参与式灌溉管理在兴电灌区的探索

甘肃省白银市兴电灌区为了推动灌区管理步入良性运行轨道，促进节约用水，提高农业效益，减轻农民负担，实施了以“用水户参与式灌溉管理”模式为主要内容的体制改革，建立了“工程+协会+用水户”的新型管理制度。介绍了改革的过程及具体做法、用水者协会的运行方式、用水户参与用水管理的具体方式、参与式灌溉管理取得的成交及存在的问题。     

深化灌区改革 加快灌区发展

临沂市灌区改革的主要做法为：改革管理体制，建立起“公司 用水者协会 农户”的新型管理体制，转换灌区运行机制，促进灌区良性发展；改革收费办法，强化依法收费，建立完善的收费机制；改革投入机制，建立多元化、多层次、多渠道的投入机制；改革水价，实现灌区自身的良性循环。通过灌区改革，灌溉效益不断提高，如灌溉水费年收入较改革前增加了629.15万元，年工业水费增加了292万元等，并提出了下一步灌区改革的思路。     

用水户协会建设后评估案例--安徽省淠源渠灌区参与式灌溉管理调查之二

以安徽省“淠源渠灌区参与式灌溉管理改革”为例，对用水户协会建设后的成效进行了分析；探讨了用水户协会组织和灌区财务的可持续性；指出了项目结束后可能存在的问题与风险，并提出了相关建议。     

灌区用水者协会合理规模的确定与

灌区用水者协会是由灌区受益农民自愿参加所组成的灌管理组织，该管理模式我国正在推广应用。在用水者协会的组建中，其规模的大小对今后的运行管理影响较大。通过分析用水者协会规模的影响因素、协会组织的效益与费用，建立了用水者协会的效益与费用函数，提出了用水者协会合理规模的理论与确定方法，并对用水者协会的划分进行了阐述。     

太湖分灌区用水者协会概况及管理效益评价

农民用水者协会作为一种新的用水管理模式，在花凉亭灌区太湖分灌区通过试点，效益明显，反响良好，起到了一定的示范作用。水管部门调查认为，农民用水者协会的管理模式在花凉亭灌区及中小型灌区和提灌灌区均可参照推行。     

漳河灌区农民用水者协会经验

自1995年6月16日,漳河灌区第一个农民用水者协会的诞生以来,短短的几年时间内,全灌区已建立农民用水者协会60多个。根据规划,“十五”期间,全灌区80％以上的农民都将组建农民用水者协会。实践证明,灌区内建立具有独立法人地位的农民用水者协会,鼓励并动员起广大农民直接参与灌溉管     

国外用水户协会有关法律问题浅析

在灌区建设与管理中，为了研究我国用水户协会有关法律问题，通过对国外建立用水户协会的授权法律和用水户协会组织章程及转让协议的详细分析介绍，对我国建立用水户协会法律体系提出了几项建议。     

关中灌区支、斗渠管理体制改革模

分析研究了陕西关中灌区股份合作社(JSC)和农民用水者协会(WUA)两种支斗渠灌溉管理体制改制模式的成效和优缺点，提出在管理站一级建立股份合作社，而在斗渠一级建立用水者协会，即股份合作社和农民用水者协会相结合“JSC十WUA”的改制模式，并提出了相应的改进意见和建议。     

宁夏农民用水协会参与灌区管理的运行模式研究

农民参与灌溉管理和在灌区成立农民用水协会是当今国际上倡导的水利管理体制改革的重要内容。宁夏引黄灌区为了加强灌区管理,充分体现农户的参与权、知情权、监督权和管理权,在政府的引导下成立了灌区农民用水协会。协会在农业用水管理中发挥了积极的作用,使宁夏的灌区逐步走向科学、规范的管理模式。本文在对宁夏引黄灌区农民用水协会的运行调研的基础上,总结宁夏农民用水协会管理运行的经验教训,提出相关建议和意见,为灌区理顺农业供水管理体制,建立良性运行模式提供参考。     

