芝麻种质资源RAPD分析及其遗传多样性

利用RAPD分子标记方法,选取60个随机引物,对从我国保存的芝麻种质资源中接续取的19个种质进行遗传多样性分析,选出扩增效果好的14个多态性引物,并用于统计分析,14个引物共扩增出142条带,其中多态性带61条,占43%,平均每个引物有4.36条,变化范围2～7条,依据聚类分析结果可将19个供试材料分为4大类,地理来源较远的国外种质与我国本地种质之间遗传差民较大.利用RAPD标记技术在基因水平上分析芝麻种质资源遗传多样性完全可行.     

Evaluation of genetic diversity in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) using RAPD and ISSR markers

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is an industrially important plant used for production of curcumin, oleoresin and essential oil. In the present study we examined the genetic diversity among turmeric accessions from 10 different agro-climatic regions comprising 5 cultivars and 55 accessions. Two DNA-based molecular marker techniques, viz., random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) were used to assess the genetic diversity in turmeric genotypes. A total of 17 polymorphic primers (11 RAPDs and 6 ISSRs) were used in this study. RAPD analysis of 60 genotypes yielded 94 fragments of which 75 were polymorphic with an average of 6.83 polymorphic fragments per primer. Number of amplified fragments with RAPD primers ranged from 3 to 13 with the size of amplicons ranging from 230 to 3000 bp in size. The polymorphism ranged from 45 to 100 with an average of 91.4%. The 6 ISSR primers produced 66 bands across 60 genotypes of which 52 were polymorphic with an average of 8.6 polymorphic fragments per primer. The number of amplified bands varied from 1 to 14 with size of amplicons ranging from 200 to 2000 bp. The percentage of polymorphism using ISSR primers ranged from 83 to 100 with an average of 95.4%. Nei's dendrogram for 60 samples using both RAPD and ISSR markers demonstrated an extent of 62% correlation between the genetic similarity and geographical location. The result of Nei's genetic diversity (H) generated from the POP gene analysis shows relatively low genetic diversity in turmeric accessions of South eastern ghat (P7), Western undulating zone (P8) with 0.181 and 0.199 value whereas highest genetic diversity (0.257) has been observed in Western central table land (P9). Knowledge on the genetic diversity of turmeric from different agro-climatic regions can be used to future breeding programs for increased curcumin, oleoresin and essential oil production to meet the ever-increasing demand of turmeric for industrial and pharmaceutical uses.     

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity inSolanum populations to predict need for fine screening

Populations of two wild potato species known to have high levels of green peach aphid, PLRV, and PVY resistance (Solanum polytrichon PI 184170 andS. stoloniferum PI 160226) were assessed for heterogeneity of RAPD markers among plants within these populations and among other populations of the same species. These species are reputed selfers, so were suspected of being relatively inbred. About 75% of the bands segregating within their species were fixed within these populations, and more than 90% of the total bands observed within these populations were fixed. These levels of homogeneity were not significantly different from those of an inbred population ofS. albicans known to be extremely homogeneous. It can be expected that populations such as these, that are relatively homogeneous, are also more likely to be homogeneous for specific traits of interest. Thus, there may be less need for rigorous fine screening of these materials at the genotype level before making breeding crosses.     

ISSR标记揭示我国向日葵列当群体的遗传多样性

向日葵列当是目前严重危害我国向日葵生产的寄生性种子植物。为了明确我国不同地区向日葵列当的亲缘关系,本试验利用ISSR标记对采自我国不同省份的96份向日葵列当样本进行了群体遗传多样性的研究。结果表明：从100条ISSR引物中筛选出多态性高、重复性好的12条引物用于群体遗传分析;以供试的列当DNA为模板,利用上述筛选到的引物进行PCR 扩增,共扩增出147 条带,其中90 条具有多态性,多态性条带的百分率为61.2%。不同地区采集的列当群体的Shannon信息指数和Nei′s多样性指数均随着群体样本数量的增加而增大,其中内蒙古地区和新疆地区向日葵列当的多态性相对较高,Shannon信息指数分别为0.5560和0.5067。遗传聚类结果表明6个不同省区的向日葵列当可被聚成两个亚组,其中山西、河北和陕西聚成一个亚组,吉林、新疆和内蒙古聚成另外一个亚组;河北和陕西来源的列当样本亲缘关系最近,而新疆与河北两地的列当样本亲缘关系最远。     

