不同处理方法对不同澳洲坚果品种嫁接试验研究

［目的］为了提高贵州澳洲坚果育苗的成活率,确保种苗供应速度。［方法］本试验分别采用环剥、萘乙酸药剂浸泡、环剥+萘乙酸药剂浸泡对桂热1号、Hinde(H2)、Pahala(788)、O.C、344枝条处理后进行嫁接试验。［结果］结果表明,采用环剥+药剂处理对5个澳洲坚果品种的平均嫁接成活率较对照提高了24.8%,新稍数量较对照多3.9条,新稍长度较对照长18cm;采用环剥处理成活率较对照提高了19.4%,新稍数量较对照多3.3条,新稍长度较对照长14.16cm;采用萘乙酸药剂处理后,成活率较对照提高了14.2%,新稍数量较对照多2.5条,新稍长度较对照长3.92cm。［结论］采用环剥+药剂处理后进行嫁接,澳洲坚果成活率较高,可以为贵州澳洲坚果种苗繁育可提供科学依据和数据参考。     

WGD-3配方在澳洲坚果嫁接育苗中的应用

【目的】为了提高澳洲坚果嫁接成活率,以便生产上大规模快速嫁接育苗。【方法】WGD-3 配方是南亚热带作物研究所研制的用于澳洲坚果嫁接育苗的复合配方。以澳洲坚果品种Hinde（H2）和Pahala（788）为试材,研究了WGD-3配方浓度对澳洲坚果嫁接育苗的影响。【结果】结果表明,2个品种嫁接成活率、抽发新梢数量、新梢平均长度和新梢总长度均以15 mg.kg-1处理效果最好;嫁接成活率分别达90.00 %和87.23 %,显著高于对照的57.22 %和54.43 %,嫁接成活率分别提高57.28 %和60.26 %;每株抽发新梢数量分别为4.8个和4.5个,多于对照的4.1个和3.2个;嫁接后60天,新梢平均长度分别为1.2cm和1.6cm,高于对照的1.1 cm和0.9 cm;新梢总长度分别为6.4 cm和7.5 cm,高于对照的5.4 cm和3.3 cm。此外,WGD-3 配方降低了过氧化物酶（POD）活性,提高了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,显著提高了嫁接成活率。【结论】WGD-3 配方法嫁接澳洲坚果不需进行枝条的环割处理,不需要复杂的温室设施,具有成活率高、操作简便、省时省力、嫁接速度快、抽梢数量多、植株生长迅速,适于澳洲坚果大规模嫁接育苗应用。     

澳洲坚果繁育技术研究进展

种苗繁育技术是果树产业发展的重要基础,文中从播种繁育、嫁接繁育、扦插繁育、高空压条繁育以及组织培养繁育几个方面综述了多年来国内外在澳洲坚果种苗繁育方面所开展的研究和取得的技术成果,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

澳洲坚果不同种质氮磷钾养分含量研究

以6a 26份澳洲坚果种质为试材,采集澳洲坚果叶片,测定其氮、磷、钾含量,并选择类间平均连锁法和欧氏距离平方测量技术对其进行聚类分析,为澳洲坚果不同种质差异化养分管理及选育种提供依据。结果表明,不同澳洲坚果种质氮磷钾养分含量具有较大差异,其中氮以B3/74、344为最高,114最低;磷以116为最高,114、cronventure、294、109、DAD含量最低;钾以桂热1号、O.C.为最高,B3/74、H2、119含量最低。26份澳洲坚果种质按氮、磷、钾养分在阀值为6.9、7.0、5.5时分别可聚类为5、4、4个类群。     

关于澳洲坚果研究的文献分析及发展趋势

文章从论文总量、期刊分布、学科分布、产区分布4个方面对澳洲坚果研究的文献进行了分析,总结出澳洲坚果产业的发展现状及研究趋势,为我国澳洲坚果产业的高质量发展提供理论依据。     

世界澳洲坚果产业概况及发展趋势

分析了近10年来澳洲坚果产业在世界木本坚果中的地位,介绍了世界澳洲坚果的种植面积、产量、进出口、价格和消费情况,并提出了今后世界澳洲坚果产业的发展趋势。     

7个澳洲坚果品种的授粉组合选配与自花结实性研究

以‘951’、‘D4’、‘O.C’、‘900’、‘816’、‘842’、‘863’等为试材,对各品种进行花粉萌发、异花授粉及自花结实的试验,结果表明：7个品种的花粉萌发率低（5.22-22.66%）,败育率较高。7个品种的自花结实率（0.00-0.06%）低,与花粉萌发率没有显著相关性,生产上需要配置授粉树。从坐果率看,品种‘842’与‘863’、‘O.C’,‘O.C’与‘951’、‘D4’与‘900’正反交亲和性高,可互为授粉树,品种‘842’与‘816’正交亲和性高,‘816’可推荐为‘842’的授粉树。     

