Effect of the last diet on the selective feeding behavior of heifers

The present study examined and discussed the way the basal diet (BD) during the preliminary phase and the last diet (LD) before the food selection test affected the selective feeding behavior of heifers. For the BD and LD, oat hay and concentrate were used. Three different levels of roughage content (low, medium and high) were prepared by changing the mix ratios of oat hay and concentrate. Low and high roughage diets were used for the BD, and all three of the roughage levels were used for the LD. A mixture of orchard grass and white clover (MIX), and Japanese pampas grass leaf (JP) were used as testing foods. In the preliminary phase, all heifers were fed the BD three times per day. In the test phase, heifers were fed the LD for the first meal (06.00–12.00 hours), and food selection under different BD and LD was examined during the second meal (13.00–16.00 hours) of the day. The effects of the BD were significant for MIX dry matter intake (DMI), JP DMI and the rate of MIX DMI for total DMI. Under the high roughage BD condition, heifers ingested more MIX than under the low roughage BD condition. The effect of the LD was significant on JP DMI, whereas the rate of MIX DMI for total DMI was not significant. Selective feeding behavior was strongly affected by the BD and slightly by the LD.     

不同品质粗饲料对断奶至7月龄犊牛生长发育及营养物质消化率的影响

选用从哺乳期开始分别补饲玉米秸秆(CFS组)和青干草(H组)的两组试验犊牛(n=5)。断奶后继续分别饲喂CFS和H,定量饲喂精料（2 kg/d）。通过消化试验和饲养试验,跟踪研究了饲喂不同品质粗饲料对断奶到7月龄阶段犊牛营养物质摄入量、消化率和生长发育的影响。结果显示,7月龄时,CFS和H组日采食量分别为2.25和3.81 kg（P<0.01）;H组和CFS组比较,DMI、NDF、ADF、CP、Fat摄入量明显提高,其消化率分别为63.6%、51.2%、43.5%、64.3%、55.6%和57.5%、43.3%、40.4%、44.4%、59.4%,除了CP消化率差异极显著外（P<0.01）,其余均不显著（P>0.05）;H组和CFS组日增重(kg/d)差异极显著（0.788和0.522 kg/d,P<0.01),体斜长增量（18.3和9.5 cm）和胸围增量(24.1和18.6 cm)差异显著(P<0.05),体高增量（14.0和9.7 cm）差异不显著（P>0.05）。结果表明,给断奶至7月龄阶段犊牛饲喂混合青干草比饲喂玉米秸秆,更能提高粗饲料采食量和干物质总摄入量,有利于营养物质消化利用,促进犊牛生长发育,尤其对体长和胸围的发育效果明显。     

Effect of supplementing Rhodes grass hay (Chloris gayana) with Berchemia discolor or Zizyphus mucronata on the performance of growing goats in Kenya

Twenty growing Small East African goats were used to determine the effects of feeding sun-dried leaves of the browse forages Berchemia discolor and Zizyphus mucronata as supplements to low-quality basal diet, Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay, on voluntary feed intake (VFI), digestibility and growth performance. The grass hay and maize bran were used as a control. The dried leaves were then included at the rates of 15% and 30% of the dry matter intake (DMI). Berchemia discolor had the highest crude protein (CP) content of 195.5 g/kg DM, while Z. mucronata had CP content of 169.5 g/kg DM. The grass hay had the lowest CP content of 50.9 g/kg DM. The browse forages had low fibre content [Neutral detergent fibre (NDF); 257.9-369.5 g/kg DM], while the grass hay had high fibre content (NDF; 713.1 g/kg DM). Goats in the groups supplemented with either of the browse forages had higher total DMI, nitrogen (N) intake and retention and live-weight gains than those in the control diet group. The digestibility of DM and organic matter (OM) was not affected by supplementation, but the CP digestibility increased with supplementation. The use of the browse forages as supplements for goats fed on poor-quality basal diets would enhance the performance of the animals.     

