不同发酵条件对瓜类细菌性果斑病菌感染西瓜种子的影响

西(甜)瓜果斑病是西瓜嗜酸菌Acidovorax citrulli侵染瓜类作物引起的典型细菌病害,种子带菌是该病最重要的传播方式,防止种子感染是病害预防的首要环节。本研究分析了西瓜种子不同发酵条件对种子感染病菌的影响。研究通过人工接种西瓜发酵液,设置发酵温度为20℃和30℃,检测在不同发酵时间下发酵液pH、A.citrulli菌量、种子外部带菌量、种子内部带菌率,以及出苗发病率,系统地分析比较发酵条件对西瓜嗜酸菌侵染种子的影响。结果表明:从开始发酵到发酵24h,发酵液中A.citrulli菌量快速增长并达到峰值1011cfu/mL,随后逐渐减少;发酵24h的种子外部带菌量最高,达到4×109 cfu/mL;发酵过程中A.citrulli可侵染种皮内部(10%)及种仁(1%);发酵温度对种子感染A.citrulli及幼苗发病率的影响不显著;此外,发酵液菌量与pH相关性显著。以上研究结果表明:控制发酵温度并不能够减少A.citrulli菌的种子感染,减少发酵时间才是减少病菌增殖感染种子的防控关键。     

Bio-PCR方法检测葫芦科作物种子携带 西瓜嗜酸菌的特异性引物筛选

 由西瓜嗜酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)引起的细菌性果斑病是一种毁灭性的种传病害,可为害多种葫芦科作物并造成重大经济损失。该病原菌为检疫性有害生物,种子带菌是田间病害发生的最重要初侵染来源,因此,种子健康检测成为病害综合防控过程中的重要环节。Bio-PCR是当前种子携带细菌检测的常用方法,而特异性引物的选择和使用是检测的关键。本研究使用已报道的7对引物对17株西瓜嗜酸菌、10株嗜酸菌属其它种的菌株和6株其它属的植物病原细菌进行了Bio-PCR检测,筛选出对西瓜嗜酸菌特异性最好的引物为SEQID4^m/SEQID5。研究表明:使用该引物对西瓜嗜酸菌MH21纯菌菌悬液的检测限度为10² CFU·mL^-1;在人工添加菌悬液的模拟带菌西瓜种子中,使用ASCM和EBBA两种半选择性培养基结合引物SEQID4^m/SEQID5进行Bio-PCR检测,ASCM对种子中带菌量的检测限度可达到0.01 CFU·g^-1,EBBA对种子中带菌量的检测限度为0.1 CFU·g^-1。     

西瓜细菌性果斑病研究进展

西瓜细菌性果斑病是由类产碱假单胞菌西瓜亚种〔Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli (Schaad et al. 1978)〕所引起，1992年该病菌改名为燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种〔Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Willems et al. 1992) 〕。革兰氏阴性菌，属rRNA组I。不产生荧光和其他色素，单根极生鞭毛，严格好氧。不产生精氨酸水解酶，能在41℃下生长，但不能在4℃生长，明胶液化力弱，氧化酶和2－酮葡糖酸试验阳性。利用葡萄糖和蔗糖作碳源结果不一致；但利用β－丙氨酸、柠檬酸盐、乙醇、乙醇胺、果糖、L－亮氨酸和D－丝氨酸结果一致…     

北京地区主栽西瓜品种种子携带真菌检测及鉴定

用离体平皿法对北京西瓜产区主栽的11个西瓜品种进行种子带菌检测、分离纯化和形态学、ITS序列比对,确定其属或种地位。结果表明:不同品种所带真菌种类有差异,种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为曲霉属Aspergillus spp.、青霉属Penicilliumspp.、链格孢属Alternariaspp.和镰刀菌属Fusariumspp.;种子内部寄藏真菌主要为青霉属、根霉属Rhizopus spp.和曲霉属。种子外部检出的主要病原菌有镰刀菌属的F.verticillioides,F.proliferatum及茎点霉Phomasp.;种子内部检出的病原菌有F.verticillioides和F.oxysporum。不同品种间种子表面携带真菌量与种子内部携带真菌率差异显著,但种子外部带菌量和内部种仁带菌率之间无显著相关性。本研究对开展西瓜种子处理研究有借鉴意义。     