澳洲坚果‘Kau’的授粉品种选配及结实性状研究

9个澳洲坚果品种的花粉对‘Kau’进行授粉,为该品种的授粉品种选配提供参考。结果表明：不同品种的花粉对‘Kau’的座果率、壳果纵横径、出仁率、一级果仁率及果仁中氨基酸组成、氨基酸组分含量、矿质元素含量、蛋白质、灰分、水分等指标有显著或极显著影响。对‘Kau’的壳果果形指数、果仁中单个果仁重、脂肪酸组分含量、粗脂肪、总糖等指标影响不显著。就最终座果率和果仁的经济性状而言,‘O.C’、‘918’适宜做‘Kau’的授粉品种。     

澳洲坚果RAPD标记反应体系的建立及应用

以澳洲坚果为试材,利用单因素试验对影响RAPD标记反应体系的主要因素进行优化,建立适合澳洲坚果RAPD标记的反应体系。结果表明,澳洲坚果RAPD最优反应体系为：20 μL反应体系中,含40 mg L_-1模板DNA,0.6 μmol L_-1引物,1.0 U Taq聚合酶,2.5 mmol L_-1 Mg₂₊和0.4 mmol L_-1 dNTPs。利用该最优反应体系对不同引物和澳洲坚果种质进行验证,扩增条带具有良好的可靠性和稳定性,且分辨率较高。因此,该RAPD-PCR反应体系可用于澳洲坚果种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析等研究。     

澳洲坚果叶斑病新病原及生物学特性

摘 要：在澳洲坚果园进行病样采集时,发现一种叶部病害,为明确该病害的病原菌种类,将采集的病叶进行分离,并运用科赫法则测定致病性,根据病原菌的形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,分离菌株的菌落形态和分生孢子形态都与小孢拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsis microspora）一致,经分子生物学鉴定,其ITS序列与小孢拟盘多毛孢的ITS序列的同源性为99%,将引起澳洲坚果叶斑病的病原菌鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢。生物学特性结果表明：PDA培养基最有利于病原菌生长,培养3天后,菌落直径达62.9 mm,最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为硫酸铵,病原菌在15-30 ℃均能生长,最适生长温度为28℃,病原菌在pH为4-11范围内均可生长,pH为7时生长最佳,全光照有利于病原菌生长。本文首次报道Pestalotiopsis microspora引起澳洲坚果叶斑病。     

冬播和春播育苗对党参苗栽产量和质量的影响

在甘肃省陇西县首阳镇对白条党参采用冬播和春播育苗对比试验,通过定期测定土壤含水量、苗栽产量和质量指标,旨在揭示党参冬播和春播育苗效应的差异性,探寻其最佳播种季节,为党参规范化育苗操作提供科学依据。结果表明,陇西县气候条件适宜党参育苗。冬播和春播育苗条件下,党参种子出苗进程变化趋势均呈“S”型曲线,符合 Logistic 方程,快增期在春播后46～48 d。与春播田相比较,冬播育苗田0～20 cm 土层含水量高,党参种子提早6 d 出苗,苗栽产量提高47．8％,个体质量优异。春播育苗田出苗率较冬播田提高27．3％,但苗栽个体小,商品性差。以上说明,党参冬播育苗对规避春季干旱具有一定意义,建议党参规范化育苗按比例采用冬播和春播育苗方法,以降低春季遇严重干旱造成的春播种子不发芽的风险。值得注意的是无论是冬播,还是春播进行党参育苗时,播种后均应及时采取保墒措施,以覆盖小麦秸秆为佳。     

岷县不同茬口对当归苗栽生长及抗病性的影响

当归传统育苗方式造成严重的荒坡地水土流失。在当归道地产区甘肃省岷县通过定向种植小麦、黄芪、马铃薯和当归培育作物茬口基础上,再行当归育苗,育苗期测定苗栽生长动态,育苗结束测定苗栽质量性状及抗病性指标,利用主成分分析确定各指标权重,再结合隶属函数法综合评判,旨在揭示作物茬口对当归苗栽生长发育和抗病性的影响,为筛选适宜当归育苗的农茬口土壤资源提供科学依据和技术参考。结果表明,各茬口条件下当归出苗数和幼苗地上部分生长指标均表现显著差异,小麦茬和黄芪茬当归成苗数和地上生长指标均维持在较高水平,根系发达,生长势强,个体质量优异,根病发病率和病情指数均低,而马铃薯茬和当归重茬苗栽受季节影响较大,随生长期延后当归死苗率提高,易形成老小苗,发病率高达36.7%以上。综合指数大小依次为黄芪茬(0.7840)>小麦茬(0.7816)>当归重茬(0.4731)>马铃薯茬(0.1656)。马铃薯茬死苗率最高,当归重茬根腐病最为严重,说明岷县正茬黄芪和小麦茬口是适宜当归熟地育苗的优异床土资源。     