The effects of increasing garlic powder and monensin supplementation on feed intake,nutrient digestibility,growth performance and blood parameters of growing calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing garlic powder and monensin supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance and blood metabolites of growing calves. Forty Holstein calves (BW = 100 ± 11 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n = 10) in a complete randomized design. Experimental treatments consisted of the following: (i) basal diet (control), (ii) basal diet supplemented with 0.0003% of dietary dry matter (DM) sodium monensin, (iii) low level of garlic powder (Low‐GAR; 0.5% of dietary DM) and (iv) high level of garlic powder (High‐GAR; 1% of dietary DM). DM intake (DMI) and DM digestibility were (p < 0.05) decreased by High‐GAR. However, calves supplemented with Low‐GAR had a similar DMI to the control calves and similar DM digestibility to the control and monensin groups. The digestibility of other nutrients were not affected by the treatments. Although supplementing monensin relative to Low‐GAR increased the DMI (p < 0.05), average daily gain was similar between Low‐GAR and monensin supplemented calves, which were higher than the control and High‐GAR groups (p < 0.05). As a result, feed conversion ratio was improved in the Low‐GAR group versus other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Administrating garlic powder decreased the blood low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and non‐esterified fatty acids (p < 0.05) without affecting the blood triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein and beta‐hydroxybutyric acid concentrations. In conclusion, the calves fed the Low‐GAR showed an improved FCR and blood metabolites without changing the DMI and nutrient digestibility. It suggests that garlic powder could be used as an alternative to monensin for growing calves under the current feeding conditions.     

Summer fescue toxicity in dairy steers fed tall fescue seed

Seeds of the tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb .) cultivars Kentucky 31 and an experimental ryegrass X tall fescue hybrid derivative strain (G1-307), and orchard grass (OG) seed were fed in a carrier diet to calves in controlled environmental rooms (31 to 32 C). Both tall fescue varieties produced symptoms of summer toxicosis in dairy steers. Total feed intake (P less than .01) and water intake (P less than .01) of calves were reduced by the tall fescue seed diets when compared with orchard grass. Steers fed G1-307 and Kentucky 31 tall fescue lost (NS) 17.5 and 7.8 kg of body weight, respectively, while those consuming orchard grass gained (P less than .01) 6.2 kg during the experiment. Rectal temperatures were lower (P less than .05) in the calves fed OG (39.4 C) when compared with those fed G1-307 (40.6 C) and Kentucky 31 (40.8 C) tall fescue seed, respectively. In a second trial Kentucky 31 seed was fed in a carrier diet to Holstein steers at graded levels of 0, 350, 700 and 1,050 g seed/d. Consumption of 700 and 1,050 g seed/d adversely affected performance of steers. Total feed intake was lower and water intake was reduced (P less than .05), with rectal temperatures being elevated (P less than .01) in these two groups when compared with 0- or 350-g treatments. No significant differences were detected in body weight changes in this trial. Respiration rates were not significantly affected in either trial. Results of these trials with the young bovine indicate that a toxic substance(s) is present in tall fescue seed.     

