大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中浒苔适宜添加量的应用研究

为探讨浒苔在大菱鲆幼鱼养殖饲料中的应用,确定饲料中适宜的浒苔添加量,筛选浒苔在大菱鲆饲料的应用配方,以初始体质量(6.05±0.03)g的大菱鲆幼鱼为试验对象,分别在基础饲料中添加0%(E1,对照组)、5%(E2)、10%(E3)、15%(E4)和20%(E5)的浒苔粉,配制成5种等氮等能的饲料,在循环水系统中进行42d的摄食生长试验。饲喂试验结束后测定大菱鲆的生长、摄食及非特异性免疫力。试验结果显示,添加浒苔粉20%试验组的质量增加率、特定生长率和饲料效率显著低于对照组(P0.05),而其余各试验组的大菱鲆质量增加率、特定生长率和饲料效率与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05);各试验组的摄食率差异不显著(P0.05);添加浒苔粉5%试验组大菱鲆头肾巨噬细胞的吞噬活力和巨噬细胞呼吸爆发活力均显著高于其余各试验组(P0.05)。由此可知,在本试验条件下,在大菱鲆饲料中适当添加浒苔5%时,对其生长和非特异性免疫力具有一定促进作用,但浒苔添加量增加到20%时,大菱鲆幼鱼的生长以及非特异性免疫力均受到抑制。     

饲料中添加浒苔对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和肌肉品质的影响

为了探究在不同鱼粉含量的饲料中添加浒苔对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和肌肉品质的影响,实验采用2×3双因子实验设计,在鱼粉含量分别为18％(A)和15％ (B)的基础饲料中添加0、3％和6％浒苔(分别记为A0、A3、A6、B0、B3和B6),制成6组等氮等能饲料(粗蛋白含量为38.5％).饲喂初始体质量为(3.0±0.1)g的...     

玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆摄食、生长及体组成的影响

以鱼粉和玉米蛋白粉作蛋白源,配制6种等氮等能的饲料。其中5种饲料(C0、C12、C25、C38和C50.5)分别含有0%、12%、25%、38%和50.5%的玉米蛋白粉以替代相应的鱼粉蛋白。其余1种饲料(C50.5CAA)是在饲料C50.5基础上补充1.8%晶体氨基酸混合物(L-lysine:1.2%,L-arg:0.6%)。经7周的生长试验,结果表明随着饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代水平的升高,大菱鲆(12.51±0.02)g的摄食率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均显著下降。饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量为50.5%时,大菱鲆摄食率显著低于其他处理组(P<0.05)。当饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量超过25%时,大菱鲆特定生长率显著低于对照组(C0)(P<0.05)。当饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量超过38%时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率与对照组(C0)相比显著下降(P<0.05)。C50.5CAA组的摄食率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率与C50.5组相比都有升高的趋势,但差异不显著。而饲料中添加晶体氨基酸显著提高了大菱鲆的饲料效率(P<0.05)。饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量均无显著影响。饲料中玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆血清甘油三酯和尿素氮含量也不产生显著影响,然而,随着饲料中玉米蛋白粉含量升高,血清总胆固醇含量显著下降(P<0.05)。     

人工饲料和浒苔饲喂对点篮子鱼幼鱼生长性能和消化酶活性影响

以点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼为研究对象,分别使用人工饲料和浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifra)饲喂点篮子幼鱼,实验周期90 d,对比两种饲料对点篮子鱼幼鱼的生长性能和消化酶活性影响。结果显示,人工饲料组幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、相对增长率及肌肉的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量、比内脏重和比肝重均显著高于浒苔组(P0.05),而粗灰分、比肠重、比肠长显著低于浒苔组(P0.05);人工饲料组幼鱼胃中胃蛋白酶活性,前肠和中肠的胰蛋白酶活性,幽门盲囊、肠和肝脏的脂肪酶活性均显著高于浒苔组,而幽门盲囊和肠的淀粉酶活性则显著低于浒苔组(P0.05)。饲喂浒苔的点篮子鱼幼鱼虽然生长性能低于人工饲料组,但其淀粉酶活性、比肠重和比肠长均高于人工饲料组,点篮子鱼对浒苔有良好的摄食和消化能力,浒苔能满足点篮子鱼的生长需求。     

