态系统初步能量流动模型。文中根据大亚湾游泳动物的食物组成特点,把该海域生态系划分15个功能组,分别是海洋哺乳动物、肉食性鱼类、底栖捕食鱼类、滤食性鱼类、草食性鱼类、蟹类、虾类、头足类、底栖动物、水母、浮游动物、珊瑚、沉水植物、浮游植物和有机碎屑,功能组的划分基本能覆盖大亚湾海域生态系统的能量流动过程。经EwE软件模拟,结果表明:大亚湾海域生态系统的营养级范围为1~3.88级;各营养级的能量转换效率分别为7.2%,11.2%,8.7%,2.9%,可用构建金字塔形状来描述营养流动的转换效率;大亚湾生态系统的总能量传递效率为8·9%,略低于林德曼转换效率(10%左右),可能是由于在该海域大量的沉水植物(马尾藻)未能被充分利用而腐烂所造成;在能量流动过程中,直接来源于碎屑的比例占总流量的48%,而直接来源于初级生产者的比例为52%。     

大亚湾海域生态系统模型研究Ⅰ:能量流动模型初探

主要根据1984～1986年和1986～1987年在大亚湾进行的环境、资源和生态调查资料,应用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)软件,构建大亚湾海域生态系统初步能量流动模型.文中根据大亚湾游泳动物的食物组成特点,把该海域生态系划分15个功能组,分别是海洋哺乳动物、肉食性鱼类、底栖捕食鱼类、滤食性鱼类、草食性鱼类、蟹类、虾类、头足类、底栖动物、水母、浮游动物、珊瑚、沉水植物、浮游植物和有机碎屑,功能组的划分基本能覆盖大亚湾海域生态系统的能量流动过程.经EwE软件模拟,结果表明大亚湾海域生态系统的营养级范围为1～3.88级;各营养级的能量转换效率分别为7.2%,11.2%,8.7%,2.9%,可用构建金字塔形状来描述营养流动的转换效率;大亚湾生态系统的总能量传递效率为8.9%,略低于林德曼转换效率(10%左右),可能是由于在该海域大量的沉水植物(马尾藻)未能被充分利用而腐烂所造成;在能量流动过程中,直接来源于碎屑的比例占总流量的48%,而直接来源于初级生产者的比例为52%.     

南海北部陆坡海域生态系统营养结构和能量流动分析

陆坡是陆架到深海的过渡区域,具有独特的地理生态环境特征,能量和物质交换活跃。为了解南海北部陆坡海域生态系统状况,实验根据2015—2016年南海北部陆坡海域渔业资源和海洋生态调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.5(EwE6.5)软件构建了由22个功能组组成的南海北部陆坡海域生态通道模型,分析了该海域生态系统营养结构、能量流动及生态系统总特征。结果显示,南海北部陆坡生态系统各功能组营养级范围为1.00～4.47,海豚占据了最高的生态位。关键度指数(KSI)分析表明,中型浮游动物、鸢乌贼为南海陆坡生态系统的关键种。生态系统中能量流动主要以碎屑食物链为主,能量来源于碎屑的比例为52%。生态网络分析表明,系统能量主要分布在6个整合营养级,来源于初级生产者和碎屑的转化效率分别为21.26%和22.39%,系统平均转化效率21.94%。研究表明,南海陆坡海域生态系统具有较高的生态转化效率。     

象山港生态系统结构与功能的Ecopath模型评价

为了解象山港生态系统在环境和捕捞等多重因素胁迫下的结构和功能现状,实现象山港基于生态系统的渔业管理和生态承载力评价,本研究根据2011~2014年在象山港开展的渔业资源和生态环境定点调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.4软件构建了象山港生态系统的Ecopath模型,并通过模型系统分析了象山港生态系统食物网结构、能量流动和系统功能的总体特征。模型包含了浮游植物、大型海藻、浮游动物、游泳动物等25个功能组,大体涵盖了象山港生态系统能量流动的整个过程。研究结果表明,象山港生态系统表达能流路径的食物链主要有两条,分别为牧食食物链和碎屑食物链,其中以牧食食物链为主要能流通道。系统中各功能组的营养级在1.00~3.62级。系统总能流为2 210 t·km-2·a-1,主要分布在Ⅰ~Ⅳ营养级上。流量中来自碎屑的比例为38%,初级生产者是系统能量的主要来源。营养级Ⅰ和Ⅱ的利用效率较低,大量初级生产力和次级生产力未能流入更高的营养层次。系统的总能量转换效率为3.8%;总初级生产量/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)为1.52;系统连接指数(CI)为0.342;系统杂食性指数(SOI)为0.182。生态系统总体特征反映了象山港生态系统的营养关系较简单,食物网复杂程度低;系统成熟度和稳定性偏低,抵抗外界干扰的能力较弱。     