不同中性洗涤纤维与非纤维性碳水化合物比值饲粮对肉用绵羊甲烷排放的影响

本试验旨在研究不同中性洗涤纤维(NDF)与非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)比值(NDF/NFC)饲粮对肉用绵羊甲烷排放的影响。试验采用4×4完全拉丁方试验设计,将16只杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交羯羊随机分成4组,每组4只,按维持水平饲喂NDF/NFC分别为3.02(饲粮1)、2.32(饲粮2)、1.58(饲粮3)、1.04(饲粮4)的全混合颗粒饲粮(玉米秸秆为粗饲料来源)。试验共进行4期,每期18 d,包括3 d的调整期、7 d的预试期和8 d的正试期,在正试期内测定甲烷产量、饲粮总能和营养物质表观消化率。结果表明:饲粮2的甲烷日排放量显著高于饲粮3和4(43.43 L/d vs.38.88和35.98 L/d;P0.05)。与饲粮1相比,饲粮2和3的每千克干物质采食量(DMI)甲烷排放量显著增加(38.00 L/kg DMI vs.42.24、41.69 L/kg DMI;P0.05),但是饲粮2、3和4之间差异不显著(P0.05)。随着NDF/NFC的降低,每千克可消化有机物(DOM)的甲烷排放量逐渐降低,饲粮4的每千克DOM的甲烷排放量显著低于饲粮1、2和3(58.78 L/kg DOM vs.75.00、73.35和64.11 L/kg DOM;P0.05)。随着NDF/NFC的降低,每千克中性洗涤纤维采食量(NDFI)或酸性洗涤纤维采食量(ADFI)的甲烷排放量逐渐增加,且各饲粮之间差异显著(P0.05)。综上所述,结合各营养物质表观消化率和甲烷排放效率,在维持水平下,采用NDF/NFC为1.04的玉米秸秆饲粮作为肉用绵羊甲烷减排的饲粮最合适。     

枣粉与包被蛋氨酸对育肥牛生长性能、养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加枣粉(JP)和包被蛋氨酸(CMet)对育肥期肉牛生长性能、养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵和血清生化指标的影响。采用双因子试验设计,试验因素分别为JP(JP替代饲粮玉米比例为0或15%,JP-/JP+)和CMet(饲粮添加0或1.08 g/kg蛋氨酸有效成分,CMet-/CMet+)。将20头月龄与体重相近的育肥期肉牛(西门塔尔×本地黄牛)随机分为4组,分别饲喂基础饲粮、基础饲粮+JP、基础饲粮+CMet以及基础饲粮+JP+CMet,每组5个重复,每个重复1头牛。试验期共70 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明：1)饲粮添加JP显著提高了干物质采食量和平均日增重(P <0.05);而添加CMet仅显著提高了平均日增重(P <0.05);JP与CMet对生长性能互作效应不显著(P>0.05)。2)饲粮添加JP显著提高了粗蛋白质、酸性洗涤纤维和非纤维碳水化合物表观消化率(P<0.05);饲粮添加CMet则显著提高了粗蛋白质、有机物和非纤维碳水化合物表观消化率(P<0.05);JP与CMet对粗蛋白质和非纤维碳水化合物表观消化率互作效...     

日粮中青贮甘蔗尾叶替代不同比例王草对海南黑山羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中青贮甘蔗尾叶替代不同比例王草对海南黑山羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响.选用20只平均体重(6.96±0.49)kg的3月龄海南黑山羊羔羊(公、母各半),随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复1只羔羊.对照组饲喂基础日粮,基础日粮包括精饲料和粗饲料,粗饲料为王草;试验1~4组分别在粗饲料中以青贮甘蔗尾叶替代25%、50%、75%、100%王草.预试期5 d,正试期30 d.结果表明,与对照组相比,试验3组粗饲料干物质采食量和平均干物质日采食量显著升高(P< 0.05),各组间平均日增重、精饲料干物质采食量和料重比均无显著差异(P> 0.05);与对照组相比,试验3组粗灰分、磷表观消化率显著升高(P< 0.05),试验4组粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙表观消化率显著升高(P< 0.05),试验3、4组间差异不显著(P> 0.05);各组间黑山羊血清生化指标均无显著差异(P> 0.05).综上所述,粗饲料中青贮甘蔗尾叶替代一定比例王草可在一定程度上改善黑山羊生长性能,提高养分表观消化率,且对其血清生化指标无不利影响,其中粗饲料中用青贮甘蔗尾叶替代75%王草时饲喂效果最佳.     

