Taste-active components in a Vietnamese fish sauce

Taste-active components were determined for a typical first-grade Vietnamese fish sauce Nuoc mam , of which total content of extractive compounds reached as high as 20 g/ 100 mL. A complete synthetic extract prepared from 35 compounds according to the analytical data reproduced almost satisfactorily the taste of the original fish sauce. From the synthetic extract, 11 compounds were identified to be the taste-active components by a series of omission and addition tests. The components consisted of glutamic and aspartic acids, threonine, alanine, valine, histidine, proline, tyrosine, cystine, methionine, and pyroglutamic acid. The most effective compound for recreating the characteristic flavor of fish sauce was glutamic acid, followed by pyroglutamic acid and alanine. Many of these components contribute to umami, sweetness, and overall taste of fish sauce. Even though the simplified 11-component extract reproduced the taste of fish sauce, the taste strength was weaker than that of the complete synthetic extract or fish sauce itself.     

Multiple taste functions of the umami substances in muscle extracts of yellowtail and bastard halibut

Boiled muscle extracts obtained from yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata and bastard halibut Paralichthys olivaceus were treated with two kinds of purified enzymes (acid phosphatase and glutamate decarboxylase), and the change in contents of nucleotides, related compounds, and free amino acids was examined. The change in taste qualities was also investigated by a taste test. The enzyme treatment resulted in a marked decrease in the contents of such umami substances as inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) and glutamic acid (Glu). The taste test revealed that the treatment of these fish muscle extracts with both or either of the enzymes caused a sharp decrease in umami intensity and also an increase in sourness but not a change in pH. The treatment also effected marked decreases in thickness and overall taste intensity. These findings suggest that IMP and Glu function not only to intensify the thickness and overall taste as well as the umami, but also to repress the sourness sensation elicited by the fish muscle extracts.     

Nitrogen-Containing Taste Components of Oyster Wash Water and Changes in Quantities During Heat Concentration

Oyster wash water contained 115 mg/100g of nitrogen-containing taste components including free amino acids, small peptides, nucleotide compounds and quaternary ammonium bases. Major constituents of these taste compounds were found to be glycine betaine, taurine, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, homarine and inosine. A steam-jacketed kettle was used to concentrate these taste components. The levels of all these compounds increased with the increase of total solids except trigonelline and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). These compounds, however, were sensitive to heat and thus exhibited quantitative loss. The levels of trigonelline, TMAO, lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, serine and histidine decreased more than those of other compounds.     

丁香油对蟹黄鲜虾酱贮藏品质的影响

将丁香油添加到蟹黄鲜虾酱中,25℃恒温贮藏180 d,通过对蟹黄鲜虾酱贮藏过程中丙二醛含量、总巯基含量、脂肪酸组成及含量、呈味物质含量进行定期检测,并结合滋味物质的味道强度值和味道当量在贮藏过程中的变化,探索丁香油对蟹黄鲜虾酱贮藏过程品质的影响。结果显示,丁香油能抑制丙二醛的生成、总巯基的降低和不饱和脂肪酸的分解,添加丁香油的蟹黄鲜虾酱呈味核苷酸、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、游离氨基酸含量和味精当量值显著高于不添加丁香油的蟹黄鲜虾酱。研究表明,在贮藏过程中,丁香油对蟹黄鲜虾酱不仅具有抗脂肪和蛋白质氧化的作用,还能够提高其贮藏稳定性和风味。     

Calculated Taste Activity Values and Umami Equivalences Explain Why Dried Sha-chong (Sipunculus nudus) Is a Valuable Condiment

ABSTRACT

Active nonvolatile taste active compounds—including free amino acids, flavor 5?-nucleotides, lactic acid, succinic acid, and four kinds of inorganic ions in dried Sha-chong (Sipunculus nudus)—were analyzed. The results were then used to calculate taste activity values (TAVs) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) to evaluate their potential contributions to depth of flavor. Our results showed that the total free amino acid content of dried Sha-chong was 56.62 mg/g; glycine, arginine, and alanine as the major free amino acids, accounting for more than 76% of the total free amino acids; 5?-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and 5?-inosine monophosphate (IMP) were the main flavor 5?-nucleotides (128.8 and 121.0 mg/100 g); guanosine monophosphate (GMP) was present in a small amount, only 14.6 mg/100 g. Eight amino acids—especially Gly, Arg, and Ala,—three flavor 5?-nucleotides, succinic acid, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and chloride ions were of high TAV greater than 1. The EUC of dried Sha-chong was 49.12 g MSG/100 g, which meant that the dried Sha-chong has a strong umami taste and is suitable for use as umami condiment.     