基于模糊综合评价法的人工鱼礁生态系统健康研究

本研究采用模糊综合评价法构建人工鱼礁生态系统健康评价模型,采用层次分析法对各项生态指标的权重进行赋值,并利用综合健康指数模型对北戴河人工鱼礁区和对照海区生态系统健康状况进行评价。根据2013年7月本底调查和2014年6月与2015年5月的跟踪调查数据,分析结果显示,人工鱼礁区和对照区的生态系统都处于健康状态,对照区在2013年7月和2014年6月的调查中健康指数均高于鱼礁区,2015年5月调查时,对照区生态健康指数出现下滑,但人工鱼礁区生态系统健康呈现逐步提升的状态,综合健康指数为0.838,属很健康状态。根据评价结果,北戴河人工鱼礁建设取得良好生态效果,生态系统处于逐步稳定健康发展的状态。本研究采用生态系统健康指数,科学评价人工鱼礁生态效应,对人工鱼礁工程建设、环境资源保护、高效管理和可持续利用具有重要意义。     

基于营养通道模型的淀山湖生态系统结构与能量流动特征

根据2008-2009年间对淀山湖湖区水生生物资源调查的结果,运用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.1软件构建了淀山湖生态系统的营养通道模型,初步分析了淀山湖水域生态系统的结构和能量流动特征.模型中涉及水鸟、鱼类、虾类、软体动物、底栖动物、浮游动物、浮游植物、碎屑等21个功能组分,基本涵盖了淀山湖生态系统的主要能量流动过程,分析结果表明,淀山湖生态系统总流量为4 098.50 t·km-2·a-1.从混合营养效应分析来看,渔业捕捞会对该生态系统的鱼类功能组产生负效应.生态网络分析显示,淀山湖生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1～ 3.92,水鸟占据了营养层的最高层.系统的能量流动主要有5级,各营养级之间平均能量转换效率为11.7％.淀山湖生态系统的整体再循环率较低,能量利用效率有待改善和提高.生态系统参数:系统初级生产力/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)、连接指数CI和能量循环指数FCI分别为2.80、0.19和0.0189,表明淀山湖生态系统目前仍然处于幼态化生态系统状态.     

粤东柘林湾溜牛人工鱼礁建设选址生态基础评价

采用层次分析法,构建了基于生态系统效应的资源保护型人工鱼礁建设选址评价方法,通过选择水文、水质、底质和浮游生物、鱼卵仔鱼、大型底栖动物、游泳动物、初级生产力、潮间带大型底栖动物等30个海洋环境与海洋生物因子,建立了人工鱼礁建设选址生态评估模型;以柘林湾溜牛人工鱼礁区选址区域为例,对所选因子进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个季度的跟踪监测,探讨了该海区进行人工鱼礁建设的适宜性,根据该模型计算得出各季度人工鱼礁建设选址生态基础评价指数分别为0.65、0.71、0.63、0.64,平均为0.66,计算结果表明,该区域建礁生态基础良好,适宜选址开展人工鱼礁建设,其中生态基础最优的季节为夏季。     

基于Ecopath模型的大亚湾海域生态系统结构与功能初步分析

大亚湾是位于广东省东部的重要经济活动区域,渔业资源捕捞和航道运输等行为改变了其生态系统结构和功能,因此,评估和可持续利用渔业资源需要计算该生态系统各功能组之间的相互作用。该研究通过Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE 6.4)软件,利用2012年大亚湾海域渔业资源调查数据将大亚湾生态系统划分为18个功能组和1个碎屑组,整体了解该生态系统能量流动、总体特征和各食物网结构。研究结果表明:大亚湾生态系统各营养级呈现金字塔结构,营养级范围在1~3.29级之间。食物链通道主要有2条,一条为牧食食物链,另一条为碎屑食物链。大亚湾生态系统营养级转换效率较低,生态系统总转换效率仅为8%。大亚湾生态系统总流量为6 249.573 t·(km~2·年)~(-1),系统总生产量为2 827.584 t·(km~2·年)~(-1),总净初级生产量为2 468.36 t·(km~2·年)~(-1),总初级生产量/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)为2.185,Finn循环指数(FCI)和平均能流路径(MPL)分别为4.8%和3.53,联结指数(CI)和系统杂食性指数(SOI)分别为0.324和0.174。综上,大亚湾生态系统食物网简单,稳定性较差,系统处于幼期阶段,亟须加强捕捞限制和资源环境保护。     

