氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

 采用“3414”不完全正交回归设计,在大田试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响,并探讨了3种肥料间的互作效应。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥的施用均可以显著提高水稻产量,且3种肥料配施的增产效果显著优于任两种肥料配施。氮、磷、钾肥的施用可以改善部分米质性状,如提高整精米率,降低垩白度、稻谷长宽比和精米直链淀粉含量;氮、磷肥的施用还可提高糙米蛋白质含量,降低青米率。施用氮、磷、钾肥后,水稻养分总吸收量和每100 kg籽粒养分需求量显著增加,而养分干物质生产效率和养分稻谷生产效率显著下降,且3种肥料的吸收利用率、农学利用率及生理利用率均随施肥量的增加而下降。氮、磷、钾肥两两互作对水稻产量均有极显著的影响,当肥料用量处于低中水平时,互作效应均表现为协同促进作用,肥料用量超过一定水平后则表现为拮抗作用。对水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收影响最大的交互作用分别是氮钾、氮磷和磷钾互作。总体来看,肥料对水稻生长的影响是多方面的,肥料用量及配比应在综合考虑水稻产量、品质及肥料利用率的基础上确定。     

甜菜氮、磷、钾肥配合施用效应及推荐用量

运用"3414"肥料效应田间试验方案,研究甜菜氮、磷、钾肥配合施用效应及推荐用量.结果表明,合理配施氮、磷、钾肥.有利于提高甜菜的产量、产糖量及投入产出比,甜菜的最大产量达到80458.33 kg/hm<'2>,比无肥区增产44.94%,最大产糖量达到12978.47 kg/hm<'2>,比无肥区增产38.97%;根据一元二次效应方程式,获得最佳产量、最佳产糖量的N:P<,2>O<,5>:K<,2>O分别是1:1.4:1和1:1.7:1,这与前人研究基本一致.     

配施不同肥料对甘蔗产量和品质的效应研究

本文通过田间试验，研究生物肥、复合肥和氮、磷、钾化肥配施等三个肥料配施处理对甘蔗产量和品质的效应。结果表明，氮、磷、钾化肥配施处理能促进甘蔗的萌芽和生长，产量较高，蔗糖分略低于复合肥处理，但其甘蔗生产经济效益优于另外两个处理。在本试验条件下，甘蔗生产以氮、磷、钾肥配施较为理想。     

玉米施肥方式与保氮剂应用的研究

合理施用化肥是实现玉米经济高产的重要措施．本项着重研究玉米高产适宜的施肥方式以及适宜的氮、磷、钾配施比例。与此同时对施入氮肥的田间损失严重问题进行了相应对策的探讨。经3年试验研究，结果表明，氮、磷、钾配施较氮磷、氮钾配施有明显效果。最佳氮、磷、钾配施比例为1：1：0.5。磷、钾肥作种肥，氮肥分种肥、七叶期追肥和大喇叭口肥3次施肥方法为适宜施肥方式。保氮剂具有保氮逐步释放氮素的功效，保氮剂以与纯氮10：1比例混合，全部肥料作种肥一次施入效果最好，增产幅度最大。     

不同种类肥料配施同等氮、磷、钾含量对比试验初报

本文通过田间试验,重点研究以复合肥、复混肥和氮、磷、钾化肥配施为主做基肥,三个肥料配施处理对甘蔗产量和品质的效应.结果表明:三个肥料配施处理均能促进甘蔗生长,从甘蔗产量来看,复合肥处理产量较高,氮、磷、钾化肥配施产量次之;从品质来看氮、磷、钾化肥配施处理甘蔗蔗糖分、甘蔗简纯度、蔗汁简纯度等优于复合肥处理和复混肥处理;从投入成本与产出比来看,复合肥处理与氮、磷、钾化肥配施处理其产生的经济效益无明显差异,但明显优于复混肥处理.所以,在本试验条件下,甘蔗生产以复合肥配施较为理想.     