Taste effects of oligopeptides in a Vietnamese fish sauce

ABSTRACT: A Vietnamese fish sauce Nuoc mam used in the present study was rich in oligopeptides of which nitrogen content accounted for 20% of total nitrogen. The high-molecular-weight peptide fractions fractionated by ion-exchange chromatographies and ultrafiltration enhanced sweetness and umami as well as sourness and bitterness of the fish sauce, and increased several flavor characteristics including continuity, first taste and aftertaste. Thus, it is apparent that large amounts of peptides produced during the long-term fermentation of fish sauce are responsible for the complicated taste of the sauce. From each fraction, 17 peptides in total were isolated and determined for their amino acid sequences. These di-, tri- and tetra-peptides synthesized by solid- or liquid-phase method gave any one of bitter, sour, umami taste, or practically no taste in the absence of salt. In the presence of 0.3% NaCl, however, almost all peptides showed sweet and umami tastes. Other than these 17 peptides, there existed many other kinds of peptides in the fish sauce. Thus, these peptides are thought to contribute to the overall taste of the fish sauce.     

Amino Acid Profiles of Bivalve Mollusks from Beibu Gulf,China

Three bivalve mollusks—clam (Meretrix meretrix), oyster (Crassostrea rivularis), and paphia (Paphia papilionacea) from the Beibu Gulf, China—were analyzed for amino acid profile. Essential amino acids were used for nutritional quality evaluation, and free amino acids were used for taste impact evaluation. The amino acid compositions of the mollusks were quite similar; however, the contents of glycine, alanine, and tryptophan were different. Tryptophan seemed to be the limiting amino acid in clam and paphia meat protein. Oyster, on the other hand, seemed to be a source of high quality protein with well-balanced composition in essential amino acid. Glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, and arginine were the major taste-active amino acids found in the mollusks. According to the taste activity values of free amino acids, paphia was assumed to be the best savory food, followed by clam and oyster.     

山梨酸对防止水产干制品霉变的研究

<正> 目前,调味马面鲀干片及珍味烤鱼片已成为大部分中小型水产加工企业的主要产品,然而,当南方进入霉季时,产品在贮存及运输过程中经常发生霉变,严重影响产品的质量。     

Changes of proximate composition and extractive components in narezushi, a fermented mackerel product, during processing

ABSTRACT:   During the processing of mackerel narezushi , the fish body was strongly dehydrated by permeation of salt, the low pH of fish meat, and pressure applied to the fish and rice mixture. In the proximate components, moisture, protein and lipid flowed out from the fish meat into the rice mixture, and sugar permeated from the rice mixture into the fish meat. That the total amount of outflow was larger than that of permeation into the fish is thought to contribute to the decrease in fish body weight during processing. In the extractive components, although the nucleotides completely decomposed, free amino acids and peptides increased remarkably because of the decomposition of proteins in fish meat during processing. Especially, six kinds of free amino acid, Glu, Asp, Gly, Ala, Leu, and Ile, which are thought to be the taste components in marine resources, increased. Organic acid increased remarkably because of the fermentation of rice and permeation into the fish meat. The marked increase of the extractive components is thought to contribute to the umami taste and the sour taste of narezushi .     

Correlation of extractive components and body index with taste in oyster Crassostrea gigas brands

Fisheries Science - We investigated the free amino acid (FAA) composition, glycogen content, and body index of 31 brands of oyster Crassostrea gigas to evaluate their taste graphically using a...     

Comparison of nonvolatile taste active compounds of wild and cultured mud crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla paramamosain</Emphasis>

Nonvolatile taste active compounds, including free amino acids (FAAs), 5′-nucleotides, betaine, soluble sugars, trimethylamine oxide and organic acids of wild and cultured mud crab Scylla paramamosain were examined. The main taste in mud crab (MC) is derived from the FAAs, 5′-nucleotides, betaine, and organic acids, based on the fact that these compounds have a taste activity value (TAV)?>?1. Wild MCs had a higher content of total FAAs, 5′-nucleotides, betaine, and organic acids in meat compared with cultured animals. However, no differences in the taste active compound levels were observed in the gonads of wild and cultured MCs, with betaine being the exception (wild crab?>?cultured crab). The total concentrations of FAAs in MC ranged from 12.71 to 36.94 mg/g. Monosodium glutamate (MSG)-like FAAs were primarily contributed by glutamic acid, and ranged from 0.71 to 0.93 mg/g. The concentrations of 5′-nucleotides were 1.10–2.24 mg/g, in which 5′-inosine monophosphate (IMP) and 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were the predominant TAVs (TAV?>?1). The total concentrations of organic acids in MC were 2.41–11.10 mg/g, in which lactic and succinic acid in meat, and citric acid and succinic acid in female gonads were the main organic acids. The gonads were observed to have higher concentrations of 5′-nucleotides and organic acids compared with crab meat, with the equivalent umami concentration in gonads being higher than that in crab meat. In conclusion, wild MCs contained more active-taste nonvolatile flavor components relative to those detected in cultured MCs.     