Effect of Silage Sugarcane Leaf Replacing Different Ratio of King Grass on Growth Performance,Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indices of Hainan Black Goats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silage sugarcane leaf replacing different ratio of King grass on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indices of Hainan Black goats.A total of 20 3-month-old Hainan Black goats with an average weight of (6.96±0.49) kg were selected (half male and hale female) and randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates per group and 1 goat per replicate.The goats in the control group were fed the basal diet including concentrate and roughage,roughage was King grass.The goats in the groups 1 to 4 were fed with the equal concentrate,roughage (fresh King grass) was replaced with 25%,50%,75% and 100% silage sugarcane leaf,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 5 days and the trial period lasted for 30 days.The results showed that compared with control group,the average feed intake of crude feed and average feed intake of total dry matter in group 3 were significantly increased (P< 0.05),there were no significant differences in the average daily gains,average feed intake of concentrate and F/G among all groups (P> 0.05).Compared with control group,the apparent digestibility of Ash and P in group 3 were significantly increased (P< 0.05),the apparent digestibility of Ash,NDF,ADF and Ca in group 4 were significantly increased (P< 0.05).No significant difference was showed between groups 3 and 4 (P> 0.05).There were no significant differences in serum biochemical indices among all groups (P> 0.05).In conclusion,silage sugarcane leaf replaced certain percentage of King grass in roughage could improve the growth performance and nutrient apparent digestibility to some extent,and had no bad effect on the serum biochemical indices of goats,the optimal proportion of silage sugarcane leaf in roughage was 75%.     

不同粗饲料组合对山羊饲粮养分表观消化率及氮平衡的影响

本试验旨在研究不同粗饲料组合对山羊饲粮养分表观消化率及氮平衡的影响。选取4只体重为(26.63±2.60)kg的波尔山羊×徐淮山羊(波杂羊),采用4×4拉丁方设计,基础饲粮采用稻草(A)为粗饲料,试验饲粮分别采用大豆皮(B)、金针菇菌渣(C)及大豆皮+金针菇菌渣(D)替代部分稻草,4组饲粮等氮、等能、等纤维。试验分为4期,每期15 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期5 d。结果表明:1)4组饲粮的干物质(DM)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、磷以及总能的表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05)。2)与饲粮A相比,饲粮D显著提高了有机物(OM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的表观消化率(P0.05),饲粮B与饲粮A差异不显著(P0.05);饲粮B、饲粮C和饲粮D的钙表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于饲粮A(P0.05)。3)与饲粮A相比,饲粮B、饲粮C和饲粮D显著提高了氮沉积率和氮生物学价值(P0.05)。综合得出,与单独采用稻草为粗饲料相比,采用大豆皮、金针菇菌渣或二者联合与稻草组合提高了山羊OM、NDF、钙的表观消化率,氮沉积率以及氮生物学价值;本试验条件下,采用大豆皮和金针菇菌渣联合与稻草组合为粗饲料效果最优。     

Effect of varying ruminally degradable to ruminally undegradable protein ratio on nutrient intake, digestibility and N metabolism in Nili Ravi buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis)

Four Nili-Ravi buffalo calves (100 ± 4 kg) were used in 4 × 4 Latin Square Design to evaluate the influence of varying ruminally degradable protein (RDP) to ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) ratio on dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility and nitrogen (N) metabolism. Four experimental diets A, B, C and D were formulated to contain RDP:RUP of 70:30, 65:35, 60:40 and 55:45, respectively. The calves were fed ad libitum. Dry matter intake by calves fed C diet was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed D diet and lower (P < 0.05) than calves fed A diet, however, it was similar to those fed B diet. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in DMI with decreasing the RDP to RUP ratio. Similar trend was noticed in crude protein (CP) intake. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was significantly different across all treatment. The decrease in CP and NDF intake was due to decreasing trend of DMI. Dry matter (DM) digestibility in calves fed A and B diets was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed C and D diets. A linear decrease (P < 0.01) in DM digestibility was observed with decreasing the RDP to RUP ratio. Crude protein digestibility remained unaltered across all treatments. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was higher in calves fed A and B diets than those fed C and D diets. Higher NDF digestibility in calves fed A and B diets was due to higher level of dietary RDP that might resulted in higher ruminal ammonia concentration which stimulate activity of cellulytic bacteria and ultimately increased NDF digestibility. The N retention (g/d) was similar among the calves fed B, C and D diets, however, it was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed A diet. Decreasing the RDP to RUP ratio resulted in linear increase (P < 0.01) in N retention. The N retention, as percent of N intake was significantly different across all treatments. Decreasing RDP to RUP ratio resulted in linear increase (P < 0.01) in N retention, as percent of N intake. A similar trend was noticed in N retention, as percentage of N digestion. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration in calves fed B diet was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed D diet and was lower (P < 0.05) than those fed A diet, however, it was not different from calves fed C diet. Decreasing dietary RDP to RUP ratio resulted in linear decrease (P < 0.05) in BUN concentrations. The decrease in BUN concentration was because of decreasing level of dietary RDP. The N retention can be increased by decreasing RDP to RUP ratio in the diet of growing buffalo calves and diet containing RDP to RUP ratio 55:45 is considered optimum regarding N retention in buffalo calves.     

