Rheological characterization of jet-cooked Lesquerella fendleri seed gum and cornstarch solutions

Lesquerella is a potential new seed crop that contains hydroxy fatty acid triglycerides and approximately 15% seed coat gums. The polysaccharide gum of the Lesquerella fendleri seed was isolated and jet-cooked with cornstarch in a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the viscoelastic properties of gum-modified starch solutions. The Lesquerella gum was combined with cornstarch at 1, 5, and 10% levels to produce a jet-cooked and drum dried material with potential application as a thickening or suspension agent. Flow curves were determined for 1% solutions of jet-cooked starch and gum combinations. All materials investigated were biodegradable and exhibited positive thixotropic behavior.     

Hydrotime analysis of Lesquerella fendleri seed germination responses to priming treatments

Lesquerella fendleri seeds contain industrial oil, which is increased under arid environments. In such environments, the water needed for germination is available for only a short time, and consequently, successful crop establishment depends not only on rapid and uniform germination of the seedlot, but also on its ability to germinate under low water availability. All of these attributes can be analyzed through the hydrotime model (HT). Priming is a method to improve the speed and uniformity of germination. This technique reduces the hydrotime constant (θ_H) and sometimes displaces the base water potential (ψ_b(50)). This would increase the ability of the seed to germinate under low water availability.The objective of this work was to improve (i) the velocity and uniformity of germination and (ii) the ability to germinate under low water availability condition, in seeds of L. fendleri. We also intended to analyze and model changes in the physiological behaviour of the seedlot caused by the application of the priming treatment with seeds sown both in Petri dishes and containers with soil placed in the field.Seeds were subjected to priming in Petri dishes with a solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) at 5 (P5) or 20 °C (P20). One-half of the seedlot was used for determination of hydrotime parameters by incubation in Petri dishes at 10, 20, and 30 °C, and in water or PEG solutions calibrated to obtain different ψ_a. The remaining one-half of the seedlot was sown in soil containers. Three different water availability treatments were imposed, field capacity or control, 75%, and 50% of the field capacity with the P5, P20, and untreated seeds. The P20 and P5 seeds germinated faster and more uniformly than the untreated (control) seeds under laboratory and field condition. The HT model analysis revealed that the θ_H constant had been reduced and ψ_b(50) had been shifted towards more negative values in both the P20 and P5 seedlots. This behaviour was consistent with the higher germination percentage attained by the P20 and P5 seeds in the field conditions under reduced water availability (i.e., 75 and 50% of field capacity) compared with that exhibited by the untreated seeds under the same situations.     

Evapotranspiration,yield, and water-use efficiency responses of Lesquerella fendleri at different growth stages

Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats. is a potential new oilseed crop for the arid southwestern United States. Lesquerella seed oil with similar properties as castor oil is being considered as a domestic replacement for the imported castor oil. Development of new crops with low irrigation needs is of high priority. Because the most critical stage of sensitivity to moisture deficits has not been determined in Lesquerella species, the objectives of this study were: (i) to identify the most critical stage or stages for moisture deficit and, (ii) to determine the effect of moisture deficit on yield, yield components, oil and fatty acid composition. Two-year field studies were conducted at the New Mexico State University, Leyendecker Plant Science Research Center. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. The treatments consisted of (a) T1: Continuous favorable soil moisture [irrigated at 50% soil water depletion (SWD)]. (b) T2: Moisture stress (75% SWD) from establishment to initial flowering with no stress from flowering to final harvest (50% SWD). (c) T3: No stress imposed from establishment to initial flowering (50% SWD) followed by stress to final harvest (75% SWD). (d) T4: Moisture stress (75% SWD) from establishment to final harvest. The amount of water applied ranged from 810 to 729 mm for the first year, and 810 to 625 mm for the second year. Seed weight per plant and number of pods per plant were generally higher when water availability was maintained at or above 50% SWD throughout the growing season. Neither seed number per pod nor seed size was influenced by irrigation treatments. Lesquerella was more sensitive to water availability during flowering and seed development as a greater loss in seed yield occurred when irrigation was delayed to 75% SWD during that stage of development. Seed yield and dry matter production from the 2 year field studies were closely related to the seasonal cumulative evapotranspiration. For each millimeter of evapotranspiration, seed yield increased from 1.8 kg ha⁻¹ mm in 1994–1995 to 1.3 kg ha⁻¹ mm for 1995–1996. The dry matter production increased 13.4 kg ha⁻¹ for each mm increase in seasonal evapotranspiration during 1994–1995. This relationship was a second order polynomial with an R² of 0.86 during 1995–1996. The WUE_gr and WUE_dm were highest under the most favorable water availability conditions for growth and seed development. Delaying irrigation to 75% SWD throughout the crop growth period resulted in the lowest oil content. Lesquerolic acid content was not affected by irrigation during both the growing seasons.     