用水户参与灌溉管理的影响分析

用水户参与灌溉管理是我国改革灌溉管理体制和机制的一种有效探索。用水户参与管理的前提是成立用水者协会，用水者协会具有法人地位。用水户参与灌溉管理对我国的灌溉管理和灌区运行产生了积极的影响，主要为四个方面：一是灌溉水利用率得到有效提高；二是田间工程建设与管理可真正得到实现；三是灌区良性运行机制的建立有了基础；四是用水户的主人翁意识大大增强。     

Managing water by managing land: Addressing land degradation to improve water productivity and rural livelihoods

The premise of this paper is that the key to effective water resources management is understanding that the water cycle and land management are inextricably linked: that every land use decision is a water use decision. Gains in agricultural water productivity, therefore, will only be obtained alongside improvements in land use management. Expected increases in food demands by 2050 insist that agricultural production - and agricultural water use - must increase. At the same time, competition for water between agricultural and urban sectors will also increase; and the problem is further compounded by land degradation. A global survey suggests that 40% of agricultural land is already degraded to the point that yields are greatly reduced, and a further 9% is degraded to the point that it cannot be reclaimed for productive use by farm level measures. Soil erosion, nutrient depletion and other forms of land degradation reduce water productivity and affect water availability, quality, and storage. Reversing these trends entails tackling the underlying social, economic, political and institutional drivers of unsustainable land use. This paper is based on a review of global experiences, and its recommendations for improving water management by addressing land degradation include focusing on small scale agriculture; investing in rehabilitating degraded land to increase water productivity; and enhancing the multifunctionality of agricultural landscapes. These options can improve water management and water productivity, while also improving the livelihoods of the rural poor.     

发展节水灌溉是调整治水思路的重要实践

水资源分配不均，工程供水不足，输配水及管理中的浪费造成了农业灌溉水源的供需矛盾。推广节水灌溉技术是湖南农业可持续发展的必由之路。近几年来节水灌溉工程的建设，充分显示了质量效益性农业的巨大威力。加强领导，调整思路，深化改革是节水灌溉事业发展的有力措施。     

Canal maintenance: a key to restructuring irrigation management

Farmers becoming involved in canal mainentance is a recent trend in many government-managed irrigation systems. Before being able to assess the pitfalls and perspectives of this trend, it is necessary to examine in detail the issue of canal maintenance itself, an issue which has received relatively little attention. The paper focuses on canal maintenance in an irrigation system in Western Mexico, and finds that canal maintenance differs in several aspects from water distribution. A first difference is that water distribution often results in competition among water users along the same canal, whereas the need for canal maintenance may bring these people together in cooperation, which may help to forestall possible conflicts over water supply. A second important difference is that water distribution is directly productive, whereas canal maintenance involves the reproduction of the canal system, the (often considerable) costs involved being investments. In the case study reviewed, canal maintenance gave rise to certain relationships between different groups of people, and between them and the canal infrastructure, relationships which may not have been uncovered if only water distribution had been studied. It is argued that interventions aimed at handing over management responsibilities to water users would be more effective if such locally specific expressions of cooperation and initiative of the actors involved are taken as a starting point.     

System approach to drainage,irrigation and soil conservation related to water quality problems

The system approach and combination of simulation and optimization models to the problems of water quality in public water supply basins influenced by agricultural activities, drainage, irrigation and soil conservation are presented. The methodological aspects of the problem are analysed.     

人民胜利渠灌溉用水管理损失及对策研究

根据人民渠灌区用水管理损失现状，对河南省人民胜利灌溉枢的灌溉用水管理损失情况进行了系统的调查研究，认为影响灌区用水管理损失的因素有：管理体制与运营机制；水费、水价政策；农耕技术与种植结构等。提出应从输配水、田间灌水等方面，减少灌溉用水管理损失。     

Can we maintain turf to customers’ satisfaction with less water?