Intake and digestion in cattle fed warm- or cool-season grass hay with or without supplemental grain

Intake and digestion in cattle fed warm- or cool-season grass hay with or without low-level grain supplementation were studied with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in two 4 x 4 Latin square experiments. In Exp. 1, four cannulated beef cows (396 kg) were given Bermuda grass (B) or orchard grass (OG) hay at 1.5% body weight (BW) with 0 or .3% BW of ground corn (C; dry matter). Bermuda grass contained 12.1% crude protein, 79.3% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 5.5% acid detergent lignin (ADL); OG contained 10.6% crude protein, 82.4% NDF and 8.1% ADL. An interaction (P less than .07) between forage type and C supplementation was noted for microbial N entering the duodenum; C supplementation had a positive effect with B (30% increase) and little effect with OG. Corn supplementation did not affect ruminal NDF digestion with B, but it elicited an increase with OG (interaction, P less than .05; means were 60.7, 60.1, 61.5 and 66.3%). In the second experiment, growing dairy steers (196 kg) were given ad libitum access to similar B or OG hays and were fed 0 or .5% BW of C. Dry matter (DM) intake was lower for OG than for B (P less than .05) and was lower with than without C (P less than .06; means were 2.76, 2.56, 2.53 and 2.30% BW for B, BC, OG and OGC, respectively). Total tract organic matter digestion (%) was higher for OG than for B (P less than .10) and was higher with than without C (means were 54.7, 61.5, 60.4 and 65.3%). In conclusion, chemical constituents such as NDF may govern differences in intake between warm- and cool-season grasses, but physical attributes of the forages appear more important to digestion.     

不同粗饲料来源对荷斯坦公犊生长性能、血清生化指标及营养物质表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究桑枝、花生藤和燕麦草3种粗饲料对断奶荷斯坦公犊生长性能、血清生化指标和营养物质表观消化率的影响.选取8周龄、健康的体重(64±5)kg断奶荷斯坦奶公犊27头,随机分成A、B、C3组,每组9个重复,分别饲喂桑枝、花生藤和燕麦草3种粗饲料.试验期24 d.结果 显示,C组犊牛的末重和平均日增重均极显著高于A组和...     

布拉氏酵母对哺乳期犊牛生长性能、营养物质消化率和血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究布拉氏酵母菌对哺乳犊牛的生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响.选择48头初生体重(38.16 ±3.73)kg且健康状况良好的中国荷斯坦犊牛,随机分为4组,每组12头,公母对半.各处理组饲粮中分别添加0(对照)、1(I组)、3(Ⅱ组)、5(Ⅲ组)g/(天?头)的布拉氏酵母,整个试验共42 d.结...     