基于多重PCR技术的西瓜噬酸菌分组检测方法及其应用

瓜类细菌性果斑病是瓜类作物上重要的种传细菌性病害,其病原菌西瓜噬酸菌Acidovorax citrulli为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,种子种苗带菌是病害长距离传播的重要来源,种子种苗的快速检测对病害综合防控具有重要的意义。根据寄主的差异西瓜噬酸菌分为两个组,Ⅱ组菌株比Ⅰ组菌株具有更高的铜制剂敏感性,因此,西瓜噬酸菌的分组检测可为病害田间防治中铜制剂的精准使用提供科学依据,避免化学农药的过量施用。本研究筛选了现有的西瓜噬酸菌种间特异性引物和种内分组特异引物,建立并优化了一个多重PCR体系,实现了通过一步试验,就能够准确将西瓜噬酸菌与近缘种和其他植物病原细菌区分开来,并直接鉴定到西瓜噬酸菌不同组。该多重体系可以从带菌种子浸泡液和感病植物组织研磨液中直接检测到西瓜噬酸菌的不同组,且稳定性好,具有应用于生产实践的潜力。     

西瓜细菌性果斑病菌快速免疫PCR检测

对种子携带的西瓜细菌性果斑病菌(Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli)进行简单抽提和纯化,不经过DNA提取而以病原菌为模板进行PCR检测.结果显示,对带菌种子提取液采用直接PCR法最低检出限为3600个细菌/mL,而免疫PCR最低检出限可达到600个细菌/mL.免疫PCR法可以有效富集病原后再扩增,方便快速,成本低,灵敏度高,适用于种子携带微量的西瓜细菌性果斑病菌的快速鉴定.     

基于环介导等温扩增技术检测瓜类细菌性果斑病菌

本文利用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP),针对西瓜嗜酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)基因组中Aave_4063和Aave_4064序列设计了2对特异引物Ac-F3/Ac-B3和Ac-FIP/Ac-BIP,建立了西瓜嗜酸菌的LAMP检测体系。利用该体系在65℃保温1h,通过荧光显色即可完成检测。设计的引物特异性强,其检测灵敏度为2.0×101 cfu/mL。该方法为西瓜嗜酸菌的检疫及其所致病害的快速诊断提供了新的技术。     

应用微滴数字PCR同时检测瓜类种子携带果斑病菌和角斑病菌

细菌性果斑病和角斑病是葫芦科作物两大重要细菌病害,病原菌分别为西瓜嗜酸菌Acidovorax citrulli和丁香假单胞菌黄瓜致病变种Pseudomonas syringae pv.lachrymans。两种菌均可通过种子、种苗带菌进行远距离传播。种子检测是预防和控制这两种病害发生的首要环节。本研究应用微滴数字PCR技术(droplet digital PCR,ddPCR)建立了同时检测种子携带西瓜嗜酸菌和丁香假单胞菌的方法。结果显示:两种细菌菌悬液和DNA样品等浓度混合时,ddPCR能同时检测到两种靶标菌的最低混合菌悬液浓度和最低DNA浓度分别为10³ cfu/mL和10^-3 ng/μL,其检测灵敏度是平行测试的real-time PCR方法的10倍;对于非等浓度混合的菌悬液和DNA样品,两种靶标菌菌悬液按浓度比1∶1000(10³∶10⁶ cfu/mL)混合或其DNA浓度比为1∶10000(2.28×10^-3 ng/μL∶22.8 ng/μL)条件下,ddPCR可检测到低浓度的靶标菌,检测灵敏度同样是real-time PCR的10倍。此外,在人工接菌种子测试中,西瓜、甜瓜单粒种子平均带菌量10⁵~10⁶ cfu/粒时,ddPCR方法可检测到带菌率0.2%(n=500)的西瓜、甜瓜种子样品。将分别携带两种菌的种子按比例1∶10混合时ddPCR方法可以准确检出浓度相对低的靶标菌;而使用相同检测引物的real-time PCR检测方法则只能检出西瓜嗜酸菌和丁香假单胞菌带菌率分别为0.2%和2%(n=500)的甜瓜种子混合样品中的西瓜嗜酸菌,未能稳定检出丁香假单胞菌。综上所述,本研究基于ddPCR技术建立了可同时检测两种重要葫芦科种传细菌的方法,检测结果稳定可靠,丰富了当前种传病原细菌的检测技术体系。     