饲料中添加浒苔对仿刺参幼参生长、消化酶活性和免疫力的影响

在水温17~18℃和盐度30条件下,将初始体质量为(4.09±0.26)g的仿刺参饲养在15个循环水玻璃缸(容积100L)中,投喂在基础饲料中添加0%、3%、6%、9%和12%浒苔的饲料,于投喂后第7、14、28d和42d分别检测仿刺参的生长指标、消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和褐藻酸酶)和体腔液免疫酶(溶菌酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶)的活性。试验结果表明,投喂试验饲料后第14、28d和42d:(1)饲料中添加6%和9%浒苔组仿刺参的特定生长率显著增加(P0.05),在不同取样时间其他添加组仿刺参的的特定生长率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);(2)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%试验组仿刺参的4种消化酶比活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中6%组仿刺参的消化酶比活力最高;(3)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%时,仿刺参溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%时,仿刺参碱性磷酸酶活力和超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);添加浒苔可以显著提高酸性磷酸酶活力,至第42d,试验组酸性磷酸酶活力高于对照组(P0.05),且浒苔添加量为6%时活力最高。在本试验条件下,饲料中添加浒苔可以提高仿刺参的特定生长率、消化酶活力及免疫力,浒苔的最适添加量为6%~9%。     

饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方法对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响

采用单因素实验设计,先配制6种浒苔含量(0、5％、10％、15％、20％和25％)饲料饲养初始体质量(1.44±0.01)g幼刺参49 d,然后根据浒苔含量实验结果配制20％含量、3种方法处理的浒苔[干燥粉碎(DC)、纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCC)和蛋白酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCP)]饲料饲养初始体质量(4.58 ±0.23)g幼刺参60 d,以研究饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方式对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响.实验每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复饲喂35头刺参.结果显示:(1)浒苔对提高刺参特定生长率(SGR)、肠道淀粉酶(AMS)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和降低饲料系数(FCR)有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中20％浒苔含量最好,浒苔能显著降低饲料干物质表观消化率(ADCd)和粗蛋白质表观消化率(ADCp)(P＜0.05),对刺参摄食率(FI)、成活率(SR)、肠道胃蛋白酶(PP)活性和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)无显著性影响(P＞0.05).(2)3种方法处理的浒苔中,DCC和DCP浒苔对提高刺参SGR、ADCd、ADCp、肠道AMS、PP、SOD和ACP活性和降低FCR有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中DCC浒苔最好,3种方法处理的浒苔对刺参FI和SR亦无显著性影响(P＞0.05).在本实验条件下,幼刺参饲料中浒苔适宜含量为20％;纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎浒苔是一个理想的浒苔处理方法.     

不同无机盐预混料含量对鲈鱼生长和钙磷代谢的影响

以初始体质量(5.50±1.63)g的鲈鱼为研究对象,探讨饲料中添加不同含量的无机盐预混料对鲈鱼生长、鱼体成分及鱼体和脊椎骨钙和磷含量的影响。基础饲料中分别加入0%、1%、2%和4%的无机盐预混料制成4种等氮等能(蛋白质42%,总能20 kJ/g)的试验饲料,进行10周的摄食生长试验。试验结果表明,饲料中添加不同含量的无机盐预混料对鲈鱼的成活率无显著影响。随着饲料中无机盐预混料含量的升高,鲈鱼的饲料效率和特定生长率均呈上升趋势,并且当饲料中添加4%无机盐预混料时,鲈鱼的饲料效率和特定生长率均显著高于添加量为0%、1%和2%组(P<0.05)。饲料中添加不同含量的无机盐预混料对鲈鱼鱼体的水分含量无显著影响,但饲料中添加2%和4%的无机盐预混料时,鲈鱼鱼体的蛋白质和灰分含量均显著高于0%和1%添加量组(P<0.05),而脂肪含量显著低于0%和1%添加量组(P<0.05)。鱼体中钙和磷的变化趋势与鱼体灰分的变化趋势一致,均随着饲料中无机盐预混料含量的升高呈现明显的上升趋势,当饲料中添加4%无机盐预混料时鱼体钙和磷的含量显著高于添加量为0%组(P<0.05)。鱼体脊椎骨钙和磷的变化趋势与脊椎骨灰分的变化趋势一致,均随着饲料中无机盐预混料含量的升高呈现明显的下降趋势,并且当饲料中添加4%无机盐预混料时脊椎骨钙和磷的含量显著低于添加量为0%组(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,鲈鱼配合饲料中无机盐预混料的推荐添加量为4%。     

饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体组成及抗氧化酶活力的影响

为研究饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体组成及血清抗氧化酶活力的影响,在饲料中分别添加0、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%的姜黄素,配制成4种等氮等脂的实验饲料。选择初始体质量(5.12±0.04)g大菱鲆幼鱼420尾,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复35尾鱼。每种饲料随机饲喂1组实验鱼,养殖周期为77 d。结果显示,饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼的成活率(SR)、特定生长率(SGR)、摄食量(FI)、肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)没有显著影响。饲料中添加姜黄素对鱼体水分含量无显著影响;饲料中添加姜黄素后,鱼体脂肪含量显著下降,而肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量则呈显著上升趋势;0.02%和0.06%姜黄素添加组鱼体蛋白质含量显著高于0.04%组。0.06%姜黄素添加组的血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力显著高于其他组;姜黄素添加组的血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力高于对照组,但各组间差异不显著;饲料中添加姜黄素后,血清丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽酶(GSH)活力呈显著降低的趋势。研究表明,饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼成活和生长无显著影响,但能够显著提高幼鱼的血清抗氧化能力。     

蛹肽蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、饲料利用、消化代谢酶及免疫性能的影响

选取蛹肽蛋白分别替代大菱鲆幼鱼配合饲料中0、15%、30%、45%、60%、75%的鱼粉,配制成6种等氮等能的饲料饲喂大菱鲆幼鱼(19.84±0.04 g)56 d,以研究蛹肽蛋白替代鱼粉的效果。结果显示,大菱鲆幼鱼的特定生长率、饲料效率随替代水平的升高而降低,30%及以上替代组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪水平随替代水平的升高而降低,分别在75%和30%及以上替代组显著降低,鱼体水分和灰分含量随替代的升高而升高,分别在75%和30%及以上替代组显著升高(P<0.05)。摄食率随替代水平升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,在30%替代组呈现出最高的摄食率,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲料干物质的表观消化率在42.53%-54.36%之间,且当替代水平达到75%时显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而蛋白质表观消化率在71.67%-86.89%之间,仅45%和75%替代组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各替代组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于对照组,在45%和60%替代组出现显著性差异(P<0.05)。综上所述,蛹肽蛋白可以替代大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中15%的鱼粉而不影响其生长摄食、饲料利用以及与消化、代谢、免疫相关的酶的活性。     

蛹肽蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、饲料利用、消化代谢酶及免疫性能的影响

选取蛹肽蛋白分别替代大菱鲆幼鱼配合饲料中0、15%、30%、45%、60%、75%的鱼粉,配制成6种等氮等能的饲料饲喂大菱鲆幼鱼(19.84±0.04 g)56 d,以研究蛹肽蛋白替代鱼粉的效果。结果显示,大菱鲆幼鱼的特定生长率、饲料效率随替代水平的升高而降低,30%及以上替代组显著低于对照组(P0.05);鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪水平随替代水平的升高而降低,分别在75%和30%及以上替代组显著降低,鱼体水分和灰分含量随替代的升高而升高,分别在75%和30%及以上替代组显著升高(P0.05)。摄食率随替代水平升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,在30%替代组呈现出最高的摄食率,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料干物质的表观消化率在42.53%-54.36%之间,且当替代水平达到75%时显著低于对照组(P0.05);而蛋白质表观消化率在71.67%-86.89%之间,仅45%和75%替代组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。各替代组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于对照组,在45%和60%替代组出现显著性差异(P0.05)。综上所述,蛹肽蛋白可以替代大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中15%的鱼粉而不影响其生长摄食、饲料利用以及与消化、代谢、免疫相关的酶的活性。     