不同土壤养分状况下氮钾配施对弱筋小麦产量和品质的影响

为了给弱筋小麦高产优质栽培提供依据,在两种不同养分状况的土壤(土壤Ⅰ和Ⅱ)上,研究了氮钾配施对弱筋小麦产量和品质的调控效应.结果表明,合理配施氮钾肥能够显著地提高弱筋小麦产量.在土壤Ⅰ上,处理N180K150(施氮和施钾量分别为180和105 kg/ha)获得最高产量5 023 kg/ha;在土壤Ⅱ上,处理N180K90(施氮和施钾分别为180和90 kg/ha)获得最高产量5 145 kg/ha.在两种土壤上,氮肥对产量的效应均大于钾肥效应,在土壤Ⅰ上氮钾对小麦产量表现出极显著的正向交互作用.两种土壤上,增施氮肥均显著降低了弱筋小麦的专用品质,而在速效钾含量较高的土壤Ⅱ上,配施钾肥有利于提高弱筋小麦的品质.氮钾肥配施对弱筋小麦淀粉糊化特性无明显影响.土壤基础肥力对弱筋小麦的品质有明显的影响.本试验条件下,在有机质含量和氮素含量较低的土壤Ⅱ上种植弱筋小麦,并适当降低氮肥用量有利于改善弱筋小麦品质.     

氮、磷、钾对低酚棉产量和纤维品质的影响

以低酚棉绵无４１７６为材料，连续两年采用三元二次回归正交旋转组合设计，初步研究了氮、磷、钾不同施用量对低酚棉产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明：（１）施用过多的氮肥会降低低酚棉的产量，增施磷肥并按一定比例配合施用钾肥能提高产量；（２）增施钾肥会降低低酚棉的纤维品质，而合理增施氮、磷肥能提高纤维品质。同一材料在两年间表现一致     

施肥对番木瓜植株叶柄养分含量的影响

采用L18(37)正交设计,探讨氮、磷、钾、镁、硼肥配施对EksokaⅡ品种番木瓜(Carica papaya Linnaeus)植株叶柄养分含量的影响.结果表明:施氮肥对植株叶柄含氮量的影响最大,其次为施磷、钾和硼肥.施镁肥则影响最小;施氮肥能明显提高叶柄中的含氮量,但当施氮量达35g/株·次时,效果不显著;施磷、钾肥有降低叶柄中含氮量的趋势.施磷肥对植株叶柄含磷量的影响最大,其次为施镁和钾肥,施硼和氮肥的影响最小,磷肥、硼肥施用量与叶柄中含磷量之间无明显的变化规律.施钾和镁肥对植株叶柄含钾量的影响最大.其次为施磷肥,施氮肥和硼肥的影响最小;在施钾肥25～45g/株·次的范围内,能显著提高植株叶柄中的含钾量.施氮和钾肥对植株叶柄含镁量的影响最大,其次为施镁肥和磷肥,施硼肥的影响最小;施氮肥能提高叶柄中的含镁量,但当施氮量达35g/株·次时,增量已不显著;施钾肥有降低叶柄含镁量的趋势,当施肥量达45 g/株·次时,叶柄中的含镁量显著下降.施镁肥对植株叶柄含硼量的影响最大,其次为施磷肥,施氮肥、硼肥和钾肥的影响最小:施磷肥15、25 g/株·次时,叶柄中的含硼量相同,但当施用量达35g/株·次时,叶柄中的含硼量则显著上升.镁肥施用量不宜过大,当施用量≥0.53g/株·次时,会造成叶柄中的氮、磷、钾、镁、硼含量下降.     

栽培因素对北方粳稻产量及米质的影响——第11报不同营养元素对产量及米质的影响

3 a试验结果表明:氮肥有利于增加分蘖和粒数,对产量起决定性作用,但不利于提高稻米品质;磷肥能够促进氮肥的吸收,增施磷肥有提高成熟度和增加产量的作用,同时又提高出米率和降低蛋白质含量;钾肥和镁肥对于产量影响不明显,但对改善稻米品质作用最明显。氮、磷、钾配施产量最高,增产6.3%,米质趋中,如果再加施镁肥,既有利于提高产量又有利于提高稻米品质。     

甜菜低糖原因的研究——Ⅱ.不同施肥水平与甜菜产量和质量的关系

在土壤深层积氮、钾氮比例失调、磷素较多条件下,采取调控氮磷钾措施,5年试验结果表明,每hm~2施氮75kg、磷60kg钾112.5kg(纯量),甜菜产糖量最高,工艺品质好于其它处理;根转化糖、K、Na、α—氨态氮含量和杂质指数随施氮水平增加而提高,而蔗糖含量、可回收糖量则随之下降.适当增施钾肥能显著改善甜菜工艺品质,而增施磷肥对改善工艺品质不明显。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。