鼠曲草果蔬复合保健饮料的研制

以鼠曲草、胡萝卜和苹果为主要原料研制保健饮料。通过正交试验优化超声波辅助水提法提取鼠曲草中有效成分的工艺条件以及复合饮料配方。结果表明,鼠曲草有效成分的最佳浸提工艺参数为:料液比1∶100(g/m L),超声功率160 W,提取温度80℃,提取时间20 min,此时黄酮得率为2.82 mg/g;鼠曲草苹果胡萝卜复合饮料的最佳配方为:苹果汁与胡萝汁比1∶1(m∶m),鼠曲草浸提液添加量10%,蔗糖添加量8%,柠檬酸添加量0.20%。按此工艺制得的饮料为均匀的橙红色,组织细腻,滋味柔和,酸甜可口,具有苹果、胡萝卜和鼠曲草的清香。     

乳酸菌燕麦发酵饮料的研制

以燕麦为主要原料,采用淀粉酶水解处理和乳酸菌发酵工艺,以还原糖含量为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了乳酸菌燕麦发酵饮料最佳配方为燕麦粉和水的配比1∶15,酶添加量80 U/g,酶解时间60 min,酶解温度80℃,酶解p H值6.5,木糖醇添加量1.6 g/100 m L。     

正交实验法优化玛咖虫莲保健酒的配方和工艺

应用正交实验法优化玛咖虫莲保健酒的配方、浸提工艺,为其实际生产玛咖虫莲保健酒的质量进一步研究提供理论依据和技术手段。以玛咖、虫莲为主要原料,辅以小红参、枸杞,采用青稞清香型白酒为基酒泡制,应用L₁₆(4⁵)正交实验法,以玛咖虫莲保健酒的感官为指标,确定玛咖、虫莲、小红参、枸杞的配比;在最佳配方条件下,应用L₉(3⁴)正交实验法,以玛咖虫莲保健酒中的多糖为指标,对浸提酒中多糖的含量进行分析,选出玛咖虫莲保健酒的最适宜工艺条件。结果表明：当玛咖为15 g、虫莲为6 g、枸杞4 g、小红参为1.5 g时,玛咖虫莲保健酒的感官为最佳;玛咖虫莲浸提酒最佳工艺即玛咖、虫莲、小红参和枸杞皆粉碎为80目,青稞酒的酒精度为55%vol,每隔10天超声波萃取1次（每次萃取15 min）,浸提时间180天,得到的玛咖虫莲保健酒中含多糖1614 mg/L,芥子油苷0.12%,蛋白质为1.5%;最佳配方在最佳工艺条件下,玛咖虫莲保健酒符合露酒的标准。粉碎浸提法制得玛咖虫莲保健酒的工艺及质量控制方法简便可行,稳定可靠,此配方研究已获得国家专利（专利号CN200810233796.X）,玛咖虫莲保健酒中的多糖和芥子油苷为其质量标准提供了实验基础。     

鼠曲草黄酮饮料的研制

以鼠曲草为原料,采用水提法提取鼠曲草中的黄酮类物质,再将鼠曲草水提液、柠檬酸、白砂糖、羧甲基纤维素钠进行调配,制作鼠曲草黄酮饮料。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验分别对鼠曲草黄酮水浸提工艺及鼠曲草黄酮饮料配方进行优化。结果表明,鼠曲草黄酮的最佳浸提工艺为：浸提料液比1∶130(g/mL),浸泡时间30 min,提取时间2.5 h,浸提温度80℃;鼠曲草黄酮饮料最佳配方为：以100 m L饮料计,鼠曲草水提液添加量40 mL,白砂糖添加量9 g,柠檬酸添加量0.05 g,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.05 g。按此配方制备的饮料可溶性固形物含量8.39%,总黄酮含量6.56 mg/100 mL。按上述工艺配方制备的鼠曲草黄酮饮料呈青绿色,具有鼠曲草的清香,酸甜适口。     

青麦仁预制菜肴加工工艺的研究

以青麦仁为主要原料,对青麦仁预制菜肴的配方和加工工艺进行研究。结果表明,原料包最佳工艺为:熟制时间2 min,熟制温度95℃,炒制时间2 min,炒制油量4%,炒制温度165℃;以400 g青麦仁为基准,酱包的最佳配方为:蔗糖14 g,食盐1.5 g,酱油10 g,色拉油15 g,淀粉1 g,黄原胶0.05 g,单硬脂酸甘油酯0.24 g;原料包和酱包的储藏试验结果表明:经过灭菌后的酱包和原料包在储藏第30天时的菌落总数分别为1.9 lg(CFU/g)和3.0 lg(CFU/g),符合食品标准规定。     

