麦田套种紧凑型夏玉米高产配套栽培技术

根据近年来的小区试验和潍坊市麦套紧凑型夏玉米单产10500－11250kg/hm^2的生产实践，总结出了提高麦田套种紧凑型夏玉米创高产的13项关键配套栽培技术：即增加有机肥用量；足墒匀墒播种；确保一次播种保全苗；合理增株，充分发挥群体的增产优势；预防大小苗，提高苗期田间整齐度；苗期早管，促苗早发培育壮苗；重施孕穗肥，为高产奠定基础；防虫治虫，为玉米创造良好生育环境；及时中耕松土，提高土壤的通透性；及时去雄，改变养分分配方向补施攻粒肥，促穗大增粒重；及时灌溉，满足生理用水；适当晚收，增加光合积累等配套栽培技术，从而显著地提高了夏玉米产量。     

麦田套种紧凑型玉米应掌握的五项关键技术

本文根据1993～1994年的小区试验和潍坊市麦套紧凑型夏玉米大面积单产8250～1125kg/hm²的高产实践，总结出了麦田套种紧凑型夏玉米应掌握的五项关键技术．即合理增株，扩大群体；苗期早管，促进幼苗均衡生长；增加肥料投入，合理运用肥水；防虫治虫，为玉米创造良好的生育环境；适当晚收，提高单位面积产量等。试验与生产实践表明，运用上述五项关键技术措施，可使紧凑型夏玉米增产25.38%～32.57%。     

促进麦套夏玉米创高产的五肥追施技术

本文根据多年的小区试验和大面积高产实践,总结出了促进麦套夏玉米创高产的五肥追施技术.即配方施足底肥,培育高产土壤;早施提苗肥,促苗早发培育壮苗;巧施拔节肥,为高产搭好骨架;重施孕穗肥,扩库增粒重;酌施攻粒肥,促流壮子粒等.多年的小区试验与生产实践反复证明,麦套夏玉米及时追好五肥,是夺取夏玉米高产的重要措施与保证,亦是夏玉米高产栽培技术措施中最关键的一环。     

紧凑型夏玉米"三肥"的最佳运筹技术

根据多年的小区试验和大面积高产实践,总结出了促进夏玉米创高产的三肥最佳运筹技术。即巧施拔节肥,为高产搭好骨架;重施孕穗肥,扩库增粒重;酌施攻粒肥,促流壮籽粒等。多年的小区试验与生产实践反复证明,夏玉米及时追好三肥,是夺取其高产的重要措施与保证,亦是夏玉米高产栽培技术中最关键的一环。     

氮磷钾配比对高产夏玉米产量、养分吸收积累的影响

通过大田试验研究了高产夏玉米土壤养分限制因素及植株养分吸收积累规律。结果表明：各施肥处理均比不施肥显著增产,增产7.3%～15.9%,氮磷钾推荐施肥(OPT)处理产量最高,达到12 051.2 kg/hm²,增产1 651.2 kg/hm²;施用氮肥、钾肥能显著提高夏玉米的产量,N、K是高产夏玉米主要养分限制因素。高产夏玉米植株体内氮、磷、钾的积累量均随生育期的延长而增加,养分积累量的大小顺序为N>K>P,从拔节期至大喇叭口期是氮素、磷素和钾素吸收量和吸收速率最大的时期,整个生育期,高产夏玉米能持续吸收N、P、K养分。N当季回收率为18.05%,P₂O₅为14.55%,K₂O为18.34%,每生产100 kg经济产量需吸收的N、P₂O₅、K₂O的量分别为1.62、0.69、1.83 kg。     

山区半紧凑型玉米生育、生理特性和高产技术研究

采用半紧凑型玉米杂交种S9914进行高产栽培试验、示范研究,结果表明:在贵州黔西北山区生态条件下适宜种植半紧凑型玉米S9914,大面积单产可达9 052～10 717.5 kg/hm²;小面积单产可达11 797.8～12 994.6 kg/hm².密度试验显示,S9914适宜密度范围为每公顷61 500～85 500株.产量结构:每公顷59 603～78 035穗;穗粒数475～444粒;千粒重347～312.5g.最大叶面积系数4.27～5.48,生物产量17 205～21 876 kg/hm²,经济产量9 559.5～10 639.5 kg/hm²,经济系数0.6 ～0.49.生育期中对主要生育特性和生理特性即生育期、株高、总叶数、叶面积、干物质、光合势、净同化率、叶绿素、光合速率、蒸腾速率等进行了调查、测定和分析.并对相关气候资源和田间小气候进行了观察和测定.同时研究了半紧凑型玉米高产栽培技术的集成和组装。     

育种与栽培相结合紧凑型玉米创高产

从探索我国玉米高产道路进行夏玉米高产攻关研究开始,回顾了育种与栽培相结合培创玉米高产的研究过程。并通过紧凑型玉米与平展型玉米的株型比较试验,总结出紧凑型玉米杂交种的生理特征,证明了紧凑型玉米较平展型玉米的增产作用大,创造出16444.35kg/hm2的夏玉米高产纪录,推动了我国紧凑型玉米育种与高产栽培研究事业的发展。     

紧凑型玉米高产栽培模式研究

本文论述了紧凑型玉米与平展型玉米高产栽培对比试验(1987～1993年)，初步研究了紧凑型玉米产量结构，生理生态指标及其适宜密度、最佳配方施肥、加强田间管理玉米覆膜增产效果，获得单产12000～15000km/hm²的产量，为黑龙江省玉米高产再高产提供了可靠的科学依据。     

单产15000 kg/hm2以上玉米品种子粒灌浆特征分析

选用具有高产潜力的6个玉米杂交种,采用12万株/hm²的密度大田种植,研究高产玉米不同品种子粒灌浆特征的差异及其与粒重的关系。结果表明,6个玉米杂交种均可实现15 000 kg/hm²的高产水平。良玉66和中单909前中期灌浆速率高,且最早到达最大灌浆速率;灌浆速率下降慢的品种,成熟相对偏晚。品种间差异主要是灌浆速率和到达最大灌浆速率的时间不同,活跃灌浆期并没有明显差异。影响不同品种粒重的主要因素是线性灌浆期和缓慢灌浆期的灌浆速率。因此提高品种的线性灌浆期和缓增期灌浆速率可以增加粒重。在新疆伊犁春播玉米高产区,适宜的高产品种为中单909和良玉66。     

滨淮镇夏玉米高产配套栽培技术

滨海县滨淮镇分别被江苏省、盐城市、滨海县三级政府农业技术推广部门定为夏玉米高产创建典型,近年来,随着种植业结构的调整优化和玉米品种更新步伐的加快,全镇粮饲两用的夏玉米生产呈快速发展趋势,同时紧凑型中熟大穗玉米品种也逐步取代了中小穗型品种。为了及时总结推广夏玉米     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...