Science-based, holistic, site-specific water conservation practices can reduce water use on turfgrass sites without adversely affecting turfgrass performance. However, when water use is decreased below a certain threshold, performance declines. Water conservation measures that reduce turfgrass performance essentially decrease its economic, environmental, recreational, and aesthetic values, which can in turn adversely impact many ‘stakeholders’, including the local economy and those affected by increased wind erosion, water erosion, or fire hazard. On larger turfgrass sites, considerable costs are associated with some water conservation strategies, especially when the quality of an alternative irrigation water source is poor or redesign of the landscape and/or irrigation system is involved.     

An integrated water trading-allocation model, applied to a water market in Australia

Temporary water trading is an established and growing phenomenon in the Australian irrigation sector. However, decision support and planning tools that incorporate economic and biophysical factors associated with temporary water trading are lacking. In this paper the integration of an economic trading model with a hydrologic water allocation model is discussed. The integrated model is used to estimate the impacts of temporary water trading and physical water transfers. The model can incorporate economic and biophysical drivers of water trading. The economic model incorporates the key trade drivers of commodity prices, seasonal water allocations and irrigation deliveries. The hydrologic model is based on the Resource Allocation Model (REALM) framework, which facilitates hydrologic network simulation modelling. It incorporates water delivery system properties and operating rules for the main irrigation and urban centres in a study area.The proposed integration method has been applied to a case study area in northern Victoria, Australia. Simulations were conducted for wet and dry spells, a range of commodity prices and different irrigation distribution system configurations. Some example analyses of scenarios incorporating water trading were undertaken. From these analyses potential bottlenecks to trade that constrain the economic benefits from temporary water trading were identified. Furthermore, it was found that in certain areas of the system, trading can make impacts of long drought spells worse for water users, e.g. irrigators. Thus, the integrated model can be used to quantify short-term and long-term third party impacts arising from temporary water trading. These findings also highlight the need to link “paper trades” (estimated by economic models) to physical water transfers (estimated by biophysical models).     

Measuring conveyance efficiencies to improve irrigation water management

This paper presents a study of conveyance efficiencies of Canal de Salvaterra, in the Sorraia Irrigation Project, Portugal. The Canal and the Project are briefly described and the water measurement techniques and structures utilized are analysed. Results comprise the main aspects of the inflow-outflow balance with identification of water losses and conveyance efficiencies. Analysing the results showed that irrigation efficiencies are higher during work days and labour hours and lower during weekends and at night. This identified the need to improve operation and management of the irrigation system, adapting inflow to demand according travel time and response time of the conveyance (and distribution) system, of the different main sections of the system.     

Water user associations in Inner Mongolia: Factors that influence farmers to join

Irrigation districts in Inner Mongolia face problems that are familiar to irrigation areas around the world: shortage of water resources, poor management of water, inefficient use of water resources, and imbalance of financial revenues and expenditures. Water user associations have been promoted to address water supply problems and to encourage efficient water use. In this study, farmers from three distinct areas in Inner Mongolia were surveyed to determine their level of understanding of water user associations and the factors that affect their becoming members. A majority of respondents thought that water user associations were useful to safeguard farmers’ interests, to help reduce labour inputs and disputes about water, to reduce irrigation costs, and to promote efficient water use. The factors found to be most important were: (1) being a village cadre; (2) good state of health; (3) high degree of understanding about water user associations; (4) small percentage of the household in the labour force; (5) cropping income a high percentage of family income; (6) having had previous conflicts involving water use issues.     

The improvement of hydraulic efficiency of irrigation systems with particular reference to biological control method

This paper represents a research study of the conveyance efficiencies for one main vegetated canal with particular reference to biological agent, using grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.). The canal and the stocking procedure are briefly described and water measurements techniques utilized are analyzed. The results showed that an increasing of irrigation efficiency along the vegetated canal was achieved, in which the flow resistance in terms of Manning's n is decreased. The successive use of biological method in comparison to other methods, are that it combines relatively low cost and a minimum of side effect. However, advantage of conserving water and controlling weed infestation, makes its use of such method, is necessary as water is becoming a scarce commodity.