鸟类对落叶松鞘蛾的抑制作用观察

兴安落叶松鞘蛾为东北地区落叶松的主要害虫。1986年3月～1987年10月春秋两季观察:捕食该虫的鸟类有17种。10月间试验用网罩方法阻止鸟类的捕食,到翌年4月调查,未网罩区松鞘蛾密度较网罩区减少33.09％,充分说明自然界鸟类有控制该虫的作用。     

利用蜘蛛控制松鞘蛾为害

近十几年来,东北、内蒙古及山西等省落叶松人工林遭受落叶松鞘蛾(Coleopnlra laricella Hübner)严重为害。由于大量使用烟剂防治,杀伤了林内有益天敌,致使其为害日趋严重。 笔者在甘井子林场北岗林地,调查发现,森林蜘蛛种群数量十分丰富,种类繁多,其捕食量也是十分惊人的,有的一个蛛网上,落网的松鞘蛾成虫,就有3000头之多。1头三突花     

华北落叶松鞘蛾性引诱剂及其应用技术研究

１９９３￣１９９４年在山西省太岳山森林经营局对华北落叶松鞘蛾人工合成性引诱剂的生物活性、剂量反应，以及应用技术进行了林间研究。结果表明，该虫性引诱剂顺－５－癸烯醇（Ｚ５－１０：ＯＨ）的最佳诱虫剂量为１００μｇ。采用性引诱剂诱捕器对成虫发生期进行了连续两年的监测，在中低虫口密度范围内（〈８头幼虫／１０ｃｍ枝条），诱蛾量随虫口密度的增加而增大；当虫口密度超过１０头幼虫／１０ｃｍ枝条时，其诱蛾量反而明显     

豫西地区落叶松鞘蛾发生规律及防治技术

落叶松鞘蛾在豫西地区主要危害日本落叶松和华北落叶松。1年发生1代,以幼虫负鞘在树枝及树皮裂缝中越冬。越冬幼虫4月上旬开始活动,以幼虫负鞘取食叶肉危害。5月中旬出现成虫,6月上旬产卵,6月中旬第1代幼虫开始孵化,10月上旬陆续入蛰。4月中旬为幼虫最佳防治时期,用3％高渗苯氧威2000倍液防治,效果达92．2％以上;6月上旬为成虫最佳防治时期,用敌马烟剂防治,效果达90％以上。     

三门峡市林业有害生物危害规律调查及防控对策

通过三门峡市林业有害生物普查,采集标本3万多号次,查明全市共有林业有害生物369种,已鉴定308种,其中害虫类10目77科237种;病害60种;有害植物6种;鼠害类5种.查明天敌13目44科156种.并对中华松梢蚧、油松毛虫、落叶松鞘蛾等10种主要病虫害的发生规律进行了观察研究,对其发生趋势进行了综合分析,并提出综合治理对策措施.     

梨小食心虫雄蛾的多次交配对雌蛾生殖力的影响

为明确梨小食心虫雄蛾的交配能力等生物学特性, 正确评价梨小食心虫性信息素诱杀雄蛾的田间应用效果, 本研究借助监控设备观察了梨小食心虫雄蛾与雌蛾的交配时间段、交配持续时间、雄蛾交配次数、雄蛾首次交配及末次交配日龄, 研究了雄蛾日龄对交配率的影响, 雄蛾交配次数对雌蛾产卵量及卵孵化率的影响。结果表明, 梨小食心虫雄蛾能与多头雌蛾交配, 且从1日龄至19日龄期间均能与雌蛾交配。随着雄蛾日龄的增加, 其与雌蛾交配率降低, 雄蛾交配次数的增加对雌蛾产卵量及卵孵化率没有显著影响。因此田间使用性信息素诱杀一定数量的雄蛾对降低后代种群数量有一定的作用, 但只有在短时间内将雄蛾数量减少到一定范围内才可起到理想效果。     

美国常见截获的鳞翅目害虫

为便于进口口岸鉴别鳞翅目幼虫,美国农业部1986年重新整理汇编了常见截获的鳞翅目幼虫检索表,共包括19个科,其中以螟蛾科种类最多,其次为卷蛾科、夜蛾科、谷蛾科和麦蛾科。此外涉及了弄蝶科、粉蝶科、灰蝶科、尺蛾科、蛀果蛾科、细卷蛾科、遮颜蛾科、木蠹蛾科、金银蛾科、尖蛾科、织蛾科、邻菜蛾科、巢蛾科和菜蛾科的一些重要害虫(见表)。鳞翅目昆虫是仅次于鞘翅目的第2大目,其中许多是农林生产的大敌,研究分析这类     

