南宁朱槿害虫种类及其为害调查

经过3年的调查研究,基本查清了广西南宁的朱槿害虫种类,共9种,分别隶属于4目9科.其中较常发生且为害严重的害虫2种,广西新记录害虫5种,并在广西首次发现扶桑绵粉蚧.描述了主要害虫的为害特征及5种新记录害虫的形态特征,为今后制定防治措施提供了参考.     

我国梨园发现苏嘎梨喀木虱为害

2019年4月底,在北京、甘肃、湖北、辽宁等地一些梨园陆续发现梨树叶片异常被害状,经调查发现造成该为害状的害虫为一种未知梨木虱,在国内尚未见报道。本文简要描述了此种梨木虱的形态识别特征,测定了该害虫的16S rDNA和C OⅠ基因片段序列,依据测序结果及形态特征,鉴定为苏嘎梨喀木虱Cacopsylla pyrisuga,为国内新记录种。本文还描述了该害虫的为害状、为害程度、药剂防治效果,为深入研究其发生规律和防治技术提供参考。     

吉林省黄芪害虫种类调查

为掌握吉林省黄芪害虫种类及为害情况,通过现场调查和人工饲养的方法历时5年时间对黄芪害虫进行了调查研究.结果表明:吉林省黄芪害虫32种,分属于4目18科.其中20种害虫首次报道为害黄芪,5种为吉林省新记录种.描述了豆蚜Aphis craccivora、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum、黄芪根瘤象Sitona ...     

葡萄羽蛾的初步研究

葡萄羽蛾是近年吉林地区发现为害葡萄果实的一种新害虫。以山地和管理粗放的果园为害较重。该虫在吉林地区每年发生2代,以成虫越冬。幼虫为害果实,且频繁转果为害,造成大量落果和部分畸形果,是当前生产上应高度重视的新害虫。可在幼虫蛀果前和蛀果初期,喷施合成菊酯类和低毒的有机磷类杀虫剂。另外,清洁田园,提高栽培管理水平等可明显减轻为害。     

警惕葡萄根瘤蚜在北方葡萄产区为害蔓延

葡萄根瘤蚜是葡萄上的毁灭性害虫,对我国北方葡萄生产具有潜在威胁.结合北方气候变化和葡萄栽培措施,从葡萄根瘤蚜的发生史、分布现状、生活史、发生规律、影响因素和防治现状等方面综合分析该虫在北方葡萄产区形成灾变的可能性,并简要提出了控制为害蔓延的建议.     

苹果新害虫印度小裂绵蚜的发生与为害

印度小裂绵蚜是我国苹果上的一种新害虫,国内新记录种。该虫已在云南省昭通和昆明市苹果种植区普遍发生与为害,全省发生面积9 610.0hm2,占种植面积的37.3%。若虫体白色或乳白色,体外被白色绵状物,主要为害苹果须根和新根,不形成肿瘤,集中发生于地下0.5m范围以内。印度小裂绵蚜对苹果造成的产量损失平均为30.7%,严重影响苹果树的生长和产量。本文介绍了印度小裂绵蚜的分布、发生与为害,及其与苹果绵蚜在形态特征和为害特点上的区别。     

苹浅褐卷蛾及其检疫技术

苹浅褐卷蛾Epiphyas postvittana（Walker）在新西兰是苹果、梨、柿子、葡萄等水果上重要的害虫种类，该虫被列为我国苹果上潜在危险性害虫之一。本文对苹浅褐卷蛾的形态特征、发生和为害规律及其检疫和防治技术进行了较为详细的阐述，以期为该害虫在我国的检疫和防治提供参考。     

葡萄上蓟马种类与发生规律

为了明确为害葡萄的主要蓟马种类与发生规律,为今后葡萄生产中防治该虫提供参考,本研究选取广西桂林、柳州、罗城和南宁等主要葡萄种植区代表点,于2013-2014年对葡萄上蓟马发生种类和规律进行了连续调查研究。结果表明在广西葡萄上共有7种蓟马,隶属于锯尾亚目(Terebrantia)蓟马科(Thripidae)2属6种和管尾亚目(Tubulifera)管蓟马科(Phlaeothripidae)1属1种。其中在桂林,柳州和南宁鲜食葡萄上优势种为黄胸蓟马[Thrips hawaiiensis(Morgan)]和杜鹃蓟马(Thrips andrewsi Bagnall),罗城毛葡萄上为华简管蓟马(Haplothrips chinensis Priesner)。在这7种蓟马中,茶黄硬蓟马(Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood)在葡萄嫩梢叶上终年可见,其他种类蓟马仅在葡萄花期为害,花期过后很难见到。葡萄上蓟马种类和发生规律的调查研究为今后该类害虫研究和综合防治措施的制定奠定了基础。     