海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾呈味物质的比较分析

对使用同种饲料喂养的海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)进行了感官评价、一般成分和呈味物质分析。海水养殖对虾感官评价总体得分高于淡水养殖对虾,海水养殖对虾在鲜味、甜味上优于淡水养殖对虾,而淡水养殖对虾带有明显的土腥味(P<0.01)。海水养殖对虾的灰分高于淡水养殖对虾,粗蛋白、水分及有机酸含量两类对虾差异不大。通过分析氨基酸、核苷酸、甜菜碱和有机酸等呈味物质,发现主要是谷氨酸、AMP、IMP、甜菜碱这几种物质对两类对虾的口味差异起着重要作用,其他成分作用不明显。     

Comparison in taste and extractive components of boiled dorsal muscle and broth from half-smooth golden puffer Lagocephalus spadiceus caught in Japan with those of the same fish imported

The taste and extractive components of boiled dorsal muscle and broth prepared from half-smooth golden puffer Lagocephalus spadiceus caught in Japan and from those imported from China were compared. In the sensory test, the first taste, elasticity, and saltiness of boiled muscle from Japanese (domestic) fish were higher than those of the imported fish, whereas the orthonasal fishy smell of the imported fish was higher than that of the domestic fish. The first taste, aftertaste, retronasal fishy smell, sweetness, saltiness, and umami of the broth prepared from dorsal muscle of the domestic fish were higher than those of the imported fish, whereas orthonasal fishy smell and bitterness of the imported fish were higher than those of the domestic fish. Most panelists preferred the overall taste of the domestic fish to that of the imported fish. The concentration of trimethylamine in the trichloroacetic acid extracts from boiled muscle and broth of the imported fish was higher than that of the domestic fish, suggesting that this substance contributes to the orthonasal fishy smell of the imported fish.     

磷对生长期草鱼肌肉理化参数、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸和游离脂肪酸组成的影响

为探索磷对生长期草鱼肌肉常规营养组成和理化特性,肌肉中游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸和游离脂肪酸组成的影响,实验选择初始体质量为[(256.22±0.60) g]的健康草鱼540尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,分别饲喂含有效磷0.95 (基础饲料组,未添加)、2.46、3.96、5.68、7.10和8.75 g/kg的饲料60 d。结果显示,饲料中适宜水平有效磷显著提高了生长期草鱼肌肉蛋白质、水分、羟脯氨酸、∑氨基酸、∑鲜味氨基酸(UAAs)、∑甜味氨基酸(SAAs)、肌苷酸(IMP)、∑不饱和脂肪酸、∑多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量以及pH0 h和pH12 h,而肌肉剪切力、组织蛋白酶B和L活性、乳酸、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量显著降低。此外,当饲料中有效磷水平分别增加到3.96和5.68 g/kg时,生长期草鱼肌肉IMP和∑呈味氨基酸(UAAs+SAAs)的滋味活性值(TAV)分别达到最大值。适宜水平有效磷还显著提高了生长期草鱼肌肉PUFA/UFA及n-3 PUFAs/n-6 PUFAs比值。研究表明,适宜水平有效磷提高了生长期草鱼肌肉蛋白质含量、肌肉嫩度、系水力和pH值,增加肌肉呈味氨基酸...     

The Fermentation of Antarctic Krill Juice by a Variety of Microorganisms

In order to produce a fermented seasoning of Antarctic krill juice with pleasant taste and unique flavor, the Antarctic krill juice was fermented by application of Aspergillus oryzae, Streptococcus thermophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus licheniformis, respectively. Organic acids and the composition of amino acids in these fermented products were analyzed, as well as the sensory evaluation and taste components analysis. It was found that all four kinds of fermented liquor of Antarctic krill had better flavor, higher amino acid content, unique organic acid content, and higher antioxidant activity. The best flavor and the most abundant nutrition were in the Antarctic krill juice fermented by S. cerevisiae. The amino acid content was up to 1,368.30 mg/100 mL, the scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was 71.308%, and there was a variety of amino acids in this fermented liquor, which contained all eight of the essential amino acids not manufactured by the human body.     

