乳酸菌制剂对灌溉区不同品种青饲玉米青贮发酵品质的影响

试验旨在研究乳酸菌制剂对灌溉区不同品种青饲玉米(Zea mays)青贮发酵品质的影响。试验选择甘肃灌溉区(武威)栽植的10个青饲玉米品种,在其蜡熟期2/3乳线收获后进行桶装青贮,试验分两个处理,即对照组(空白对照)、乳酸菌制剂组(Sila-Max),每组3个重复,发酵60 d后测定各品种青饲玉米营养成分及发酵特性,以期为灌溉区优良青饲玉米品种的筛选及其加工调制提供数据支撑。结果表明：两种青贮处理下,‘北农青贮208’的水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、单糖(ESC)及乙酸(AA)含量均较高(P <0.05),‘豫青贮23’的粗脂肪(EE)显著高于其他品种(P <0.05),且其干物质损失率(DMLR)较低(P <0.05),‘金穗715’的干物质(DM)含量最高、DMLR (P <0.05)、粗灰分(Ash)含量及氨态氮(NH3-N)含量均较低,而‘桂青贮1号’的pH显著低于其他品种,乳酸(LA)含量则显著高于其他品种;与对照相比,加入Sila-Max后,‘北农青贮208’的WSC、LA和AA含量提高了13.64%、20.87%和32.83%(P <0.05),...     

黄土高原高糖黑麦草的产量和品质预测

为探明黄土高原高糖黑麦草(Lolium perenne)粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分、可溶性碳水化合物等指标及产草量与其生长时间、株高、分蘖之间的关系,本研究采用田间试验结合预测模型的方法,利用生长时间、株高、分蘖对高糖黑麦草在模拟轮牧和收获干草两种利用方式下的牧草产量及品质进行预测。结果表明,收获干草的Aberavon、Aberstar、Premium和Abermagic黑麦草生长时间、株高和分蘖均与各营养指标显著相关(P0.05);模拟轮牧的Aberavon、Aberstar、Premium和Abermagic黑麦草株高与各营养指标均不相关(P0.05),生长时间、分蘖与粗蛋白、粗灰分之外的其它品质指标均显著相关(P0.05)。利用生长时间、株高、分蘖对4个黑麦草品种的产草量和饲用成分建立一元回归预测和多元回归预测模型,经预测值与实测值对比,预测结果准确度均较高,可为高糖黑麦草在黄土高原栽培和利用提供科学依据。     

云岭牛内脏营养成分分析与研究

[目的]研究旨在为云岭牛内脏副产物开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]随机选择年龄相近、性别相同(阉割公牛)的云岭牛和婆罗门牛各3头进行育肥、屠宰、分割,用国标方法测定云岭牛与婆罗门牛心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠、胃常规营养成分(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量)并进行对比。[结果]表明:云岭牛内脏平均水分含量比婆罗门牛高0.38%,其中脾、肺、肾、肠水分含量显著高于婆罗门牛(P0.05),心水分含量显著低于婆罗门牛(P0.05),而肝、胃水分含量与婆罗门牛差异不显著(P0.05);云岭牛内脏平均粗蛋白含量为15.01%,比婆罗门牛高0.63%,除胃以外,云岭牛内脏各部位粗蛋白含量均高于婆罗门牛,其中脾、肾、肠显著高于婆罗门牛(P0.05);云岭牛内脏平均粗脂肪含量高达9.58%,其中脾、肠粗脂肪含量显著低于婆罗门牛(P0.05),而心、肝、肺、肾、肠粗脂肪含量与婆罗门牛差异均不显著(P0.05);云岭牛心、肝、脾、肺、肾粗灰分含量较高,分别为1.08%、1.34%、1.17%、1.59%、1.19%,其中肺粗灰分含量显著高于婆罗门牛(P0.05),心、脾、胃粗灰分含量显著低于婆罗门牛(P0.05),而肝、肾、肠粗灰分含量与婆罗门牛差异不显著。[结论]云岭牛内脏营养价值较高,是一种高蛋白质、高脂肪、矿物质含量丰富的理想食品,具有开发利用潜能。     