果树病虫害综合防治技术

<正>我国有记载的苹果病害约100余种,害虫700多种(其中为害较重的病害20多种,害虫30多种);为害梨树的病害80多种,害虫700多种(其中为害较重的病害10多种,害虫20多种);为害葡萄的病害30多种,害虫300多种;桃树病害     

浙江葡萄新害虫——葡萄双棘长蠹的发生为害与防治

2009年4月,巴斯夫(中国)驻金华工作人员在金东区塘雅镇的葡萄枯枝上发现1种新害虫--葡萄双棘长蠹(Sinoxylon anale Lasne).该虫又名黑壳虫、戴帽虫,在浙江省系首次发现,目前国内也仅分布于贵州、四川、甘肃等地[2].该虫主要是钻蛀为害,蛀孔小.初期为害症状不明显,从幼虫到成虫都在枝条内部蛀食为害,为害期长.一旦发生如不及时处理,就会造成重大损失,轻者减产10%,重则减产30%.因此,各农业部门要加强领导和宣传,让葡萄种植户引起重视,及时做好该虫的防治工作,严防该虫的扩散及蔓延.     

渭北旱原酿酒葡萄与葡萄酒质量的研究

选取陕西省耀州区3个不同海拔高度(A点1 152 m,B点1 096 m,C点818 m)的葡萄园,对其葡萄与葡萄酒进行了成分分析和感官鉴定.结果表明,各点葡萄浆果含糖量以B点最高,A点最低;含酸量山地高于平地,山地上随海拔的升高而增加,糖酸比山地小于平地,在山地上随海拔的升高而递减;单宁含量以B点最高,C点最低.葡萄酒酒精发酵进程无明显差异,发酵趋势基本一致,发酵彻底,残糖均在2 g/L以下.葡萄酒的酒精度、总酸含量及单宁含量的变化趋势分别与浆果含糖量、含酸量和单宁含量相一致.山地葡萄酒的感官质量优于平地,在山地上又以海拔较低处优于海拔较高处.     

Relationship between azinphos-methyl usage and residues on grapes and in wine in Australia

Azinphos-methyl was applied to Shiraz winegrapes by commercial high-volume and hand-held sprayers during seasons 1993/94 and 1994/95. Residue levels in grapes resulting from treatments applied by commercial sprayer were below the maximum residue level (MRL) of 2 mg kg^-1 for grapes in Australia, whereas residues resulting from treatments applied by hand-held sprayer still exceeded the MRL five weeks after final application. There was a strong correlation for most treatments between treatment concentration of azinphos-methyl and residue level in grapes, and in wine made from treated grapes. Applied at the recommended rate (1·2 g litre^-1 wettable powder (WP) and 2·4 ml litre^-1 suspension concentrate (SC)) by commercial high-volume sprayer, azinphos-methyl residue levels in wine were well below the MRL, and below the MRLs of most importing countries, except Denmark and Sweden. When applied by hand-held sprayer, residue levels in wine were 5·9–29·6 fold higher than those previously obtained by commercial application of insecticide. Since wines are often blends from different grape blocks and grape-growing districts, in practice, this is unlikely to be of concern. Wine made from grapes treated by commercial sprayer showed no detectable residues of azinphos-methyl after one year of storage. In both years, residue levels in grapes of both formulations of azinphos-methyl fluctuated during the five-week post-treatment period, although there was an overall downward trend. Previously unrecorded systemicity in azinphos-methyl was demonstrated in laboratory studies with barley seedlings, and this may explain these fluctuating data in grapes. The reduction of azinphos-methyl residues in grapes over time appears to be a complex phenomenon involving translocation of active ingredient combined with an increase in the size and weight of berries, producing fluctuating residue levels. © 1998 SCI     