西瓜噬酸菌Ⅲ型分泌系统hrcQ基因功能分析

Ⅲ型分泌系统(type Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS)是影响西瓜噬酸菌Acidovorax citrulli致病性的重要因素,hrcQ作为T3SS的保守基因,在组成和维持该系统功能方面扮演着重要角色,但hrcQ在西瓜噬酸菌中的具体生物学功能尚不明确。本试验以西瓜噬酸菌Aac5菌株为研究对象,通过基因敲除、致病力及相关表型测定等,解析了hrcQ基因的功能。结果表明:hrcQ缺失导致Aac5菌株对寄主的致病能力丧失,运动性及生物膜形成能力降低,并丧失了引起烟草过敏性反应能力;hrcJ和hrcR基因在hrcQ缺失突变株中的表达量下调,hrcQ对hrcJ和hrcR基因均为正调控。表明hrcQ在维持西瓜噬酸菌致病能力中起着不可或缺的作用。     

瓜类细菌性果斑病研究进展

瓜类细菌性果斑病是发生在甜瓜、西瓜等葫芦科植物上的一种严重的世界性病害,此病是典型的种传细菌性病害,病原为嗜酸菌属西瓜种(Acidovorax citrulli)。本文围绕瓜类细菌性果斑病菌的分离检测、致病机理、遗传多样性及防治等方面的研究进展作一概述,阐明了瓜类细菌性果斑病的研究现状。     

种子引发处理对无籽西瓜幼苗生长的影响和对细菌性果斑病菌消毒的效果

 种子出苗率低和传带细菌性果斑病菌是制约三倍体无籽西瓜生产的主要原因。本试验利用KMnO₄、CuSO₄和ZnSO₄的不同浓度溶液对无籽西瓜种子进行不同时间引发处理, 通过滤纸发芽试验, 观测其对种子发芽和幼苗生长的促进作用;借助平板法测定引发溶液对细菌性果斑病菌FC247的抑制作用, 免疫凝聚试纸条和传统PCR检测引发处理对种子人工接菌FC247的消毒效果。结果表明:0.1% CuSO₄溶液引发处理4 h和0.2% ZnSO₄溶液引发处理24 h, 分别比未引发处理的无籽西瓜种子发芽率提高71.1%和73.3%, 并能显著提高发芽整齐度和幼苗素质;同时, 引发溶液对细菌性果斑病菌有显著抑制作用, 并对人工接菌种子表现出-定程度的消毒效果。     

进境番茄种子中番茄花叶病毒的检测与鉴定

利用双抗夹心 酶联免疫吸附试验(DAS-ELISA)和反转录 聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法对来自韩国的番茄种子进行种传病毒检测。结果表明,在该批番茄种子中检测到番茄花叶病毒（ToMV）和烟草花叶病毒（TMV）。PCR产物测序结果表明,ToMV特异引物（ToA/ToB）与TMV特异引物（TA/TB）扩增的片段均为ToMV的外壳蛋白（CP）基因及3′非编码区（3′ UTR）,该片段与其他ToMV分离物的核苷酸序列相似性为98.2%~99.9%。本研究利用重新设计合成TMV和ToMV特异引物对该批种子进行RT PCR检测,仅ToMV特异性引物（ToMf1/ToMr1）扩增到670 bp的预期片段,TMV特异引物（TMf1/TMr1）则未出现特异性扩增,表明重新设计的引物可准确区分ToMV和TMV。以上结果证实该批番茄种子仅携带ToMV。     