兴安落叶松鞘蛾天敌及其作用研究初报

本文对兴安落叶松鞘蛾的天敌进行了研究，队卵期尚未发现有天敌外，其它虫态共发现天敌３８种。其中寄出蜂１１种，蜘蛛１６种，鸟１１种。寄出蜂对幼虫和蛹的寄生率可达５０％；蜘蛛对幼虫和成虫均有较大的控制作用；鸟类在冬季和春季可大量捕食幼虫，５月份大部分候鸟飞来时，仅１０天内即可降低虫口８０％。本文还对天敌的保护和应用提出了建议。     

南昌市园林植物刺蛾种类的发生及综合防治研究

刺蛾是一类重要的园林植物食叶害虫,寄主广泛,南昌市发生较为普遍。据调查,南昌市刺蛾种类有21种,危害园林植物较为严重的刺蛾种类主要有黄刺蛾Cnidocampa flavescens（Walker）、丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida（Cramer）、褐边绿刺蛾L.consocia（Walker）、桑褐刺蛾Setor postonata（Hampson）及扁刺蛾Thosea sinensis（Walker）等5种刺蛾。本文记述了南昌市5种危害园林植物较为严重的刺蛾种类的寄主植物、发生及为害特点,以及相关的综合防治措施,为南昌市园林植物害虫防治提供参考。     

江西九连山小舟蛾属（鳞翅目：舟蛾科）记述

报道江西九连山国家级自然保护区小舟蛾属4种,分别是杨小舟蛾Micromelalophasieversi、强小舟蛾Micromelalophaadrian、邻小舟蛾Micromelalophavicina和西小舟蛾Micromelalophasimonovi,其中强小舟蛾M.adrian是九连山新记录种,西小舟蛾M.simonovi为江西省新记录种。对上述各种进行了形态特征描述。针对目前杨小舟蛾M. sieversi在国内文献中存在两个学名(M. troglodyta和M. sieversi)混用的情况,开展了讨论,并对邻小舟蛾M. vicina和黄斑小舟蛾M. flavomaculata的鉴定,以及西小舟蛾M. simonovi的鉴定进行讨论。4种成虫标本保存在江西九连山国家级自然保护区虾公塘生态定位研究站。     

植物检疫性有害生物相关术语梳理及规范

植物检疫术语是进行植物检疫工作交流的前提与基础,对植物检疫工作具有重要意义。本文通过梳理及规范有害生物相关术语及其定义,明确了有害生物与外来物种的相互关系;通过对有害生物风险分析相关术语及其定义进行整理和规范,提出判定植物检疫性有害生物的评估方法,评估过程可结合适生性分析、传播途径、寄主情况及潜在的经济/环境影响等因素,从进入、定殖、扩散可能性及后果评估等方面进行分析。检疫性有害生物与外来入侵物种有一定交集,因此检疫性有害生物的防控对生物入侵防控具有积极作用。而对有害生物和有害生物风险分析相关术语进行规范也为植物检疫性有害生物名单的制修订提供了科学思路。本文提出的定义修改建议及植物检疫性有害生物评估方法较为概括,仅为定义和名单的制修订工作提供参考。     

Identification of pests and pathogens recorded in Europe with relation to fruit imports

Within the framework of the EU project DROPSA (‘Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens’), a review on pests (including pathogens) that have fruit species as their host plants was conducted. The focus was on pests that have been introduced into Europe or were found in the fruit trade during the last 10–15 years. Among the 387 recorded pests, the following groups were identified: 1. fruit and vinegar flies, 2. scale insects, 3. fungi, 4. plant viruses, 5. bacteria, 6. pests of unknown risk, 7. tropical fruit pests, 8. pests that had an unexpected change of hosts, 9. fruit pests not likely to be transported on fruit and 10. ‘hitchhikers’ (non‐fruit pests intercepted on fruit/fruit plants, fruit pests intercepted on other commodities than fruit). The large number of pests identified, from different taxonomic groups and origins, shows that fruit are an important pathway for pests, threatening fruit production in Europe.     

Detection of invasions by exotic plant pests

Quantitative aspects of the detection of invasion by exotic pests are reviewed. Equations are linked for estimating the expected number of occurrences of pests, and the probability of detecting at least one pest occurrence. The frequency distributions of the annual number of detections for some exotic plant pests were calculated and in 6 of 7 analyses were not significantly different from Poisson frequency distributions. The aim of early detection of invading exotic pests would be assisted by better surveillance schemes, better data bases of invasions and more sophisticated modelling of entry by pests.     