Ochratoxin a in Grapes and Wine

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A is a potent nephrotoxin and a possible human carcinogen. It occurs in a variety of plant products, including wine, grape juice and dried vine fruits. Several surveys have shown that the range of ochratoxin A contents detected in wine produced in Europe varied between 0.01 and 3.4gl^–1. Both incidence and concentration of the toxin were higher in wines from southern regions and increased in the order white < rosè < red. In Italy, field trials were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to study fungi associated with grapes and their ability to produce ochratoxin. Aspergillus and/or Penicillium strains were present on grapes, starting from setting in a few vineyards. The highest level of grape colonisation was found at early veraison in 1999 and at ripening in 2000. In both years, 95% of strains belonged to the genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus niger aggregate was dominant, with about 50% of the ochratoxin-positive strains identified as A carbonarius. Other authors have confirmed the relevance of these fungi and underlined the contribution of A. carbonarius to the ochratoxin contamination of wine. This species is very invasive and colonises and penetrates berries, even without skin damage. It emerges that temperature, rain and relative humidity are the main factors that influence ochratoxin production in grapes.     

Strains of Aureobasidium pullulans can lower ochratoxin A contamination in wine grapes

Wine contamination with ochratoxin A (OTA) is due to the attack of wine grapes by ochratoxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus spp. section Nigri. Four A. pullulans strains, AU14-3-1, AU18-3B, AU34-2, and LS30, are resistant to and actively degrade ochratoxin A in vitro. The less toxic ochratoxin alpha and the aminoacid L-beta-phenylalanine were the major degradation products, deriving from the cleavage of the amide bond linking these two moieties of OTA. The same strains were studied further as biocontrol agents of A. carbonarius on wine grapes in laboratory experiments. Three of the four strains significantly prevented infections by A. carbonarius. Berries pretreated with the biocontrol agents and infected with A. carbonarius contained lower amounts of OTA as compared to the untreated infected control berries. Two of these strains were shown to degrade OTA to ochratoxin alpha in fresh grape must, but the mechanisms of the decrease of OTA accumulation in infected berries pretreated with the biocontrol agents remain to be elucidated. Assessment of one strain carried out in the vineyard during the growing season of 2006 showed that the tested strain was an effective biocontrol agent, reducing both severity of Aspergillus rots and OTA accumulation in wine grapes. To our knowledge this is the first report describing the positive influence of biocontrol agents on OTA accumulation in this crop species.     

Postharvest Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea on Kiwifruit by Volatiles of [Isabella] Grapes

ABSTRACT The potential of volatile substances emitted by 'Isabella' grapes (Vitis labrusca) to control gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) on 'Hayward' kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) was studied. The closed Mariotte system was used as a bioassay method to analyze quantitatively the biological action of these volatiles on B. cinerea growth. In vivo experiments compared the effects of volatiles from 'Isabella' grapes versus volatiles from 'Roditis' grapes (V. vinifera) and a B. cinerea control on the growth and disease development of B. cinerea on kiwifruit. The effect of the volatiles on the growth of B. cinerea was tested at various temperatures and times of inoculation after the wounding of kiwifruit, as well as using various weights and developmental stages of the grapes. The 'Isabella' volatiles limited the incidence of infection by reducing both the inoculum density and the activity of the pathogen. The weight and developmental stage of the grapes were important in the degree of inhibitory action of the 'Isabella' volatiles. The inhibitory action was more pronounced at 21 degrees C irrespective of the inoculation time after wounding. The study shows the potential for successful biological control of B. cinerea on kiwifruit by volatiles from 'Isabella' grapes.     

The susceptibility of small fruits and cherries to the spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

BACKGROUND: The spotted‐wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is native to Asia and was first detected in the North American mainland and Europe in 2008–2010. Drosophila suzukii is a serious economic pest to stone and small fruits because the female lays eggs within ripening fruit on a plant before harvest, which can lead to crop loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, raspberries and strawberries to D. suzukii among various ripeness stages and cultivars. RESULTS: In 26 no‐choice and choice replicated laboratory cage tests on ripeness stages, fruits were generally susceptible to D. suzukii once fruits started to color. Few D. suzukii developed on green fruit, wine grapes or overripe blueberries. In seven cultivar tests, D. suzukii preferences ranged from no differences to fourfold differences for specific cultivars of blackberries, blueberries, raspberries and wine grapes. As brix levels increased, more eggs were laid or more D. suzukii developed on blackberries, blueberries, cherries, raspberries and strawberries. In a choice test of various fruit types, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries and blueberries were more susceptible to D. suzukii than green table grapes ('Thompson'). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that fruits may become susceptible to D. suzukii as they start to turn color, and that specific varieties of grapes and overripe blueberries have low susceptibility to D. suzukii. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

