鸡奇异变形杆菌的分离、鉴定及流行病学调查

从山东省某一地区发病肉鸡中分离到一株细菌,根据培养特性、形态学特性、生化特性及药物敏感性等鉴定所分离的菌株为奇异变形杆菌。采用自行研制的奇异变形杆菌诊断抗原,通过平板凝集试验对河南、山东、广西等省(自治区)共26个鸡场的739份血清样品进行了奇异变形杆菌病的血清学调查。结果表明70日龄以下商品代和父母代肉鸡抗体阳性率较低(6.85%),70日龄以上父母代肉种鸡阳性率较高(20.10%)。回归分析表明,鸡奇异变形杆菌抗体阳性率与日龄呈显著正相关(r=0.954)。     

我国部分地区禽波氏杆菌病的血清学调查

对广西、河南、山东3省份17个鸡场的746份血清样品进行了禽波氏杆菌(Bordetella avium)病的血清学调查。结果表明，该病在我国部分地区普遍存在，70日龄以下商品代和父母代肉鸡血清样品的禽波氏杆菌抗体阳性率较低(平均5．96％)；70日龄以上肉种鸡血清样品的阳性检出率较高(平均50．00％)，其中广西鸡场的阳性检出率为26．32％(65／247)，河南鸡场的阳性检出率为76．76％(109／142)，山东鸡场的阳性检出率为87．27％(48／55)。回归分析表明，禽波氏杆菌抗体阳性率与日龄呈显著正相关(r=0．928)。     

壳聚糖对黄羽肉鸡脂肪沉积的影响

选择健康49日龄黄羽肉用鸡（母）64只，随机分成4组。A为对照组饲喂基础日粮；B、C和D为试验组，分别在基础日粮中添加0．1％、0．3％和0．5％壳聚糖。饲养21d，研究日粮中添加壳聚糖对黄羽肉鸡脂肪沉积的影响。试验结果表明，在49日龄肉鸡日粮中添加0．1％、0．3％和0．5％壳聚糖能显著降低56、63和70日龄肉鸡的血清胆固醇（P〉0．05）和甘油三酯（P〉0．05）含量，降低70日龄肉鸡的腹脂率（P〉0．05），显著降低70日龄肉鸡的皮下脂肪，日粮中添加0．1％壳聚糖能达到较理想的降脂和降胆固醇的效果。     

禽脑脊髓炎弱毒疫苗不同免疫期的种鸡及其后裔雏鸡母源抗体的衰减规律

艾维菌父母代肉种鸡经禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)弱毒疫苗免疫后，用琼脂扩散试验对不同免疫期种鸡的后裔雏鸡的母源抗体进行动态监测。结果发现，26周龄种鸡禽脑脊髓炎(AE)抗体阳性率为86．79／6～1009／6．其后裔雏鸡在1～7日龄时母源抗体阳性率为83．3％～100％；14日龄时降至30．0％～70．09／6；多数在21日龄时转阴。36周龄种鸡AE抗体阳性率为56．7％～76．79／6，其后裔雏鸡在1日龄时母源抗体阳性率只有50．0％～76．7％；7日龄时降至10．0％～50．0％；14日龄时全部转阴。表明，雏鸡AE母源抗体水平及其衰减规律受种鸡抗体水平的影响。攻毒保护试验发现，低母源抗体雏鸡(1日龄母源抗体阳性率为50．0％)，不但7～28日龄脑内攻毒后6～11d全部发病，而且14日龄颈部皮下攻毒后11～13d也有6／10雏鸡发病；而高母源抗体雏鸡(1日龄的母源抗体为1009／6)，虽然14～28日龄对脑内攻毒易感，但是颈部皮下攻毒后观察45d均未发病。证实，雏鸡1日龄的AE母源抗体为50．0％时，很难保护其免受AEV的侵袭。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒、大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌混合感染致犊牛腹泻的研究