31份江苏省白菜型油菜 遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用RAPD标记对31份来自江苏省白菜型油菜的遗传多样性进行了分析,选用20对随机引物扩增结 果,共获得312个RAPD标记位点,其中205个位点具有多态性,多态率达65. 7%。根据312个标记位点信息,用 UPMGA法建立了江苏省31份白菜型油菜的亲缘关系聚类图,结果显示,在遗传距离0. 0988上, 31个品种分Ⅰ、Ⅱ 两个大簇,第Ⅰ簇5个品种,第Ⅱ簇26个品种;在遗传距离0. 0679上,簇Ⅱ分三个亚簇ⅡA、ⅡB、ⅡC,亚簇ⅡA 3个 品种,亚簇ⅡB 21个品种,亚簇ⅡC 2个品种;来自南通县的南通黄油菜和淮阴县的清江大菜籽之间的遗传距离最 小,为0. 0577,亲缘关系最近。对来自同一县的多个品种的RAPD结果进行了遗传多样性指数分析,结果显示, SHANNON - WEAVER多样性指数和SIMPSON指数结果一致。     

应用RAPD技术分析花生品种遗传变异

应用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ 技术分析１２ 个花生品种的遗传多样性。从８０ 个随机引物中筛选出２０个进行扩增,共扩增出１８０ 条带,其中１３２ 条具有多态性,占７３．３３％ 。平均每个引物提供９ 个ＲＡＰＤ标记的信息量。计算了１２ 个花生品种的遗传相似系数和遗传距离。应用Ｕｎｗ ｅｉｇｈｔｅｄ ｐａｉｒ－ｇｒｏｕｐ ａｖｅｒａｇｅ方法进行聚类分析,结果金花３９—２—１９ 和金花３９—２—５１ 距离最近,并与它们父本泉花１０ 号聚为一类,金花１０１２、金花１０３ 和它们的父本汕油７１ 聚为一类,白皮１ 号与奥油２０２ 聚为一类,而鲁花１４ 和中花２ 号聚为一类,梧油６号,以及ＴＷ０４ 各为一类。表明在ＤＮＡ水平上可以分析花生品种之间的亲源关系     

中国秋大豆预选核心种质遗传多样性的RAPD分析

对中国秋大豆预选核心种质进行了RAPD分析。用10个Operon公司生产的10碱基对随机序列引物,在146份材料中扩增出69个位点,平均多态性位点数4．4,其中25个位点无多态性,占总数的36％,多态性位点数44条,占总数的64％。利用SPSS 10．0版本软件对146份材料RAPD标记结果进行分析,得出遗传距离为0．703－0．959,根据STATISTICA软件系统的UPGMA方法聚类分析,在Linkage距离为2．8处分类,形成3个类群。三个类群平均生育日数呈递增趋势。     

Effects of functional groups and species richness on biomass constituents relevant for combustion: results from a grassland diversity experiment

Grassland biomass has been identified as a potential energy source. The combustion of mature and fibrous biomass, as occurs in extensive grasslands managed with low cutting frequencies, is one possible conversion technique. This study tested the relationship between plant diversity and biomass constituents relevant for combustion, as they determine energy content, energy yield and emission and corrosion risks. The biomass from a biodiversity experiment, with a species richness (SR) gradient of 1–60 species from Central European mesophilic grasslands divided into four functional groups (grasses, legumes, small and tall herbs), was harvested twice a year (in 2008 and 2009). The higher heating value (HHV) was estimated from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contents to give insight into the energy potential of the species mixtures. The potential risk of emission and corrosion was assessed by analysing ash content, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, sulphur and chloride content. HHV was independent of SR, and the overall mean was 18·13 MJ kg^?1 DM. Biomass and gross energy (GE) yield were positively affected by SR. The presence of legumes in a mixture resulted in increased HHV, biomass yield and GE, irrespective of the level of SR. Annual GE varied between 59 (average of monocultures) and 152 GJ ha^?1 year^?1 (mixture of sixty species). The concentration of ash‐forming elements was generally high, suggesting a pre‐treatment of the biomass prior to combustion. Emission‐ and corrosion‐related constituents were clearly affected by the different functional groups, and sulphur and nitrogen both declined with SR. The results of this study show that high SR in experimental grassland communities is beneficial for the energy output and that legumes play a key role for the energy potential. However, identifying a functional group as being solely beneficial or disadvantageous for fuel quality was difficult.     