Organic matter derived from kelp supports a large proportion of biomass in temperate rocky reef fish communities: Implications for ecosystem‐based management

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Tracing trophic pathways through the marine ecosystem of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

1. The structure of food webs provides important insight into biodiversity, organic matter (OM) pathways, and ecosystem functioning.
2. Stable isotope analysis (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) was used to characterize the trophic structure and the main OM pathways supporting food webs in the Rapa Nui coastal marine ecosystem.
3. The trophic position of consumers and isotopic niche metrics were estimated for different assemblages (i.e. mesozooplankton, emergent zooplankton, reef invertebrates, reef fishes, pelagic fishes, and seabirds). Furthermore, the relative importance of different OM sources (i.e. macroalgae, zooxanthellate corals, and particulate OM [POM]) was assessed for heterotrophic consumers using Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR).
4. Results show a clear pattern of ¹³C and ¹⁵N enrichment from small-sized pelagic and benthic invertebrates, to reef and pelagic fishes, and seabirds. Most invertebrates were classified as primary consumers, reef fishes as secondary consumers and pelagic predators and seabirds as tertiary and quaternary consumers.
5. Isotopic niche metrics indicate a low trophic diversity for pelagic assemblages (mesozooplankton and pelagic fishes), in contrast to reef fauna (invertebrates and fishes), whose higher trophic diversity suggest the exploitation of a wider range of trophic resources. Overlapping of standard ellipses areas between reef invertebrates and reef fishes indicates that both assemblages could be sharing trophic resources.
6. Mixing models results indicate that POM is the main trophic pathway for mesozooplankton, macroalgae (Rhodophyta) for emergent zooplankton, and a mix of coral-derived OM and Rhodophyta for coral reef assemblages such as macrobenthos and reef invertebrates. In contrast, POM contribution was notably more important for some pelagic fishes and seabirds from upper trophic levels.
7. This study provides key elements for conservation efforts on coral reefs, management planning and full-implementation of the recently created Rapa Nui Multiple Use Marine Protected Area.

     

Simulated ecosystem response to volcanic iron fertilization in the subarctic Pacific ocean

The eruption of the Kasatochi volcano in August 2008 stimulated an anomalously high phytoplankton bloom in the otherwise iron‐limited subarctic Pacific ocean. It has been proposed that this increased production may have been responsible for record returns of some Pacific salmon stocks in the following years. Here, we investigate the potential effect of volcanic‐induced iron fertilization on the entire ecosystem, from phytoplankton through to top predators, using a fully‐coupled end‐to‐end ecosystem model. Our simulations indicate that the volcanic iron fertilization could only stimulate modest increases, at most 10%, in the standing stock biomass of upper trophic level species, including fisheries targets such as Pacific salmon. Propagation of energy to higher trophic levels depends on the timing of the eruption, with more efficient crustaceous zooplankton pathways being favored earlier in the growing season and less‐efficient gelatinous zooplankton pathways dominating during later months. However, effects were of modest magnitude for all eruption timings, and the strong level of connectivity within the food web makes the preferential stimulation of a single salmon stock implausible. This adds additional support to evidence suggesting that the Kasatochi eruption did not play a large role in subsequent high salmon returns and questions the value of much smaller‐scale artificial fertilization for fisheries. Indeed, the onset of macronutrient limitation coupled with the highly‐connected nature of the food web exert strong controls on the fisheries response to even complete removal of iron limitation in the subarctic Pacific.     

1959–2011年莱州湾渔业资源群落食物网结构的年间变化

通过对1959–-2011年莱州湾渔业资源摄食习性、营养级的分析, 构建了莱州湾生态系统简化食物网。结果表明, 莱州湾渔业资源群落食物网经历了“以鱼食性种类为主的食物网—以浮游动物食性种类为主的食物网—以浮游动物食性种类和底栖动物食性种类为主, 但浮游动物食性种类占比大于底栖动物食性种类的食物网—以浮游动物食性种类和底栖动物食性种类为主, 但底栖动物食性种类占比大于浮游动物食性种类的食物网—以底栖生物食性种类为主的食物网” 5个阶段的演变过程。中低营养阶层生物替代高营养阶层生物成为莱州湾生态系统食物网的顶级捕食者, 食物链越来越短, 食物网通过碎屑食物链传递的能量成为食物网能流的主体。在1959–-2011年期, 莱州湾渔业资源群落平均营养级从4.4下降到3.4, 平均以每10年0.19的速度下降, 高于整个渤海生态系统的下降速度; 种类组成的变化、个体小型化, 以及摄食食物种类的变化是引起莱州湾生态系统营养级波动的主要原因。

     