高光合效率小豆筛选与营养价值评价

为了筛选适宜于安徽地区种植的肥饲兼用型小豆种质资源,于2011-2013年在安徽科技学院通过田间试验和盆栽试验对7种小豆进行评价,记载各种小豆的根、茎、叶、花、荚果及种子的形态特征、生长特性、产量和干物质积累效率,测定各种小豆在盛花期的叶片光合效率、根瘤量和氮、磷、钾、铁、锌养分含量及粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、氨基酸含量。结果表明,早熟黑小豆表现为中熟,晚熟黑小豆表现为迟熟,其他种(属)表现为早熟;兴安红豆叶片光合效率和干物质积累效率最高;晚熟黑小豆根瘤最多、根瘤量可达地下部总重的28.8%,其鲜草产量、干物量、种子产量、蛋白质产量最高,固氮和富集钾、铁、锌能力最强,而富集磷能力最强的是早熟黑小豆和兴安红豆;晚熟黑小豆鲜草水分含量较高而粗纤维含量最低,饲用适口性好。从光合效率、鲜草产量、干物量、营养价值、养分富集能力和生育期等方面综合考虑,初步认为兴安红豆、早熟黑小豆和晚熟黑小豆适宜于安徽地区种植。     

种苗大小对当归成药期早期抽薹和生理变化的影响

通过研究不同大小种苗移栽后到抽薹前后当归茎叶和根部蛋白质、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量变化动态,探索种苗大小对当归成药期抽薹的影响和抽薹前生理变化规律,为当归早抽薹提供一定的营养控制理论依据。结果表明,种苗根直径越大,其茎叶和根中可溶性蛋白质含量越高,抽薹前茎叶蛋白质含量呈“增-降-增”的变化趋势,根部呈“W”形变化;茎叶游离氨基酸含量呈“W”形变化,含量随根直径增大而减小,抽薹植株出现之前根部含量随直径增大而增大,之后波动下降,有抽薹发生后则表现相反趋势;可溶性糖含量随根直径的增大而增加,根直径较小种苗移栽后茎叶中可溶性糖含量一直呈上升趋势,而根直径较大种苗则在抽薹发生后迅速下降。在抽薹发生前的生长过程中,根直径较小种苗移栽后地上部分蛋白质、可溶性糖含量低,游离氨基酸含量高,不利于早期抽薹的发生,而根直径较大种苗则相反,易于早抽薹。     

高温对荷斯坦种公牛精液品质及精清生化指标的影响研究

以荷斯坦种公牛为试验牛研究了高温对其精液品质和精清生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)高温可造成种公牛精液品质显著下降。使原精活力、精子密度、活精子百分数和顶体完整率分别比春季下降3·13%(P<0·05)、34·8%(P<0·01)、15·0%(P<0·01)和17·8%(P<0·01),精子畸形率比春季上升25·5%(P<0·01)。(2)夏季荷斯坦种公牛精清睾酮含量仅为4·31pg/mL,极显著低于非高温季节(P<0·01)。(3)高温环境使得荷斯坦种公牛精清钾、钙、镁处于最低水平(P<0·01),精清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)处于最高水平(P<0·01),使精清钠由春季至夏季呈显著下降趋势。     

冬闲田土种植几种禾草饲养育肥牛的配套技术研究

黑麦草、燕麦、鸭茅等三种禾草均具有耐寒 ,返青早 ,生长快 ,产草量较高 ,抗病力较强的特性 ,是冬季及早春生长利用较好的饲料作物。在水稻冬闲田土中种植 ,以 1 0月中上旬播种 ,播量分别为 :黑麦草为 2 0～ 2 5kg/667m2 ,鸭茅为 1 8～ 2 0kg/667m2 、燕麦为 3 0～ 4 0kg/667m2 其效果较好。并利用其饲喂育肥牛 ,日增重比对照组增加 2 61g ,而且平均每天比对照多增纯利 1 88元。     

Polymorphisms in the ovoinhibitor gene (OIH) and their association with egg quality of Xinhua E-strain chickens

1. Chicken ovoinhibitor has been reported to prevent contamination and affect storage for eggs. The objective of the present study was to conduct an association analysis between ovoinhibitor gene (OIH) polymorphisms and egg quality traits in the population of Xinhua E-strain chickens and explore its expression characteristics in different tissues.

2. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and genotyped, in which one synonymous mutation was located in exon16 (G9810A), one in intron7 (A4363G) and one in intron14 (C8937G). The A4363G and C8937G polymorphisms signi?cantly in?uenced Haugh unit (HU) and albumen height (AH), while HU and AH in AG and CT heterozygous birds were signi?cantly higher than in birds with homozygous genotypes. Diplotype association analysis showed individuals with an H1H4 diplotype had the highest AH and HU values in the investigated population.

3. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression level of the OIH gene was higher in the oviduct and liver than other tissues. During the development of liver at different phases, a drastic decrease occurred during the period of first ovulation event, which suggests the regulation of some unknown factors effected it.

4. Our results indicated that OIH plays a vital role in egg quality. The combinations of A4363G and C8937G might be potential advantageous molecular markers for improving HU of chicken eggs.     

Effects of growth rate on carcass and meat quality traits and their association with metabolism-related gene expression in finishing pigs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different growth rates on carcass characteristics and meat quality and their relationship with myogenesis and lipogenesis in finishing pigs. Pigs were slaughtered at the same age and were assigned to high (HGR) or low (LGR) growth rates with 120 kg or 110 kg final body weights at slaughter. The results indicated that pigs with HGR had heavier (P < 0.05) final body weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of fat in the muscle and higher (P < 0.05) total RNA concentration in muscle than pigs with LGR. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in fat were higher (P < 0.05) in pigs with HGR. Additionally, the mRNA expression of glycogen synthase in muscle was lower (P < 0.05) in pigs with HGR. These results indicate differences in postmortem myogenesis and lipogenesis traits of pigs with different growth rates; these differences in turn might have affected carcass characteristics and meat quality.     

Effects of enhancing vitamin D status by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation,alone or in combination with calcium and phosphorus,on sternum mineralisation and breast meat quality in broilers

1. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of improving vitamin D status in broiler diets by supplementary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD₃), alone or in combination with calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP), on live performance, sternum mineralisation and breast meat quality in broilers.

2. A total of 936 1-d-old Ross 308 broilers were used in the study. After gender determination at the hatchery, chicks from each sex were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments. The following dietary treatments were used in the experiment from hatch to 38 d: (1) A control diet formulated to meet all of the nutrient requirements of broiler chicks according to the management guide; (2) The control diet supplemented with 18.7–15.0 µg/kg of 25OHD₃; and (3) The control diet supplemented with 18.7–15.0 µg/kg of 25OHD₃ plus Ca + aP.

3. Improvement in vitamin D status by 25OHD₃ supplementation, alone or in combination with Ca and aP, had no effect on body weight and feed conversion ratio of broilers.

4. The serum 25OHD₃ concentration significantly increased with 25OHD₃ and 25OHD₃ plus Ca + aP supplementation (P < 0.05), whereas the ionised Ca and Mg concentrations remained unchanged.

5. Sternum absolute weight, ash content and the concentrations of Ca and P significantly increased (P < 0.01) with supplementation of 25OHD₃, alone or in combination with Ca + aP.

6. Supplemental 25OHD₃, alone or in combination with Ca + aP, slightly increased pH₂₄ (P = 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.01) squeezable water loss in breast meat, whereas it had no significant effect on lightness, yellowness and sarcoplasmic protein solubility.

7. In conclusion, the results suggested that enhancing vitamin D status by 25OHD₃ supplementation alone or in combination with Ca + aP may improve sternum structure and mineral accretion. Furthermore, supplemental 25OHD₃, even in a nutritionally complete diet, may offer an effective way to improve protein solubility in female broilers.     

Comparison of the effects of Ham'sF10 and αMEM in combination with FBS or BSA in vitrification/warming solution on quality and viability of sheep ovarian follicles

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the two types of media, namely minimum essential medium (αMEM) and Ham'sF10, supplemented with foetal bovine serum (FBS) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) in vitrification/warming solution on the quality and viability of sheep ovarian follicles. Vitrification method was applied for cryopreservation of sheep ovarian cortex using Ham'sF10 and αMEM supplemented with either BSA or FBS. There were five groups: Fresh, Ham'sF10+ BSA, Ham'sF10+ FBS, αMEM + BSA and αMEM + FBS. Samples were cultured for two weeks after warming. Viability and morphology of follicles and DNA fragmentation in follicles and in tissue stroma cells were analysed before vitrification/warming and following one and two weeks of culture. The Ham'sF10+ FBS and Ham'sF10+ BSA groups showed a significant decrease in follicular viability after one week of culture (p < .05 vs. Fresh). Following two weeks of culture, all groups revealed a considerable fall in the number of viable follicles (p < .05 vs. Fresh). There was an increase in DNA fragmentation of connective tissue cells but not in the follicles (p < .05). Our results showed the better application of αMEM supplemented with BSA as a vitrification solution in improvement of cryopreservation effects and maintenance of follicular survival.