36个燕麦品种不同部位养分分布格局

分析了天祝高寒草甸区36种不同饲用燕麦(Avena sativa)叶片、籽粒和茎秆中的水分、灰分、粗蛋白、可溶性糖、粗脂肪、磷、钙、粗纤维、中性纤维和酸性纤维含量的分布特征。结果显示:36个燕麦品种叶片中水分、灰分、粗蛋白、可溶性糖和钙含量显著高于籽粒和茎秆(P0.05),平均值分别为6.36%、9.28%、19.82%、13.71%和0.25%;籽粒中粗脂肪和磷含量显著高于叶片和茎秆(P0.05),平均值分别为:4.48%和0.25%;茎秆中粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著高于叶片和种子(P0.05),平均值分别为35.62%、65.18%和56.40%。总之,36种燕麦不同部位的营养价值高低依次为叶片籽粒茎秆。     

氮肥种类对多花黑麦草产量与品质的影响

为充分利用西南地区牧草资源,完善牧草营养施肥技术,本试验以‘长江2号’、‘特高’、‘F4N’3个品种多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.)为材料,研究不同氮肥种类对其产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施用尿素的多花黑麦草的株高和产量均为最高,其中尿素处理的多花黑麦草第2茬鲜草产量为7 023kg·hm~(-2),显著高于碳铵和硝基复合肥处理(P0.05);硝基复合肥处理的前3茬多花黑麦草的粗蛋白(CP)含量均最高,但施用尿素的多花黑麦草的蛋白质产量(2 054.10kg·hm~(-2))显著高于碳铵和硝基复合肥处理(P0.05);尿素处理前3茬多花黑麦草的中、酸性洗涤纤维(NDF、ADF)含量均显著低于碳铵和硝基复合肥处理(P0.05);施用尿素和碳铵的多花黑麦草粗脂肪(EE)含量差异不显著,但均显著高于硝基复合肥处理(P0.05)。碳铵处理的多花黑麦草的可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量显著高于硝基复合肥和尿素(P0.05),但硝基复合肥和尿素处理间差异不显著。因此从产量和品质综合考虑,3个品种多花黑麦草均以施用尿素较好。     

国产和进口大豆常规化学成分的综合分析

大豆作为重要的植物蛋白来源,营养价值高,但其品种多样,产区众多,营养价值变异大。研究旨在探究国产和进口大豆的常规化学成分的主要差异,为其实际应用提供参考。本研究收集56个国产大豆和13个进口大豆样品,检测常规化学成分。分析结果显示,国产大豆的粗蛋白、粗灰分、粗脂肪和粗纤维平均含量分别为36.57%、4.48%、17.15%和5.44%;进口大豆的粗蛋白、粗灰分、粗脂肪和粗纤维平均含量分别为35.07%、4.31%、19.94%和5.03%(88%干物质基础)。统计结果表明,国产大豆的水分、粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量显著高于进口大豆(P0.05),但粗脂肪含量显著低于进口大豆(P0.01),粗纤维含量较进口大豆有升高的趋势(P=0.06)。综上所述,国产大豆粗蛋白质高于进口大豆,粗脂肪低于进口大豆,本研究结果可为食用和畜牧生产中选择和应用大豆提供可靠基础数据支撑。     

普通鸡蛋、土鸡蛋和乌鸡蛋营养成分比较

为比较人们日常消费中不同品种鸡蛋的营养成分状况,试验以天津市某大型超市中出售的普通鸡蛋、土鸡蛋和乌鸡蛋为研究对象,对粗脂肪、粗蛋白、灰分及水分等含量进行测定分析。结果表明:乌鸡蛋的粗脂肪含量和灰分含量较高,粗脂肪含量显著高于普通鸡蛋和土鸡蛋(P0.05),灰分含量显著高于土鸡蛋(P0.05);普通鸡蛋的粗蛋白含量较高,显著高于乌鸡蛋(P0.05);乌鸡蛋和普通鸡蛋的灰分含量显著高于土鸡蛋(P0.05);三种鸡蛋的水分含量无显著差异(P0.05)。     