拟微绿球藻粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生理和脂肪酸组成的影响

为探讨饲料中添加拟微绿球藻粉替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼血清生化指标、体组成和脂肪酸组成的影响,用拟微绿球藻粉替代基础饲料中0(对照组)、8%、16%、24%和32%的鱼油,配制5种等氮等能的饲料。选取初始体质量(82.64±0.32)g的大菱鲆幼鱼375尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾,养殖37d。试验结果显示,试验组的全鱼粗蛋白呈逐渐上升的趋势并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的全鱼粗脂肪呈逐渐下降的趋势并且显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪与全鱼具有相同的趋势;肌肉和肝脏的花生四烯酸含量随着饲料中拟微绿球藻粉含量的增加而上升,而n-3/n-6高不饱和脂肪酸呈下降的趋势;血清总超氧化物歧化酶和总抗氧化能力呈先升后降的趋势,在替代16%试验组达到最大值并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清溶菌酶也呈先升后降的趋势,替代16%试验组和替代24%试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清丙二醛呈先降后升的趋势,在替代16%试验组达到最低值并且显著低于对照组(P<0.05),血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈下降趋势,试验组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在16%～24%替代水平上,可提高试验组的非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力,降低其血脂水平,而大菱鲆幼鱼高不饱和脂肪酸的含量不变,保持了其营养价值。     

Phospholipids in formulated start-feeds – Effect on turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) larval growth and mitochondrial alteration in enterocytes

Turbot Scophthalmus maximus, larvae were start‐fed with formulated feeds containing marine phospholipids (MP) or soya phospholipids (SP). The experiment was performed with six experimental groups, four groups were given formulated feeds, one group was given live feed and one group was starved. Phospholipid (PL) contents of the formulated feeds were respectively 5% MP, 15% MP, 5% SP and 15% SP. Larvae were offered feed from day 3 post‐hatch. There was no significant size difference on day 5 between the group fed 15% MP and the group given rotifers. Electron microscopical examination of enterocytes was performed on larval intestine on day 5. Larvae fed 5% and 15% MP and larvae fed rotifers had normal looking enterocytes with numerous normal looking mitochondria. In the enterocytes of larvae fed 5% SP and 15% SP the mitochondria appeared swollen with a translucent matrix and fragmented cristae. Thus, MP and not SP seemed suitable as a lipid and PL source for start‐feeding turbot larvae.     

Formulated Feed Supports Weight Gain and Survivorship in Juvenile Sea Urchins Lytechinus variegatus

In adult sea urchins, formulated feeds can support both weight gain and gonad production; however, studies demonstrating the effects of formulated feeds on juvenile sea urchin growth are limited. In this study, juvenile sea urchins (test diameter: 3.20–7.33 mm, N = 12 per treatment) were reared individually in artificial seawater and fed with one of four experimental feeds: (1) mixed‐taxa algal biofilm (MTAB), (2) freeze‐dried MTAB, (3) a commercial, small‐mammal feed (Friskies^® cat treats), or (4) a semipurified feed formulated for sea urchins. The MTAB and sea urchin feed supported weight gain and survival throughout the study; however, those individuals fed with the sea urchin feed exhibited a short lag period at the onset of feeding. This short lag period may be, in part, because of an initial lack of attraction of the urchins to the formulated feed. Furthermore, we hypothesize that gut physiology or gut flora must acclimatize to a new diet (all sea urchins were reared initially on the MTAB diet). The freeze‐dried MTAB and mammal feed did not support substantial weight gain. This study suggests that sea urchin juveniles as small as 3–4 mm can utilize formulated feeds for growth.     