甘肃省西瓜细菌性果斑病的诊断

对从甘肃采集到的疑似西瓜果斑病的病瓜及种子中分离获得的菌株,通过形态学特征、革兰氏染色、致病性测定以及利用美国Agdia公司的专化型免疫凝聚试剂条测定和16S rDNA分子生物学方法进行了诊断鉴定,结果表明,该菌株符合燕麦噬酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli)的特性,因此,确定甘肃省已发生西瓜果斑病,结果为甘肃省有效控制此病提供了依据。     

哈蜜瓜种子带细菌性果斑病菌检测技术的研究

哈蜜瓜细菌性果斑病是世界性的检疫对象之一,主要以种子带菌进行远距离传播,本文通过温室育苗、室内分离和PCR(聚合酶链式反应)技术对哈蜜瓜种子带菌情况和主要带菌部位进行了检验,结果表明:3种方法都可以对种子带菌情况进行检测,分离检测和PCR检测还可以确定种子的带菌部位,PCR技术具有特异性强、灵敏度高、检测时间短等特点.另外检测结果也表明种子带菌以种皮为主,种仁的带菌量较少.     

Location of Acidovorax citrulli in infested watermelon seeds is influenced by the pathway of bacterial invasion

Watermelon seeds can become infested by Acidovorax citrulli, the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits via penetration of the ovary pericarp or by invasion of the pistil. This study investigated the effect of these invasion pathways on A. citrulli localization in seeds. Seed samples (n = 20 or 50 seeds/lot) from pistil- and pericarp-inoculated lots were dissected into testa, perisperm-endosperm (PE) layer, and embryo tissues and tested for A. citrulli by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by plating on semiselective media. Less than 8% of the testa samples were A. citrulli-positive regardless of the method of seed inoculation. Additionally, the difference in percentages of contaminated testae between the two seed lot types was not significant (P = 0.64). The percentage of A. citrulli-positive PE layer samples as determined by real-time PCR assay was significantly greater for seeds from pistil-inoculated lots (97%) than for seeds from pericarp-inoculated lots (80.3%). The mean percentage of A. citrulli-positive embryo samples was significantly greater for seeds from pistil-inoculated lots (94%) than for seeds from pericarp-inoculated lots (≈8.8%) (P = 0.0001). Removal of PE layers and testae resulted in a significant reduction in BFB seed-to-seedling transmission percentage for seeds from pericarp-inoculated lots (14.8%) relative to those from pistil-inoculated lots (72%). Additionally, using immunofluorescence microscopy, A. citrulli cells were observed in the PE layers and the cotyledons of pistil-inoculated seeds but only in the PE layers of pericarp-inoculated seeds. These results suggest that pericarp invasion results in superficial contamination of the testae and PE layers while pistil invasion results in the deposition of A. citrulli in seed embryos.     

进境豇豆种子携带种传病毒的检测与鉴定

 Imported cowpea seeds were detected with growing test, ELISA assay and RT-PCR method. The ELISA results showed that cowpea seedlings with symptoms reacted positively with antibody against Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV). The 979 bp of fragment could be amplified from two positive ELISA samples using primers specific for Southern cowpea mosaic virus (SCPMV), and the sequence determination results proved that the pathogen existing in imported cowpea seeds was SCPMV. The positive ELISA results with SBMV antibody could be further confirmed by RT-PCR amplification with specific primers designed to amplify the coat protein gene and 3' noncoding region of SCPMV and SBMV. The RT-PCR method presented here was suitable for molecular identification of SBMV and SCPMV in entry-exit plant quarantine laboratories.     