Comparison of taste components in cooked meats of small abalone fed different diets

ABSTRACT: Differences in taste preference and the levels of extractive components and glycogen were compared between cooked meats of small abalone Haliotis diversicolor fed either gracilar (G-small abalone) or an artificial diet (A-small abalone). Using sensory tests, taste preference of cooked meats was significantly higher for A-small abalone than for G-small abalone. Results of clustering analysis and principal component analysis of chemical data also revealed that the two cooked meats differed from each other in terms of their measured constituent compositions irrespective of sampling periods. Compared with G-small abalone, A-small abalone meats were lower in taurine and arginine, but higher in glycine (Gly), glutamic acid (Glu), alanine, serine, proline, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and glycogen. It is concluded that the discrepancy in the levels of taste-active components of abalone, such as Gly, Glu, and AMP, is likely to be responsible for the differences in taste preference between G- and A-small abalone cooked meats.     

Effects of Conservation Method and Time on Fatty Acid Composition,Taste, and Microstructure of Southern King Crab (Lithodes santolla Molina, 1782) Meat

This study reports the changes in fatty acids, taste, and microstructure of cooked southern king crab meat (Lithodes santolla) during storage at 0°C for 10 days and at ?20°C for 90 days. At the end of both storage times, the iodine value decreased by 16.5%, while 83.5% of the initial fatty acid quality remained unchanged. The polyene ratio decreased by 32% at 0°C and 35.9% at ?20°C, whereas the atherogenic and thrombotic indices remained at values that do not represent any risk to human health. Free amino acids that contribute to taste (taste activity value, TAV > 1) were: glycine and alanine (sweetness), arginine (bittersweetness), and histidine (bitterness). The bittersweet taste imparted by arginine (initial TAV = 16.4) was prevalent even at the end of frozen storage (TAV = 7.9). The umami taste was elicited by disodium 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) nucleotide. The equivalent umami concentration in g MSG/100 g meat changed from 0.031 to 0.045 in refrigerated samples and to 1.6 in frozen samples. A loss of the original fibrous structure of the meat was evidenced during both treatments. Refrigerated samples presented a disintegrated and homogeneous texture at 10 days, while freezing formed a spongy tissue at 90 days.     

天然滁州鲫氨基酸成分分析与营养价值评价

应用生化分析方法对滁州鲫鱼中氨基酸成分进行了定量分析,并对氨基酸含量进行营养分析评价。结果显示：滁州鲫鱼中氨基酸总量为86.35%（占干重）,其中8种必需氨基酸和2种半必需氨基酸总量为36.76%,4种呈味氨基酸含量为29.29%,必须氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量均高于草鱼、鲢、鳙鱼等鱼类。表明滁州鲫较之其他鱼类是一种营养价值高,肉质鲜美的鱼类。     

沙蚕和星虫的营养成分研究

为充分利用沙蚕和星虫资源,利用常规方法分析和检测沙蚕和星虫的总蛋白、总脂肪、氨基酸含量,结果表明二者的氨基酸含量高,种类齐全,包括了人类的全部8种必需氨基酸,几乎占到所测18种氨基酸的1/2。所测氨基酸中谷氨酸含量最高(7.71%,5.77%),天门冬氨酸(4.61%,4.94%)次之,甘氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸含量也较高。沙蚕体内的溶血因子不耐热。同时,沙蚕和星虫的淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性相对较高,而胃蛋白酶与类胰蛋白酶的活性较低。可通过投喂藻类和有机碎屑而进行人工养殖,保证原材料的供应。     

基于电子舌技术分析不同采收期紫菜的滋味特征

为科学评价不同采收期的紫菜在滋味方面的差异,采用电子舌技术分析了头水、二水、四水和六水条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)的滋味组成,同时,对不同采收期紫菜中游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸等呈味物质的含量进行了测定。结果显示,紫菜滋味主要由鲜味、鲜味回味、咸味和苦味组成。头水、二水、四水和六水紫菜的鲜味强度依次减弱。二水紫菜的鲜味回味值最大,头水和四水紫菜的鲜味回味值接近,六水紫菜的鲜味回味值显著降低(P<0.05)。头水和二水紫菜的咸味强度接近,且显著高于后期采收紫菜的咸味值(P<0.05)。头水、二水紫菜的苦味值接近,四水紫菜的苦味值略低,六水紫菜的苦味值最低。不同采收期紫菜的呈味物质含量及其对滋味的贡献程度差异较大。头水、二水、四水和六水紫菜的游离氨基酸总量依次减少,4组样品之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),对滋味贡献大的游离氨基酸主要是丙氨酸和谷氨酸。呈味核苷酸中肌苷酸(Inosine monophosphate,IMP)对滋味的贡献大。头水、二水、四水和六水紫菜的味精当量(Equivalent umami concentration,EUC)分别为223.89、222.13、118.54和47.19 g MSG/100 g,研究表明,前期采收的紫菜鲜味更加强烈。电子舌的检测数据与呈味物质含量的分析结果基本一致。