应用RAPD和ISSR分子标记构建茶树回交1代部分遗传图谱

用ISSR引物14条、RAPD引物20条,对福鼎大白茶及其回交1代94个单株进行ISSR和RAPD检测,共得到分离标记174个,其中符合孟德尔1:1分离比例的标记为90个,占标记总数的51.7%,其中ISSR标记63个,RAPD标记27个;符合3:1和1:3分离比例的标记36个,占标记总数的20.7%。利用Mapmaker 3.0软件将符合1:1、3:1和1:3分离比例的126个标记构建遗传连锁图,其中62个分子标记被归纳到7个连锁群,另外64个标记由于与该7个连锁群的距离过大而未被包含在内。在被包含在7个遗传连锁群内的62个分子标记中,有46个RAPD标记和16个ISSR标记。该遗传连锁图的总图距为1180.9 cM,标记间的平均距离为20.1 cM。其中连锁群LG4覆盖的遗传距离最大,为309.3 cM;LG6包含的标记数最多,共18个标记,平均距离15.7 cM。     

长江中、下游地区白菜型油菜遗传多样性RAPD分析及其与农艺性状的相关性

利用RAPD方法和统计学分析方法对代表我国长江中、下游地区的浙江省和湖北省89份白菜型油菜地方品种进行了遗传多样性及其相关性研究.从农艺性状的聚类分析将两省品种划分为独立的两大类群.RAPD指纹图谱以DNA分子水平的聚类分析可以将89份白菜型油菜品种分为2类群和2个簇及3个亚簇,进一步反映品种间亲缘关系,表明地方品种间具有非常丰富的遗传多样性.     

利用RAPD、ISSR分子标记分析野牡丹属亲缘关系

采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术对9个种44份野牡丹属种质资源进行了亲缘关系分析。结果表明:11条ISSR引物共扩增出91条谱带,其中多态性条带90条,多态性条带的比率为98.9%;16条RAPD引物共扩增出113条谱带,其中101条多态性条带,多态性比率为89.38%。2种分子标记相比较,ISSR分子标记检测出的多态性比率更高。44份野牡丹属种质明显聚为2组,种质资源遗传相似系数在0.61~0.88,平均相似系数0.75。基于不同引物的条带组合构建了供试的44份野牡丹属种质资源的ISSR和RAPD指纹图谱,采用这2种指纹图谱可对供试的所有野牡丹属种质资源进行鉴定。     

橡胶树多主棒孢病菌遗传多态性分析

利用ISSR（简单序列重复区间扩增多态性）和RAPD（随机扩增多态DNA）技术对供试的18个多主棒孢菌株进行了遗传多态性分析,研究结果表明,2种分子标记技术均能揭示橡胶多主棒孢病菌的遗传多态性。同时利用P距离模型构建了18个多主棒孢菌株的UPGMA聚类分析树状图,根据2种技术构建的UPG—MA聚类树状图可将供试菌株分为3个主要类群。ISSR类群和RAPD类群与地理来源均不存在明显的关系。     

香草兰豆挥发性香气成分比较研究与电子感官图谱绘制

采用感官评定法,结合电子鼻（E-Nose）和顶空固相微萃取-气-质联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术,分析不同产地、年限、等级香草兰豆的挥发性成分,建立香草兰豆种类和品质快速检测方法。结果表明：香草兰豆感官评分由高到低依次为海南2013年一级豆、海南2013年二级豆、科摩罗2013年二级豆、汤加2013年二级豆、海南2012年二级豆、海南2013年三级豆、海南2010年二级豆、海南2011年二级豆。不同产地、年限、等级的香草兰豆挥发性成分的整体信息在电子鼻主成分分析（PCA）图谱中有显著差异。海南2010、2011和2012年二级香草兰豆分别被检测出65、60和62种挥发性成分,相对含量最多为香草醛,分别为60.00％、57.00％、62.78％;不同种类香草兰豆的芳香族类、醛类、酮类、酸类、醇类、杂环等六大类香气化合物相对含量有明显差异。在此基础上绘制电子鼻指纹图谱,利用电子图谱可以快速区分香草兰豆的种类和品质。     

基于ISSR与ITS-RFLP的花生白绢病菌遗传多样性分析

本研究利用简单重复序列区间(Inter Simple Sequence Repeat,ISSR)和ITS-RFLP技术,对采自我国12个省市的39个花生白绢病菌菌株进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明:从筛选出的17条ISSR引物共扩增出269条DNA谱带,其中多态性谱带266条,平均多态性百分率为98.9％,UPGMA聚类分...     