The effects of changing feeding frequency simultaneously with seawater transfer in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. smolt

The effects on group feed intake and growth performance of changing feeding frequency simultaneously with seawater transfer of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were investigated. Two feeding regimes of one feed per day (1F) and eight feeds per day (8F) were compared for groups of Atlantic salmon in freshwater. Following seawater transfer groups were either fed on their pre-transfer regimes or swapped to the other regime, resulting in four treatments (n = 3). Regardless of the pre-transfer feeding regime, 1F groups had significantly (P < 0.05) lower feed intake immediately following transfer than 8F groups. However, groups that underwent a change in feeding frequency did not have significantly lower feed intake immediately following transfer than those kept on the pre-transfer feeding regime. During the freshwater phase, overall mean feed intake of 8F groups was significantly greater than 1F groups, whilst there was no significant difference in mean feed intake for any of the treatments during the seawater phase. Growth was better in groups fed 8F in freshwater than those fed 1F in freshwater regardless of post-transfer feeding regime. There were no significant differences in growth depensation throughout the experiment, suggesting that there were no overall differences in hierarchy strength amongst treatments. The main finding of this experiment was that a single meal per day immediately following seawater transfer results in initially significantly lower feed intake than the higher feeding frequency regardless of pre-transfer feeding regime, consequently multiple daily feeds is the recommended feeding regime following seawater transfer.     

Culture of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) fed both phytoplankton and zooplankton: a microcosm experiment

With a 10‐week microcosm experiment, we demonstrated that the mussel Mytilus edulis could feed and grow upon zooplankton, phytoplankton and mixture of them. The group supplied with the mixture showed the highest shell growth rate, egestion rate and largest size of faecal pellets. Individuals feeding on seawater (the control group) had the lowest growth rate, egestion rate and smallest size of faecal pellets. Egestion rates and faecal sizes of all the groups decreased with experimental time. Therefore, the mussel M. edulis could derive energy from many kinds of diet particles. Most of these particles within the water column may play an important role in bivalve nutrition, feeding and aquaculture. A mixed diet of phytoplankton and zooplankton yielded better growth performance and metabolism than diets of each fed separately.     

Juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L., 1758) farmed in a modern low-water exchange RAS device: Growth performance using different diets and its commercial implications

One step to improve the economics of Recirculated Aquaculture Systems (RAS) is the use of the right feed. A 12-week lasting growth trial with juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) with an average initial weight of 54.4 ± 19.3 g evaluated the economic impact of choosing the best feed. Therefore, commercially available feeds recommended for turbot culture, two floating (feed 1 and feed 3) and one sinking (feed 2), were tested in a low-water exchange RAS device. Compositions of the macronutrients for the floating diets were 56.0% (protein), 12.0% (fat), 1.1% (fiber), and 10.0% (ash) for feed 1, which will be referred to as Floating 1, and 55.0% (protein), 16.0% (fat), 0.7% (fiber), and 11.0% (ash) for feed 3, which will be referred as Floating 2. The macronutrient composition of feed 2, which will be referred to as Sinking, was 50.0% (protein), 15.0% (fat), 1.4% (fiber), and 9.9% (ash). Growth performance differed significantly between feeds; the specific growth rates (SGR) ranged between 0.92% d^?1 (Sinking) and 1.25% d^?1 (Floating 1 and 2), resulting in a significantly higher growth rate for the floating feeds. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) were also significantly different, and Sinking showed the highest FCRs during the experiment. We assume that this was caused by the different swimming characteristics of the feeds and the foraging behavior of the fish instead of the different nutritional compositions of the diets. Including retailer prices, the feed costs per kg produced fish differed between 9.3% and 20.2%, resulting in the highest production costs for the Sinking. Therefore, finding the right feed for turbot and optimizing the feeding regime according to its requirements will improve the economic feasibility of turbot culture.     