Aqueous extraction of residual oil from sunflower press cake using a twin-screw extruder: Feasibility study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of an aqueous process to extract the residual oil from sunflower press cakes using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Two different configurations were tested: the expression from whole seeds followed by the aqueous extraction, in two successive apparatus or in the same one. For the aqueous extraction stage, the oil yield depended on the operating conditions including screw rotation speed, screw profile, and inlet flow rates of press cakes and water. Liquid/solid separation required the addition of a lignocellulosic residue (wheat straw), upstream from the filtration zone. However, even with maximum fiber inlet flow (around 20% of the inlet flow rate of the solid matters for the highest amount of wheat straw), drying of the cake meal did not improve. The lixiviation of the material was also incomplete. Oil yield was better when the expression and the aqueous extraction were conducted in the same extruder. For all the trials carried out using such a configuration, the corresponding cake meal contained less than 10% residual oil, and the total oil yield was 78% in the best operating conditions. Nevertheless, the contribution of the aqueous extraction stage was extremely limited, less than 5% in the best trial, partly due to a ratio of the water to the press cake too low. For the aqueous extraction stage, the oil was extracted in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion whose stability was minimized because of its low proteins content due to their thermo-mechanical denaturation during the expression stage.     

The physico-chemical properties of the seed and seed oil ofJatropha gossipifolia

The physico-chemical properties of the seed and seed oil ofJatropha gossipifolia were assessed by standard methods. The seed contains 35.8% crude oil of iodine value 107.25, 13.40% protein, 9.25% fibre, 30.32% carbohydrate and 6.0 g/kg saponins. The fatty acid composition of the seed oil was determined by GC-MS. Caprylic, myristic, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, stearic, linoleic, vernolic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric acids were found.     

Effects of cooking and screw-pressing on functional properties of protein in milkweed (Asclepias spp.) seed meals and press cakes

This study determined the effects of oil processing conditions on functional properties of milkweed seed proteins to evaluate their potential for value-added uses. Flaked milkweed seeds were cooked at 82 °C (180 °F) for 30, 60 or 90 min in the seed conditioner, and then screw-pressed to extract the oil. Proximate composition and protein functional properties of cooked flakes and press cakes were determined and compared with those of unprocessed ground, defatted milkweed seeds. Milkweed seed protein was most soluble at the pH range of 7–10, had excellent emulsifying properties, and produced substantial but highly unstable foams. Heat applied during seed cooking and screw-pressing did not reduce protein solubility and improved emulsifying, foaming, and water-holding capacities. Emulsifying capacity was much higher at pH 10 than at pH 7. These results showed that the protein in both the milkweed seed and its press cake from oil processing has useful functional properties that could be utilized in applications such as paint emulsifier and adhesive extender.     

茶叶籽油的加工工艺及其保健功效研究进展

茶叶籽油是一种纯天然高级木本可食用油脂,具有很高的营养价值和保健作用,其不饱和脂肪酸含量超过80%,维E含量丰富,具有降血脂、抗氧化及调节免疫功能、抗癌、美容护肤等保健功效。经初加工的茶叶籽油色泽深,带有苦涩味,需精加工。本文就茶叶籽油的理化特性、成分组成、加工工艺及其保健功能作一综述,以期为茶叶籽油的综合开发利用提供参考和依据。     

红花籽油中不皂化物成分的分析

红花籽油是一种优质食用植物油。采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱及气－质联用方法分离和测试红花籽油不皂化物成分,结果表明,红花籽油不皂化物主要成分为甾醇、三萜醇和４－甲基甾醇等。甾醇含量最高,占不皂化物总量的６２．５％,三萜醇和４－甲基甾醇含量分别为１３．９％和７．５％。甾醇由８种分组成,三萜醇和４－甲基甾醇均由４种成分组成。     