拟康氏木霉产胞外多糖发酵培养基及培养条件的研究

以生物量和胞外多糖产量为指标,采用单因素和正交试验对摇瓶培养的拟康氏木霉(Tricho-dermapseudokoning)的液态发酵条件进行优化。优化后的拟康氏木霉发酵控制参数为:最佳培养基配方为麦麸30g/L,玉米粉30g/L,葡萄糖7.5g/L,KH2PO41g/L;发酵培养时间为6d;培养基的初始pH值为5.0～6.0;发酵温度为30±1℃。最佳培养条件下菌丝干重及胞外多糖的产量分别5.272g/L、0.622g/L。     

红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的研制

研究一款以红枣和灵芝多糖为主要原料的新型饮料。以超临界CO₂萃取灵芝孢子油后所剩的灵芝孢子粉为原料,经水提醇沉技术获得灵芝多糖;通过单因素试验和正交试验等方法对红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的制备及稳定性进行研究。结果表明,红枣汁最佳制备工艺为：红枣清洗去核,以液料比30∶1(mL/mg)的比例加入水,煮沸30 min后,用超声水提处理2次,超声提取70 min,温度70℃;灵芝多糖最佳提取条件为：液料比35∶1(mL/mg),提取温度40℃,超声波功率600 W下提取90 min;红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料最佳配方为：红枣汁添加量250 g/L,灵芝多糖添加量50 g/L,柠檬酸添加量15 g/L,木糖醇添加量40 g/L,壳聚糖添加量0.2 g/L。所得产品口感饱满、风味鲜美且稳定性好,是一种新型的集营养与保健于一体的多功能复合饮品。红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的开发满足了目前功能性产品开发趋势的需求,同时,也可为优质功能性红枣产品、灵芝多糖产品的开发提供借鉴。     

核桃饮料加工工艺优化

以广西本地核桃为材料,采用单因素和正交试验对核桃饮料去皮、打浆、调配及稳定性等加工工艺条件进行研究。结果表明,最佳去皮工艺条件为:NaOH浓度0.4%,热烫温度90℃,热烫时间3 min;最优打浆方案为:料液比1∶20(g/g),打浆温度80℃,打浆时间6 min;最佳调配配方为:5%白砂糖+0.2%植脂末;最佳复合稳定剂添加量为:0.06%复配增稠剂(果胶∶CMC-Na∶黄原胶=4∶1∶0.8)+0.10%复配乳化剂(蔗糖脂肪酸酯∶单甘酯=3∶1)+0.15%微晶纤维素。在该工艺条件下生产的核桃饮料为乳白色,核桃风味浓郁,口感爽滑,稳定性良好。     

分相萃取法纯化朝鲜蓟中洋蓟素的工艺研究

以朝鲜蓟提取物为原料、乙酸乙酯为萃取剂,考查萃取时间、分相时间、提取物质量浓度、相比、萃取温度、pH值等因素对萃取率的影响,并通过正交试验优化洋蓟素的最佳萃取参数。结果表明,朝鲜蓟中洋蓟素的最佳萃取参数为萃取时间30 min,分相时间80 min,提取物质量浓度10.0 g/L,相比1.25∶1,萃取温度35℃,pH值4.0,此时洋蓟素萃取率达到67.37%。     

响应面法优化酶-超临界CO_2萃取联用提取雪莲果菊糖工艺

以雪莲果为试材,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化超临界CO_2萃取辅助酶法提取雪莲果菊糖工艺。结果表明,酶-超临界CO_2萃取联用提取雪莲果菊糖最佳工艺为:雪莲果粉碎度80目,木瓜蛋白酶用量10 mg/g,萃取压力32 MPa,萃取温度52℃,CO_2流量30 L/h,此时雪莲果菊糖得率可达84.37%。酶-超临界CO_2萃取联用提取法较传统提取法(酶法、微波法、超临界CO_2萃取法)相比,无论提取时间还是菊糖得率都有明显的提升。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.