Feed discrimination and selection in self-fed European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate feed discrimination and preference of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L., taking into account the effects of feed location, previous feeding experience and light conditions. Fish (63 g) were held in tanks and exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod and ambient temperature. The following feeding practices were applied in triplicate: three‐choice feeding (self‐ feeding with feeds formulated for carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous fish rotated on a weekly basis) and monofeeding (self‐feeding with one of these feeds). After 9 weeks (phase I), fish previously held in monofeeding, were subjected to three‐choice feeding for 2 weeks (phase II). In phase I, fish discriminated between feeds after their rotational displacements and preferred the feed formulated for carnivorous species. This also supported the best growth. Fish used in phase II preferred the same feed. There was no preference for any location within tanks. Feeding was generally diurnal, although in some tests with the feeds for herbivores and omnivores, diurnal and nocturnal feed demands were similar and fewer in number than with the feed formulated for carnivores.     

Demonstration of salmon farming as a net producer of fish protein and oil

To date aquaculture’s reliance on dietary marine sources has been calculated on a fish weight‐to‐weight basis without considering the absolute amounts of nutrients but this approach neglects the often considerable differences in the nutritional value of fish. We propose simple nutrient‐to‐nutrient‐based dependency measures that take into account these nutritional differences. In the first study reported here, individually tagged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reared in seawater supplied tanks with feed collection facilities. In the second, commercial net pens were used to grow over 200 000 fish. For both studies, a low marine ingredient feed containing approximately 165 g kg^?1 fishmeal was compared to a control feed (approx 300 g kg^?1 fishmeal) whilst fish oil inclusion was less markedly reduced. The low marine feeds supported similar growth and feed efficiency compared to the control feeds. With the low marine ingredient feeds, the weight of salmon protein and lipid produced through growth exceeded the weight of marine protein and lipid consumed by the fish meaning that salmon farming can be a net producer of fish protein and oil. The amount of n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids deposited was sufficient to meet current recommendations from human health organizations.     

Water immersion time reduces the preference of juvenile tropical spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus for pelleted dry feeds and fresh mussel

Development of a pelleted dry feed as an alternative to feeding fresh fishery by‐catch is an environmental priority for tropical spiny lobster aquaculture. Earlier studies have shown the lobster's acceptance of pelleted dry feed diminishes rapidly after immersion in water. In this work, we quantified the rate at which dry matter, total protein, soluble protein and individual and total free amino acids were lost from pieces of green‐lipped mussel Perna canaliculus, a commercially‐extruded Penaeus japonicus (kuruma) shrimp feed (KSF) and four laboratory‐made, fishmeal‐based, pelleted feeds upon immersion for up to 7.5 h. The laboratory‐made feeds contained homogenates of either green‐lipped mussel, polychaete (Marphysa sanguinea), prawn (Metapenaeus bennettae) or squid (Sepioteuthis spp.). After being immersed in water for 0, 2.5 or 5 h, these same feeds were offered as a paired choice with KSF in two preference feeding studies with juvenile Panulirus ornatus lobsters. The loobster's preference for fresh mussel always exceeded that of KSF, irrespective of immersion time. Regression of the proportional intake of test feeds against the relative leach rate of KSF identified soluble protein, glycine and taurine as the principal leachate components having the highest positive correlations with the lobster's feeding preference.     

Formulated Feeds Containing Fresh or Dried Artemia as Food Supplement for Larval Rearing of Black Tiger Shrimp,Penaeus monodon

Supplementation of microalgae and Artemia nauplii with practical formulated feeds containing fresh or dried Artemia biomass for larval rearing of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, was assessed. Five feeding treatments were carried out in a recirculating seawater system with fifteen 30-L fiberglass tanks. Shrimp nauplii were stocked at a density of 150 L^?1 for 23 days. In the control treatment, live feed was supplemented with commercial formulated feed (Inve Aquaculture NV, Belgium). In two other treatments, live feed was supplemented with a pelleted feed based on either fresh or dried Artemia. In the remaining two treatments live feed was supplemented with a combination of 50% commercial feed and 50% fresh or dried Artemia feeds. Overall, performance of PL in the combination treatments (commercial feed and Artemia diets) were equal to or better than those fed commercial feed alone as seen by the better growth rate and higher resistance to formalin stress. The results indicate that feed containing fresh or dried Artemia biomass can partially supplement live feeds for larval rearing of P. monodon.