植物拉丝蛋白的功能特性及其应用

叙述了植物拉丝蛋白的定义和功能特性,并介绍了植物拉丝蛋白的主要功能性及其在食品加工中的应用。     

Legume seed protein extraction,processing, and end product characteristics

Because of the difficulties in growing soybean in many parts of the world, other leguminosae crops (fababean, pea, lentil, lupine, bean chickpea, cow pea, etc.) are now being studied as new protein sources. They generally have a high protein content and a satisfactory amino acid composition. The studies which have led to the development of industrial flow sheets for protein extraction have mainly been carried out on pea (Pisum sativum), fababean (Vicia faba), and lupine (Lupinus albus). The processes generally used are (1) pin-milling plus air-classification which when applied to starch-rich legume seeds (pea, fababean), results in concentrates (defined as having protein contents of 60–75%), and (2) wet processes which produce isolates (defined as having protein contents of 90% to 95%). By air-classification, concentrates having 68% and 65% protein can be obtained, respectively, from fababean (31% protein) and pea (21% protein). Isolates, prepared by extraction of the flour proteins with alkaline solution followed by acid precipitation, have a protein content (N × 6.25) generally between 90% and 96% and a protein recovery yield varying between 60% and 65%. As a rule, isolates resulting from ultrafiltered extracts have a higher protein content. From the nutritional evaluation of these two types of products, concentrates and isolates, it appears that wet processes are more efficient for eliminating antinutritional factors. α-galactosides and glycosides are present in isolates only in traces. As for trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinins, only one third of the activities in the flour remained in the isolates (in dry processes, the residual levels of these antinutritional factors were higher). From the studies of their functional properties, it appears that isolates and concentrates from sources such as fababean and peas, produced by the new processes described, are to some extent complementary or equivalent in their functional properties to those of the soybean, particularly for emulsifying and foaming purposes. These observations should encourage the development of these new processes.     

芥菜籽油和亚麻仁油中脂肪酸和不皂化物成分的分析

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱对芥菜籽油和亚麻仁油中的脂肪酸和甾醇、４—甲基甾醇、三萜醇等不皂化物成分进行了分离、鉴定和测定。     

Processing of maize germ oil cake into edible food grade meal and evaluation of its protein quality

The commercial oil cake produced during expeller pressing of maize germ, was extracted with n-hexane and 80 percent ethanol followed by seiving to remove undesirable materials. In defatted maize germ oil cake (DMGOC): protein, starch, fat, crude fiber (CF) and ash were respectively 24.69, 36.55, 5.68, 7.56 and 3.90 percent and they decrease after processing except ash, which increased slightly. It contains better quality protein having only 3 percent zein and 47 percent albumin. Its amino acids like lysine and tryptophan and biological value (BV) were higher than that of whole maize grain, and was comparable with that of the amino acid requirement of preschool children and casein diets both. Its digestible energy (DE) was lower compared with whole maize grain as well as the casein diets. After processing albumin, globulin and zein decreased whereas glutelin and the residual fraction increased. Not much differences were observed in chemical composition and different amino acids, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), true digestibility (TD), BV and DE improved after processing.     

Physical properties of tung seed: An industrial oil yielding crop

Data on physical properties of seeds have significant importance for machinery and process equipments design. This study was conducted to investigate some physical properties of tung seed (Aleutites Fordii) namely, dimensions, 100 unit mass, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, aspect ratio, surface area, bulk density, true density, porosity, terminal velocity and coefficient of friction. The applications of these properties are also discussed. The tung seed has an average of 13.24% (d.b.) moisture and 40.37% oil content. The average seed length, width, thickness were 22.61 mm, 20.35 mm, 13.95 mm, respectively. The average surface area of tung seed is 1084.20 mm² while the sphericity and aspect ratio were 0.82 and 90.07%, respectively. The average bulk density of seed was 0.502 g/cm³ while the true density was 0.995 g/cm³, and the corresponding porosity was 49.88%. The terminal velocity was 8.3 m/s. The static coefficient of friction on three different contacting materials has been found out and the results showed that the mean value of static coefficient friction was least in case of aluminum sheet while it is highest for plywood.     