Ecosystem structure and trophic dynamics of an exploited ecosystem of Bay of Bengal,Sundarban Estuary,India

A trophic structure model for commercial fisheries of Sundarban Estuary in the northern Bay of Bengal (BoB) is developed using the mass balance modeling software Ecopath (Version 6.4.10992.0). In this model, we simulated 15 functional groups spread across an area of 17,049 km². The mean trophic level of the present study area is 2.716. The ecotrophic efficiency of the present studied ecosystem is in the range of 0.424 of medium demersals and 0.961 of medium pelagics. Penaeid prawn, small pelagics, and medium pelagics are the most exploited groups of this ecosystem. The coastal northern BoB food web is mainly detritivorous and planktivorous; phytoplankton and detritus positively affected almost all the functional groups, and top predators are essentially absent in the system. The zooplankton and benthos have negative impacts on themselves because of cannibalistic behavior. The average catch per net primary production, i.e. the gross efficiency of the system is around 0.001. The system is low trophic and efficient. Proper ecosystem-based management practice can improve the efficiency of this overexploited ecosystem.     

Trophic relationships and ecosystem characteristics in a newly-impounded man-made lake in Thailand

Abstract  The trophic dynamics of a newly-impounded south east Asian reservoir, Pasak Jolasid, Thailand, monitored from its creation, were constructed using ecopath , a mass-balanced model. The trophic levels (TLs) of 36 ecological groups varied between 1.0 and 3.2. The majority of fish biomass was at the second TL, where the fishery is concentrated. Some food resources (benthic organisms and zooplankton) were not fully used, whereas phytoplankton and benthic algae were important components of the food web, which is based on phytoplankton and detritus. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of ecological maturity of the ecosystem and possible fishery management of this multi-purpose reservoir.     

Ecosystem structure and functioning of Lake Taihu (China) and the impacts of fishing

Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China and has provided local communities with valuable fisheries for centuries. However, we have only a limited knowledge of its ecosystem. In this study, a trophic model was constructed for the Lake Taihu ecosystem. This model was used to evaluate and analyze the food web structure and other properties of this ecosystem using data covering the period from 1991 to 1995. Using the model, we evaluated the impacts on local fisheries of various management scenarios comprising two basic management regimes: (1) setting fishing mortality for the top predator (large culters, Erythroculter mongolicus and Erythroculter ilishaeformis) to 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2, and (2) adjusting overall fishing effort to 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.25 times the current level. For both scenarios, fishery profit and cost were evaluated to provide an understanding of how components of the ecosystem interact. We identified possible causes of fishery overexploitation in the lake ecosystem and described the necessity of developing ecosystem-based management. The results showed that Lake Taihu had six theoretical trophic levels (TLs), with the trophic flows primarily occurring through the first five TLs. System properties such as transfer efficiency, Finn's index, Finn's mean length, connectance index, system omnivory index, primary production/respiration ratio, and net primary production all indicated that Lake Taihu was an immature, fairly simple ecosystem in which a relatively low fraction of total primary production was utilized. At the same time, the ecosystem was also experiencing high fishing pressure. Yet despite this, the low ascendency index (25.9%) and high system overhead ratio (74.1%) indicated that the system was highly developed and relatively stable, a condition that might result from the high degree of recycling in the system. Among the harvesting strategies considered, a strategy of either decreasing the fishing mortality of the top predator (large culters) to 0.3 or, alternatively, reducing the overall effort on the system by a factor of 0.75 appeared to be most effective at increasing the efficiency of the fisheries.     

Fisheries catches and the carrying capacity of marine ecosystems in southern Brazil

The carrying capacity of marine shelf ecosystems in southern Brazil for harvestable species is analyzed by (1) quantifying the amount of available primary production appropriated by fisheries catches, (2) evaluating the trend in the mean trophic level of fisheries, and (3) simulating the ecosystem effects of “fishing down the food web” in an intensively exploited shelf region. Fisheries utilize ca. 27 and 53% of total primary production in the southern and south-eastern shelf regions, respectively. Regional variation in the carrying capacity appropriated by fisheries results from differences in the primary production, catch volume and trophic transfer efficiencies. Overall, fisheries landings do not display a trend of decreasing trophic level with time due to the collapse of the sardine fishery and the recent increasing of offshore fishing for higher trophic level species, mainly tunas and sharks. However, the simulations show that fishing down the food web through fisheries that target small pelagic planktivorous fishes, while at first increasing catches in intensively exploited regions, has the potential of decreasing yields, by interrupting major energy pathways to exploited, high-trophic level species. The consequences of these results to the design of precautionary measures for future fishing policies are discussed.