香荚兰属种质研究与利用现状

据不完全统计,华南地区有显著观花特色的树种共有60科168属315种。对这些观花树种的形态、花色、花期、园林应用频率等方面进行了分类,并重点介绍几种值得推广的观花树种,为华南地区园林设计观花树种的选择提供资料。     

Effects of species richness and functional groups on chemical constituents relevant for methane yields from anaerobic digestion: results from a grassland diversity experiment

Changes in livestock production systems have led to land‐use changes and abandonment, especially of semi‐natural grassland in agriculturally less favoured regions. The generation of energy from biomass of extensive, high‐diversity grasslands can be an alternative to their abandonment, and anaerobic digestion is one possible method for converting grassland biomass into energy. However, little is known about the effects of species richness (SR) and functional groups on chemical constituents relevant for anaerobic digestion and the resulting energy potential. In this study, changes in the herbage chemical constituents that are relevant for forage quality were studied along a well‐defined diversity gradient (one to sixty species) and across different combinations of functional groups (legumes, small herbs, tall herbs and grasses). Substrate‐specific methane yield (CH_4 sub) was estimated through the concentrations of forage‐quality parameters such as crude fibre (CF), crude protein (CP), crude lipid, nitrogen‐free extract and their documented digestibility values, as well as the respective methane yields. Results show that with increasing SR, the CF increased and CP decreased, even though these effects could not be fully disentangled from the presence of grasses. These trends led to a negative effect of SR on CH_4 sub, while the area‐specific methane yield (CH_4 area = CH_4 sub × biomass yield) increased due to a strong increase in biomass with increasing SR. The CH_4 sub was increased when legumes were present, and it declined with the presence of grasses. Generally, CH_4 sub and CH_4 area varied between functional‐group monocultures and all functional‐group mixtures.     

RAPD分子标记及其在茶树遗传育种中的应用

分子标记是一种新型的遗传标记，它为作物遗传育种研究提供了新的手段，在缩短育种周期，提高育种效益等方面展现了广阔的应用前景，本文着重介绍RAPD分子标记原理的概述以及这项技术在茶树遗传育种中的应用现状和前景。     

The genetic diversity of perennial Leymus chinensis originating from China

Leymus chinensis is an economically and ecologically important grass that is widely distributed across eastern areas of the Eurasian steppe. A better knowledge of genetic diversity of L. chinensis could be valuable in the efficient utilization, conservation and management of germplasm collections. Genetic diversity in thirty‐seven morphological characters of 293 accessions was assessed in three successive years. Based on these qualitative and quantitative characters, the genetic diversity indices (Shannon indices) of traits and geographical populations were estimated, and a principal coordinates analysis and a path analysis were undertaken. Compared with the yellow‐green type of L. chinensis, the grey‐green type had significantly (P < 0·05) more genetic diversity. In addition, the path analysis suggested that the combined effects of genetic diversity and vegetative traits could explain 0·206 of the total variance in plant reproductive traits. The highest Shannon genetic diversity index of accessions (H = 2·252) was observed in accessions from the region of longitude of 124–128°E, suggesting the most abundant germplasm of L. chinensis in this region.     

河北省大豆种质资源同工酶及RAPD标记多样性研究

利用过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶和RAPD分子标记技术对60份河北省大豆种质资源的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明，过氧化物酶同工酶谱带有12条，酶谱类型有21种，聚类结果基本上能够区分不同生态区的材料。RAPD分子标记多态性高，10个引物扩增出58条谱带，29条具有多态性，聚类结果可将供试材料划分为8个类群，揭示了其亲缘关系，同时，还反映出品种或品系与地理起源有一定的相关性。