气候变暖对农业害虫及其天敌的影响

全球气候的持续变暖引起了人类的高度关注。农业害虫是关系到农业生产顺利进行的一个特殊的昆虫类群,已经受到温度升高的影响。本文从气候变暖对农业害虫的发生、为害以及与天敌间关系的影响等三方面进行了综述。温度升高导致农业害虫的发生区域扩张,发生期提前和延长,高温适生种群发生量增大;农业害虫的为害时期改变,为害程度加重,为害物种之间产生新的竞争关系;农业害虫与寄主植物、天敌之间的同步性发生改变,继而影响到农业害虫的生物防治。本文最后对当前的研究工作进行了评述,就气候变暖形势下农业害虫的防治提出建议。     

Identification of new pests likely to be introduced into Europe with the fruit trade

Global trade of plants and plant products facilitates the international movement of pests. The introduction of new pests in an area may have huge economic consequences for local plant production, and should be avoided. The European Union (EU) imports large quantities of fresh fruit from all over the world, which could be a pathway for exotic pests. This review aimed to identify pests not yet present or regulated in the EU that may enter the territory with the fruit trade and damage fruit production in Europe. Pests of Vaccinium (blueberry), apple, grape, orange and mandarin were screened to assess the likelihood of their being associated with these fruit, their impact, their geographical distribution, whether they are intercepted in trade and whether they are spreading or emerging. They were further ranked to produce alert lists of 30 to 36 pests for each fruit species. These lists are presented as well as other findings on contaminants and newly introduced pests. Datasheets on those pests were prepared and are available as supporting information to this article as well as in the EPPO Global Database ( https://gd.eppo.int/ ). This work within the EU project DROPSA aimed to raise the awareness of importers and regulatory authorities to the potential risk of introducing pests with the fruit trade.     

Imported furniture – A pathway for the introduction of plant pests into Europe

The finding of two pests which are on the EPPO Lists of pests recommended for regulation and are EU quarantine listed pests: Monochamus alternatus and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, within the structural components of imported furniture are discussed. This highlights the plant health risks associated with this neglected pathway.     

输入小麦传带害虫的风险评估及其检疫对策

小麦是我国输入批量最大的食用粮食品种,本文针对随小麦输入可能传播的害虫,讨论分析作为输入小麦粮食所构成的有害生物扩散的潜在风险.通过初步的定量分析,提出输入小麦粮食可能传带危险性综合评价值较高15种检疫性有害生物,包括谷斑皮蠹、大谷蠹、野豌豆象、阔鼻谷象、墨西哥拟叩甲、澳洲蛛甲、谷象、拟肾斑皮蠹、肾斑皮蠹、黑森瘿蚊、麦小长蝽、麦茎蜂、欧洲麦茎蜂、麦扁盾蝽、褐拟谷盗.建议这些害虫应考虑作为输入小麦时重点检疫的害虫种类并提出对输入小麦传带害虫的风险管理的初步对策供参考.     

利用化学激发子防控作物害虫研究进展

诱导防御反应是植物抵御害虫为害的一种重要机制。在这一防御机制中,各种化学激发子,包括植食性昆虫相关分子模式、植物激素及其类似物、植物激发子多肽等发挥着重要作用。合理开发利用这些化学激发子,可望帮助植物建立一种天然的防御体系,从而降低害虫种群密度、减轻害虫为害,减少化学农药使用量。本文将主要对诱导植物抗虫性的化学激发子的最新研究成果进行概述,并展示利用化学激发子防控田间作物害虫的最新研究案例,提出亟待解决的问题,以促进化学激发子在作物害虫防控中的应用。     

Screening potential pests of Nordic coniferous forests associated with trade in ornamental plants

Plant pests moved along with the trade in ornamental plants could pose a threat to forests. In this study plant pests potentially associated with this pathway were screened to identify pests that could pose a high risk to the coniferous forests of Finland, Sweden and Norway. Specifically, the aim was to find pests that potentially could fulfil the criteria to become regulated as quarantine pests. EPPO’s commodity study approach, which includes several screening steps, was used to identify the pests that are most likely to become significant pests of Picea abies or Pinus sylvestris. From an initial list of 1062 pests, 65 pests were identified and ranked using the FinnPRIO model, resulting in a top list of 14 pests, namely Chionaspis pinifoliae, Coleosporium asterum s.l., Cytospora kunzei, Dactylonectria macrodidyma, Gnathotrichus retusus, Heterobasidion irregulare, Lambdina fiscellaria, Orgyia leucostigma, Orthotomicus erosus, Pseudocoremia suavis, Tetropium gracilicorne, Toumeyella parvicornis, Truncatella hartigii and Xylosandrus germanus. The rankings of the pests, together with the collected information, can be used to prioritize pests and pathways for further assessment.     

缨翅目害虫蓟马生物防治的研究进展

缨翅目Thysanoptera昆虫,俗称蓟马,其种类繁多、数量庞大,主要通过取食和传播植物病毒病进行为害.蓟马害虫已经发展成为我国热带地区最重要的农业害虫类群之一,对农作物和园艺植物造成了巨大的经济损失.天敌作为其重要的生物防治资源,在蓟马害虫防治中尤为关键.据此,本文结合国内外研究对西花蓟马和我国热带地区主要蓟马害虫...