Role of Blossoms in Watermelon Seed Infestation by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli

ABSTRACT The role of watermelon blossom inoculation in seed infestation by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli was investigated. Approximately 98% (84/87) of fruit developed from blossoms inoculated with 1 x 10(7) or 1 x 10(9) CFU of A. avenae subsp. citrulli per blossom were asymptomatic. Using immunomagnetic separation and the polymerase chain reaction, A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected in 44% of the seed lots assayed, despite the lack of fruit symptoms. Furthermore, viable colonies were recovered from 31% of the seed lots. Of these lots, 27% also yielded seedlings expressing bacterial fruit blotch symptoms when planted under conditions of 30 degrees C and 90% relative humidity. A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected and recovered from the pulp of 33 and 19%, respectively, of symptomless fruit whose blossoms were inoculated with A. avenae subsp. citrulli. The ability to penetrate watermelon flowers was not unique to A. avenae subsp. citrulli, because blossoms inoculated with Pantoea ananatis also resulted in infested seed and pulp. The data indicate that watermelon blossoms are a potential site of ingress for fruit and seed infestation by A. avenae subsp. citrulli.     

西瓜嗜酸菌趋化性的初步研究

瓜类细菌性果斑病是世界范围的检疫性细菌病害,病原菌为西瓜嗜酸菌,带菌种子为主要侵染源。病原细菌在寄主表面的定殖能力与其致病能力关系密切,而趋化性是决定定殖能力的关键因素之一,研究不同物质对西瓜嗜酸菌趋化性的影响对防治瓜类细菌性果斑病具有重要意义。本文采用毛细管法,研究了碳源、氨基酸、有机酸及其他物质对西瓜嗜酸菌趋化性的影响。结果表明,所测碳源中,麦芽糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖和半乳糖均显著促进西瓜嗜酸菌的趋化性;所测氨基酸中,L-精氨酸、L-天冬氨酸、L-组氨酸、L-谷氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺和L-丙氨酸显著促进西瓜嗜酸菌的趋化性;所测有机酸中,琥珀酸、半乳糖醛酸和酒石酸显著促进西瓜嗜酸菌的趋化性;氯化钠、硫酸镁等对西瓜嗜酸菌的趋化性无显著影响。     

Aerial seed germination and morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings in Commelina benghalensis L.

Seed germination, seedling emergence, and the morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings of Commelina benghalensis L. were observed. For aerial seeds collected in September and October, seedling emergence peaked in April and June for large seeds and from June to August for small seeds, whereas seedling emergence for large seeds collected in November showed peaks in March and April under natural rainfall conditions, and in April and June under irrigation conditions. Seedlings from small seeds emerged intermittently over a longer period from April to August under both conditions. Aerial seeds of C. benghalensis germinated on wet filter paper on the second day after seeding (DAS) for large seeds and the fourth DAS for small seeds. The germination percentage for large seeds was higher than that for small seeds by the 14th DAS. The germination percentage for large aerial seeds showed no significant difference between light and dark conditions. However, the percentage for small aerial seeds was higher under light than under dark conditions. Seedlings from large aerial seeds emerged on the third DAS at 0–50 mm soil depths. The percentage of emergence at 0 and 1 mm soil depths increased until the 30th DAS, whereas those at soil depths of 5–50 mm showed no change after the 9th DAS. There was no emergence at a soil depth of 100 mm. Seedlings from small aerial seeds emerged on the 6th DAS at 0–1 mm soil depths, with the percentage increasing until the 30th DAS. Although seedlings at 5 and 10 mm soil depths also emerged on the 6th DAS, there was no change in the percentage after the 12th DAS. There was no emergence at soil depths of 20–100 mm. The hypocotyl and taenia (part of the cotyledon connected to the seed) in juvenile seedlings that emerged from soil depths of 50 mm were longer than those in seedlings emerging from a soil depth of 1 mm.