A beef herd model for simulating feed intake, animal performance, and manure excretion in farm systems

A beef herd submodel was created for integration with other farm components to form a whole-farm model capable of simulating a wide range of beef production systems. This herd submodel determined the best available feed or feed mix to meet the fiber, energy, and protein requirements for each of up to six animal groups on the farm. The groups comprised any combination of cows, nursing calves, young heifers, yearling heifers, stockers, and finishing cattle. Protein, energy, and mineral requirements were determined for each group using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System, Level 1. Diets were formulated to meet these requirements with available feeds, and the resulting feed intake, growth, and manure DM and nutrient (N, P, and K) excretions were predicted. Required feed characteristics included CP, ruminally degradable protein, acid detergent insoluble protein, NDF, P, and K concentrations. Feed intake was predicted by considering energy intake, potentially limited by fill, and exceeding a minimum roughage requirement. Fill and roughage limits were functions of feed NDF concentrations adjusted to consider particle size distribution and the relative rate of ruminal digestibility or the physical effectiveness of the fiber. The herd submodel was verified to predict feed intakes, nutrient requirements, diets, and manure excretions similar to those recommended or measured for beef animals. Incorporation of the beef herd submodel with other farm components, including crop growth (alfalfa, grass, corn, small grain, and soybean), harvest, storage, feeding, grazing, and manure handling, provided the Integrated Farm System Model. This comprehensive farm-simulation model is a useful research and teaching tool for evaluating and comparing the long-term performance, economics, and environmental impact of beef, dairy, and crop production systems.     

日粮不同纤维水平和精粗比对绒山羊瘤胃内中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维消失率的影响

选用18只、2.5岁、体重25kg左右的安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊,用尼龙袋法测定了3个精粗比(30∶70、20∶80、10∶90)6个中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平(49%、52%、59%、55%、62%和65%)日粮中的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)2、4、6、8、12、24、48和72h的消失率。结果表明:NDF水平为52%时,绒山羊日粮中的NDF和ADF消失率较高。精粗比例为30∶70、20∶80和10∶90时,绒山羊日粮中的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维消失率受影响不同,精粗比20∶80日粮组2～72hNDF和ADF消失率较高,其中2h和72h时NDF和ADF消失率明显高于30∶70和10∶90日粮组。由此可以得出,绒山羊配合饲料中纤维素水平为52%,精粗比例为20∶80较适宜。     

甘南碌曲和合作地区冬夏季高寒天然牧草生产特性、营养成分和饲用价值分析

为了研究甘南碌曲和合作地区冬夏季节高寒天然牧草的生产特性、营养成分和饲用价值,试验通过化学分析法结合牧草品质评定预测公式,采用对比试验设计,试验处理为4种来自甘南碌曲和合作的夏季和冬季牧草,分别记为碌曲夏季牧草、碌曲冬季牧草、合作夏季牧草、合作冬季牧草。结果表明,无论碌曲还是合作,夏季牧草粗蛋白(CP)、总磷(TP)含量和干物质采食量(DMI)、可消化干物质量(DDM)、粗饲料相对值(RFV)、有机物质消化率(OMD)以及产鲜草量总体上都显著高于冬季牧草(P<0.05),粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、纤维素(C)含量、钙磷比(Ca/TP)都显著低于冬季牧草(P<0.05)。合作冬季牧草的半纤维素(HC)、无氮浸出物(NFE)含量显著低于其他牧草(P<0.05),钙磷比(Ca/TP)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量显著高于碌曲牧草(P<0.05)。夏季时合作牧草干物质采食量(DMI)、粗饲料相对值(RFV)显著高于碌曲牧草(P<0.05)。这表明甘南高寒天然牧草的营养成分、生产特性、饲用价值夏季牧草明显优于冬季牧草,碌曲牧草优于合作牧草。     