为确定甘肃省临夏州某奶牛场犊牛腹泻的病因,并提供合适的治疗方案和防控措施,试验采集该牛场13头腹泻犊牛的粪便和血清,通过胶体金技术、ELISA方法、细菌分离鉴定、Kirby-Bauer法分别进行病毒病原学检测、病毒血清学抗体检测、病原菌鉴定和药物敏感性试验。病毒学检测结果显示,13份粪样中未检测出牛轮状病毒（BRV）、牛冠状病毒（BCV）的抗原,牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）抗原阳性率为23.08%（3/13）;未检出BRV和BCV的抗体,BVDV血清学抗体阳性率为38.46%（5/13）。病原菌检测结果显示,13份粪便样品中,分离出13株大肠杆菌和7株奇异变形杆菌。药敏试验表明,分离的大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌对20种常规药物均产生了不同程度的耐药,且无对两种细菌均有效的药物。此次犊牛腹泻是由BVDV、大肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌混合感染引起的,且大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌的耐药现象严重,本试验结果为该牛场进一步治疗此次的犊牛腹泻病提供了合理有效的依据。     

应用奇异变形杆菌多克隆抗体提高沙门菌分离鉴定准确性的研究

在沙门菌检测过程中,奇异变形杆菌经常作为一种假阳性菌而出现。为提高沙门菌分离鉴定的准确性,我们制备了奇异变形杆菌的多克隆抗血清。抗血清经protein G抗体纯化柱纯化,与奇异变形杆菌混合后,在扫描电镜下观察二者的相互作用,分析该抗体是否能够在体外特异性的裂解奇异变形杆菌。经扫描电镜分析,制备的多克隆抗体在2h后将奇异变形杆菌裂解。同时,将纯化的抗体分别添加到氯化镁孔雀绿肉汤（MM）和亚硒酸盐胱氨酸增菌液（SC）中分析对奇异变形杆菌的抑菌效果。在实际应用中,针对临床的100多份样本,进行改进方法与常规方法的比较,结果显示,改进的方法能够有效排除因奇异变形杆菌带来的假阳性干扰,明显提高了沙门菌分离鉴定的准确性。     

断奶腹泻仔猪肠道沙门菌与奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定

本试验收集了全国范围内23个猪场125份21~70日龄临床腹泻仔猪肠内容物样品,用以分离和鉴定沙门菌和奇异变形杆菌。结果显示:共分离得到23株沙门菌分离株及31株奇异变形杆菌分离株,其中较为流行的沙门菌为鼠伤寒沙门菌。同时,对SS琼脂和XLD琼脂上的沙门菌和奇异变形杆菌进行对比鉴定,提高了沙门菌和奇异变形杆菌分离鉴定的准确率。     

父母代红宝肉用公鸡与商品代罗曼蛋用母鸡的杂交试验

本试验以1508只商品代罗曼蛋鸡（♀）与150只代红宝肉鸡（♂）间杂交。其生产母鸡（21周龄至淘汰的鸡）36周平均产蛋率76．43％；种蛋授精率92．6％，受精蛋孵化率74．42％；商品杂交鸡30日龄内育雏成活率93．7％；商品公鸡饲养70日龄体重2.85kg，商品母鸡56周龄产蛋量128枚。     

内蒙古地区鸡沙门氏菌病流行病学调查

对内蒙古呼和浩特、包头、集宁、丰镇、东胜、临河、赤峰、通辽８个地区的２７个养鸡场随机采取血清样品共１２８２４份,采用平板凝集试验,进行鸡白痢、鸡伤寒抗体检测。结果表明,父母代蛋种鸡平均阳性率为２０．６６％,最高达４６．２５％,最低为１．３３％;商品蛋鸡平均阳性率为４７％,最高达７０％,最低为３２．５％;父母代肉种鸡平均阳性率为１２．６６％,最高达３８％,最低为１．０８％;商品肉鸡平均阳性率为７２．     

鸡奇异变形杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏分析

从云南某鸡场发病鸡肝脏中分离到一株革兰氏阴性多形性小杆菌,并进行生理生化鉴定、16SrDNA基因比对鉴定、致病性试验和药敏试验。试验结果表明：该分离株分解葡萄糖、乳糖、半乳糖和木糖,产酸产气,迅速分解尿素,H2S试验阳性,结合分离株的培养特性和革兰氏染色镜检结果,将分离株初步鉴定为鸡奇异变形杆菌;分离株16srDNA核苷酸序列与GenBank上其它鸡奇异变形杆菌之间的同源性高达99％～100％,与ALK428（基因登录号KC456557）为代表的许多奇异变形杆菌菌株之间的核苷酸同源性高达100％,将分离菌株进一步鉴定为鸡奇异变形杆菌;分离株对小白鼠有强致病性,对头孢噻肟敏感,对青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢噻吩、链霉素、卡那霉素、氧氟沙星、磺胺嘧啶、氟苯尼考等多种抗生素表现严重的多重耐药性。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.