Valorisation of Jatropha curcas: Solubilisation of proteins and sugars from the NaOH extracted de-oiled press cake

In this study, we investigated the possibilities for increasing the valorisation of de-oiled Jatropha press cake (DO-JPC). The studied raw material is the by-product of the alkaline protein extraction of the DO-JPC: NaOH Extracted DO-JPC (NEDO-JPC). Protein solubilisation of NEDO-JPC was performed under neutral and acidic conditions (pH 2, 100 mM maleic acid), at elevated temperature (100, 120, and 140 °C), and at 5% (w/w) dry solids loading. After the treatment, the amount of solubilised protein was determined, as well as the solubilisation of polymeric sugars and formation of sugar degradation products furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Although a clear influence is shown for temperature, no difference in protein solubilisation was found between treatments at pH 7 and pH 2. A maximum of 25% (w/w) of the available protein was solubilised, at 140 °C. The lignocellulose fraction of NEDO-JPC proved relatively recalcitrant to acid hydrolysis, suggesting a more intense treatment to be necessary to sufficiently increase accessibility for cellulolytic enzymes in a lignocellulosic bioethanol process. At €8.00 per tonne DO-JPC, it is concluded that the possibilities for valorisation of the protein fraction of NEDO-JPC at neutral and acid pH are limited, leaving the lignocellulose fraction as a source of valorisation to be investigated.     

Identification of seed protein and oil related QTL in 944 RILs from a diallel of early-maturing European soybean

Soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]is a global protein source and is currently expanding in Central and Northern Europe.Protein and oil content are two important quality traits that have been studied in different germplasm,however,their genetic architecture in earlymaturing European soybean has not been investigated yet.In this study,we therefore performed QTL mapping for both traits using 944 recombinant inbred lines derived from eight families from a half-diallel crossing design.We identified five QTL for each trait,with the QTL on chromosomes 8,15,and 20 being identified for both protein content and oil content.The known major QTL on chromosome 20 was detected in four families whereas the other QTL were only found in single families.Further analyses revealed the QTL to have pleiotropic but inverse effects on both traits.The effect of the major QTL was comparable between families,illustrating that it is largely independent from the genetic background.Collectively,our results illustrate the quantitative nature of protein and oil content in early European soybean.Marker-assisted selection for the QTL is possible,but the inverse effect on protein and oil content should be kept in mind.     

不同种肥对高油大豆籽粒蛋白质、油分产量的动态影响

以高油品种东农46为试验材料,采用N、P、K、NP、NK、PK、NPK七种种肥处理,每种种肥四个水平,探讨了各种肥料在开花后45～65 d对高油大豆籽粒蛋白质、油分产量的动态影响.结果表明,花后55 d蛋白质产量最高,花后65 d油分产量最高,K对油分产量积累作用明显,K肥高水平蛋白质产量最高,NPK低水平肥力油分产量最高.     

芝麻种子木质素组分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白含量及相关性分析

对我国芝麻育成品种及高代品系共48份种子的主要品质成分粗脂肪和粗蛋白质及芝麻特有成分木质素(Lignan)组分芝麻明(Sesamin)、芝麻酚(Sesamol)和芝麻林酚(Sesamolin)的含量进行了分析.结果表明粗脂肪含量平均值为57.78%;木质素总量均值为0.829%,变幅为0.266%～1.278%,其中主要组分是芝麻明,平均含量为0.593%,筛选出一批优异种质资源.粗脂肪与粗蛋白质含量间呈极显著负相关,与芝麻明呈显著正相关,芝麻明与芝麻林酚呈极显著正相关,粗蛋白质与芝麻酚呈显著正相关.     

Functionality of protein from corn germ and lupine seed

Some aspects of the functional behaviour with water were studied for a protein concentrate from corn germ, and, in lupine seed, for the proteins of the flour and for the purified globulins. The properties studied were solubility as a function of pH and of ionic strength, water adsorption and foaming behaviour. The results are discussed.     

Physico-chemical composition and characterisation of the seed and seed oil ofSclerocarya birrea

The physicochemical composition ofSclerocarya birrea was assessed by standard methods and was found to contain 11.0% Crude oil, 17.2% Carbohydrate, 36.70% Crude protein 3.4% fibre and 0.9% crude saponins. The fatty acid distribution in the seed oil was obtained by fractionating the volatised fatty acid by GC-MS. The oil is made up of nine fatty acids of which palmitic, stearic and arachidonic acids are the most dominant.