地形对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒香气成分的影响

采用液液萃取法提取3种地形下赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的香气成分,用气相色谱-质谱进行分离测定,结合计算机检索技术对分离化合物进行鉴定,并应用色谱蜂面积归-法测定各成分的相对含量.结果表明:海拔较低的山地葡萄酒主要香气成分的种类和相对含量高于海拔高的山地葡萄酒,其中吲哚-3-乙醇、2-乙基己醇、己酸乙酯仅在前者中被检出;平地葡萄酒主要香气成分的种类和相对含量仅次于地势较低的山地葡萄酒,其中酯类化合物含量明显高于山地葡萄酒;苯乙醇、乙酸异戊酯等构成葡萄酒特征香气的组分在高海拔山地葡萄酒中未被检出.     

有机肥对酿酒葡萄土壤微生物、酶活性及产量的影响

为明确施用不同有机肥对土壤有机质、酶活性和微生物以及酿酒葡萄产量的影响,采用田间小区设计,以5 a生赤霞珠酿酒葡萄为试验材料,研究不同有机肥对土层0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm中土壤有机质、酶活性和微生物的影响。以不施用有机肥为对照(CK),设置沼渣(BR)、羊粪有机肥(SMOF)、牛粪有机肥(CMOF)、猪粪有机肥(PMOF)、牛粪+沼渣有机肥(CMOF+BR)5个处理进行大田试验。结果表明:不同有机肥施用后与CK相比,土壤有机质增加6.79%～44.97%,土壤微生物碳增加19.78%～91.53%,微生物氮增加2.22倍～3.93倍,碱性磷酸酶增加57.78%～512.55%,过氧化氢酶增加53.45%～240.48%,增产15.12%～46.89%。不同土层施用牛粪有机肥相对于其它有机肥处理土壤有机质含量增长8.49%～33.29%;土壤中微生物碳、氮的含量分别增加5.30%～42.46%和6.12%～49.65%;碱性磷酸酶增大8.01%～184.63%,过氧化氢酶增加5.14%～84.27%,脲酶提高25.58%～410.70%,蔗糖酶升高6.00%～107.65%;微生物总数增多5.99%～56.56%。施用牛粪有机肥相比较其它有机肥增产7.08%～27.60%。说明在宁夏地区施用有机肥可有效提高土壤有机质的含量,增加微生物的数量,增加土壤酶活性,促进酿酒葡萄的生长发育,提高产量,其中以牛粪效果最为显著。     

Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pestalotiopsis bicilita,Diplodia seriata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diaporthe eres</Emphasis> causing fruit rot in withered grapes in Italy

Pestalotiopsis biciliata, Diplodia seriata and Diaporthe eres were recovered from severely diseased bunches of withered grapes for Amarone wine production. To our knowledge this post-harvest disease has never been seen before in withered grapes. Fruit rot occurred with bunches containing decayed berries partially or totally covered by whitish mycelium. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of fungal isolates from symptomatic fruits enabled species delimitation. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the three species are able to infect grape berries confirming that they are casual agents of fruit rot. This study provides preliminary insights on this post-harvest disease that might have important implications in grape quality.     

Determination of residues of 1-(2-cyano-2- methoxyiminoacetyl)-3-ethylurea (DPX-3217) by gas-liquid chromatography

Residues of the fungicide 1-(2-cyano-2-methoxyiminoacetyl)-3-ethylurea (DPX-3217) in grapes, potatoes, tomatoes and wine were determined by initial extraction with ethyl acetate, clean-up by liquid-liquid partitioning and adsorption chromatography, and final determination by gas-liquid chromatography with a nitrogen-selective detector. The sensitivity of the method was 0.04 mg kg^?1 based on 50-g samples. Recoveries of the compound added to untreated substrates averaged approximately 92% in the range of 0.04-5.0 mg kg^?1.