直接法和回归法测定玉米青贮对肉牛有效能值的研究

旨在应用直接法和回归法测定肉牛玉米青贮的消化能、代谢能和净能值,并探讨精料回归法用于估测肉牛单一粗饲料原料能值的可行性。试验选取12头体况良好、体重相近[(259±14.08)kg]的生长期公牛,随机分为3组,每组4头牛。分两期试验进行,试验一按试验牛自由采食量的95%、80%和60%3个水平饲喂全玉米青贮日粮;试验二在固定玉米青贮投喂量的基础上,各组分别按青贮饲喂量的15%、25%和50%(干物质基础)添加精料补充料。试验每期14d,其中前10d为预饲期,后4d为正试期。正试期消化代谢和呼吸代谢试验同期进行,测定玉米青贮对肉牛能量代谢规律。结果表明:1)肉牛对全玉米青贮日粮的各种营养物质消化率和能量消化率及代谢率随饲喂水平的提高总体逐渐降低;肉牛能量采食量(总能、消化能、代谢能和净能)随饲喂水平的提高逐渐升高,组间差异显著(P0.05)。2)玉米青贮对肉牛的消化能、代谢能和净能值随着饲喂水平的提高呈下降趋势,各有效能值变化范围分别为10.58~11.48 MJ/kg,8.33~9.44 MJ/kg和5.20~6.21 MJ/kg。3)添加精料补充料显著提高了肉牛对日粮的干物质采食量和粗蛋白消化率(P0.05),而洗涤纤维消化率精料添加比例组间差异不明显(P0.05);随着精料添加比例的增加,肉牛对日粮的能量采食量(总能、消化能、代谢能和净能)和能量消化率及代谢率逐渐上升,消化能代谢率各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。4)根据试验日粮有效能值与精料添加量之间的关系建立线性回归方程后,外推估测得玉米青贮的消化能、代谢能和净能值分别为10.53 MJ/kg、8.29 MJ/kg和5.35MJ/kg,与95%饲喂水平组直接测定结果(10.58 MJ/kg、8.33 MJ/kg和5.20 MJ/kg)差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,回归法测定玉米青贮对肉牛的有效能值与直接法测定结果差异不明显,精料回归法可以用于估测肉牛单一粗饲料的有效能值。     

饲粮非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维对肉犊牛生长性能和营养物质消化代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维(NFC/NDF)对断奶肉犊牛生长性能、血清生化指标和营养物质消化代谢的影响。选取2~3月龄健康、平均体重为(94.38±0.25)kg的断奶肉犊牛60头,随机分为4组,每组15头。分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平相近,NFC/NDF分别为1.35(A组)、1.23(B组)、0.94(C组)和0.80(D组)的4种全混合日粮。试验期105 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期90 d。每日测定采食量,每隔15 d测量犊牛的体重;于15、30、45、60、75和90 d颈静脉采血测定血清葡萄糖(GLU)、生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、瘦素(LEP)、胰岛素(INS)、胰高血糖素(PG)和甘油三酯(TG)的浓度;分别在30和90 d时以全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验。结果表明:1)高NFC/NDF饲粮提高了犊牛的平均日增重,A组显著高于其他3组(P0.05);2)A组血清LEP浓度显著高于C组和D组(P0.05),D组血清IGF-Ⅰ浓度显著高于其他各组(P0.05);3)90 d时,干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率及总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率随饲粮NFC/NDF的降低而降低,A组均显著高于D组(P0.05),D组甲烷能显著高于其他组(P0.05),A组尿能、尿氮和消化氮显著高于B组和C组(P0.05)。综上所述,NFC/NDF为1.35的饲粮可以满足3~6月龄肉犊牛对营养物质的需求,采食该饲粮不但可以使肉犊牛保持较高的平均日增重(1.14 kg/d),而且此饲粮易消化利用,采食后相关血清生化指标均在正常范围内,并未影响犊牛健康。     

应用灰色关联度分析法评价放牧绵羊增重和羊毛生长的营养限制因素

本文应用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联度分析法,对影响放牧绵羊生产性能的主要营养限制因素进行了研究。关联度分析结果表明,饲粮粗蛋白质水平是影响绵羊体重变化的主要营养因素,饲粮代谢能的影响次之;影响育成母羊羊毛生长速度的主要营养因素是其干物质采食量;而成年母羊羊毛生长的营养限制因素是饲粮粗蛋白质水平。影响绵羊采食量的主要营养因素是饲粮代谢能浓度,其次是牧草质量。影响牧草消化率的主要营养因素是绵羊瘤胃发酵水平,其次是牧草中的木质素含量。