禾豆混播与调亏灌溉对河西地区饲草产量、品质和水分利用的影响

本研究于2019年在河西地区设置青贮玉米(Zea mays)单播(Z)、青贮玉米-秣食豆(Glycine max)混播(ZG)和青贮玉米-拉巴豆(Dolichos lablab)混播(ZD)3个种植方式,每个方式下设置6种灌溉模式,研究不同种植方式和灌溉模式对饲草产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:1)ZG和ZD的鲜干草产量显著(P<0.05)高于Z,鲜草产量较Z分别增加19.1％和16.4％,干草产量分别增加12.7％和9.0％.同一种植方式下,后期轻度亏水(I4)、前期轻度亏水(I5)和充分灌溉处理(I6)的鲜干草产量显著(P<0.05)高于重度亏水(I1),平均鲜草产量较I1分别增加39.1％、45.9％和46.6％,平均干草产量较I1分别增加35.8％、44.2％和43.8％.2)混播处理较单播提高粗蛋白含量,明显降低淀粉、酸性和中性洗涤纤维含量,进而提高相对饲用价值(RFV),且ZG较Z显著(P<0.05)增加粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分的产量.I5的平均粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量和RFV显著(P<0.05)高于I1,6种灌溉模式中I5的粗蛋白、淀粉、粗脂肪和粗灰分的产量最高.3)ZG和ZD较Z显著提高(P<0.05)水分利用效率(WUE).I5和I6的收获期土壤贮水量和蒸散量显著(P<0.05)高于I1,且I5的WUE显著(P<0.05)高于I4和I6.所有处理中ZG-I5的WUE以及粗蛋白、粗脂肪和淀粉的产量最高,并且鲜干草产量仅次于ZG-I6,该处理是适宜河西地区青饲玉米生产的栽培模式.     

EM菌发酵饲粮对妊娠母猪粪便成分及菌液对猪舍卫生环境的影响

为研究EM菌发酵饲粮对妊娠母猪消化水平和EM菌液对猪舍环境的影响,试验选择44头枫泾母猪进行发酵饲料饲喂试验。采集饲喂常规饲粮和饲喂EM发酵饲粮30天时的猪粪便,对粪便中粗灰分、水分、粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗蛋白含量进行检测;对猪舍使用菌液泼洒处理,检测氨气浓度和舍内苍蝇、蛾蚋数量。结果表明:饲喂EM菌发酵饲粮后猪粪便中粗灰分和粗纤维含量极显著低于未发酵前(P0.01);饲喂EM菌发酵饲粮后粪便中水分含量显著低于未发酵前(P0.05);饲喂EM菌发酵饲粮后粪便中粗脂肪和粗蛋白水平与未发酵前差异不显著(P0.05)。EM菌液冲洗圈舍后,氨气浓度呈下降趋势,30天时氨气浓度极显著低于处理前(P0.01);苍蝇和蛾蚋数量也呈下降趋势,到30天显著低于处理前(P0.05)。说明对饲粮进行EM菌发酵处理能够促进枫泾妊娠母猪对粗纤维、矿物质和水分的利用。     

两种有机肥对黑麦草生长和营养品质的影响

为了了解不同有机肥对黑麦草生长和营养品质的影响,试验在种植黑麦草的土壤施加牛粪和猪粪有机肥,测定了黑麦草粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪等指标。结果表明:施用有机肥对黑麦草生长有较好的促进作用。在施肥处理120天时,猪粪组株高与对照组表现出极显著差异(P0.01);猪粪组和牛粪组黑麦草分蘖数和产量也有所增加。施加有机肥能显著提高黑麦草的营养品质,在出苗75天时,猪粪组与牛粪组、对照组的P含量差异显著(P0.05);黑麦草的粗脂肪含量在整个生长过程中相对平稳,但在出苗后的90~105 d较高;对照组黑麦草的粗灰分含量大多数时候高于猪粪组和牛粪组,在45,60,105,120天时表现出显著差异(P0.05)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein