强还原处理所使用有机物料与其杀菌效果的相互关系

创造土壤厌氧环境并添加大量有机物料的强还原处理(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)是一种有效的土壤消毒方法,但对于RSD过程中添加不同有机物料与其杀菌效果间的相互关系研究甚少。本试验采集两种连作土壤,分别进行添加稻壳(RSD1)、麦麸(RSD2)和芦苇(RSD3);甘蔗渣(RSD4)、葡萄糖(RSD5)和纤维素(RSD6)的RSD处理,采用荧光定量PCR、变性梯度凝胶电泳等方法研究物料理化性质与杀菌效果的相互关系。结果表明:RSD处理显著地降低了土壤中的NO-3-N含量和电导率Ec,增加了NH+4-N含量;稻壳、麦麸和芦苇RSD处理的杀菌效果分别为88.60%、90.76%和85.91%,甘蔗渣、葡萄糖和纤维素RSD处理的杀菌效果分别为72.30%、85.87%和30.65%;有机物料中的总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)、易氧化有机碳(easily oxidized organic carbon,EOC)和总氮(total nitrogen,TN)与杀菌效果及细菌数量都呈显著正相关(P0.05),土壤中添加有机物料初始C/N与杀菌效果呈显著负相关,与细菌数量显著正相关。综上所述,添加高EOC和TN及低C/N的有机物料的RSD处理杀菌效果更好。     

Biological soil disinfestation compatible with renewable energy production for sustainable agriculture

Biological soil disinfestation (BSD) is biotechnology to control soil-borne plant pathogens based on the anaerobic-reducing environment in soil and the functions of indigenous microbes. A new sustainable agricultural technology, the GET system, which produces and recovers methane as renewable energy from paddy fields, has a structure and principles similar to those of BSD technology. To confirm the potential of the GET system as BSD technology, the microbial community structures in the GET system were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Thirty-four phyla were detected: 31 bacterial and 3 archaeal. Firmicutes dominated during the experimental period, which plays an important role in BSD functions such as organic decomposition, nitrate removal, and soil-borne pathogen elimination. The ability of the GET system to control soil-borne pathogens as well as produce renewable energy was demonstrated.     

土壤强还原过程产生的有机酸对土传病原菌的抑制作用

土壤强还原(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)能有效杀灭土传病原菌,并已在日本、荷兰和美国取得一系列的推广应用,但对于RSD的杀菌机理不甚明了。本试验采用高效液相色谱和荧光定量PCR等技术研究了以玉米秸秆为有机碳源的RSD处理过程中土壤产生的有机酸种类,以及不同浓度的有机酸对土壤病原菌的抑制效果。结果表明:以玉米秸秆为有机碳源的RSD过程中主要产生了乙酸和丁酸;经50mmol/L丁酸溶液处理的土壤中立枯丝核菌、辣椒疫霉、尖孢镰刀菌及茄劳尔氏菌的数量分别为对照的3.5%、38.9%、11.5%和7.9%;10mmol/L的丁酸可以完全抑制尖孢镰刀菌菌丝的生长;5mmol/L的丁酸即可完全抑制尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发。本研究结合前人报道表明有机酸,尤其是乙酸和丁酸,对于RSD的杀菌机理起着重要的作用。     

Role of organic acids in the mechanisms of biological soil disinfestation (BSD)

Biological soil disinfestation (BSD), or reductive soil disinfestation, achieved by amendment with organic materials such as wheat bran followed by flooding and covering the soil surface, has been used to control some soilborne diseases including Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt of tomato. During a BSD treatment, accumulation of acetic acid and/or butyric acid was detected with high-performance liquid chromatography. Survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici or Ralstonia solanacearum was suppressed by these organic acids. Amendment of these organic acids into soil suppressed the survival of R. solanacearum at lower concentrations than the maximum detected in BSD treatment, indicating that production of these organic acids is one of the mechanisms of control. However, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in soil survived with the maximum concentrations of these organic acids achieved by BSD; thus, involvement of factors other than organic acids may be involved.     

我国土壤熏蒸消毒60年回顾

熏蒸剂棉隆和氯化苦于20世纪60年代在我国曾用于棉花黄萎病的防治,由于缺乏施药机械、相关施药标准和方法,加之与国外交流甚少,虽然发现熏蒸剂对土传病害有一定的效果,但一直未形成规模化应用。我国大量使用熏蒸剂进行土壤消毒处理始于20世纪90年代,随着溴甲烷的引进与广泛应用,溴甲烷的替代技术及产品研发,开启了我国土壤熏蒸消毒的新纪元。伴随着土壤消毒技术与理论的不断丰富,新型配套机械装备的成功研发,社会化服务模式的广泛运用,土壤熏蒸消毒在我国进入快速发展时期,大批专业化服务组织应运而生,为我国农作物病虫害的绿色防控、实施乡村振兴战略提供了强有力的技术支撑。该文从土壤熏蒸剂的种类、发展历史、基础理论的建立与阐明3方面综述了我国土壤熏蒸发展情况,并对我国土壤熏蒸消毒未来发展方向提出了展望。     

Distribution of soil aggregates and organic carbon in deep soil under long-term conservation tillage with residual retention in dryland

To ascertain the effects of long-term conservation tillage and residue retention on soil organic carbon(SOC) content and aggregate distribution in a deep soil(>20-cm depth) in a dryland environment,this paper analyzed the SOC and aggregate distribution in soil, and the aggregate-associated organic carbon(OC) and SOC physical fractions. Conservation tillage(reduced tillage with residue incorporated(RT) and no-tillage with residue mulch(NT)) significantly increased SOC sequestration and soil aggregation in deep soil compared with conventional tillage with residue removal(CT). Compared with CT, RT significantly increased the proportion of small macroaggregates by 23%–81% in the 10–80 cm layer, and the OC content in small macroaggregates by 1%–58% in the 0–80 cm layer. RT significantly increased(by 24%–90%) the OC content in mineral-SOC within small macroaggregates in the 0–60 cm layer, while there was a 23%–80% increase in the 0–40 cm layer with NT. These results indicated that:(1) conservation tillage treatments are beneficial for soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in a deep soil in a dryland environment; and(2)the SOC in mineral-associated OC plays important roles in soil aggregation and SOC sequestration. In conclusion, RT with NT is recommended as an agricultural management tool in dryland soils because of its role in improving soil aggregation and SOC sequestration.     

Anaerobic soil disinfestation is an alternative to soil fumigation for control of some soilborne pathogens in strawberry production

Alternatives to soil fumigation are needed for soilborne disease control. The aim of this study was to test anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) as an alternative to soil fumigation for control of critical soilborne pathogens in Californian strawberry production. Controlled environment experiments were conducted at 25 and 15 °C to test different materials as carbon sources for ASD using soil inoculated with Verticillium dahliae. Field trials were conducted in three locations comparing ASD with 20 Mg ha^?1 rice bran (RB) against fumigated and untreated controls, steam, mustard seed meal and fish emulsion. In ASD‐treated soils, temperature and extent of anaerobic conditions were critical for control of V. dahliae, but multiple carbon inputs reduced inoculum by 80–100%. In field trials, ASD with RB provided control of a number of pathogens, and in three of four trials produced marketable fruit yields equivalent to fumigation. Little weed control benefit from ASD was found. ASD with RB also induced changes in the soil microbiome that persisted through the growing season. When equivalent yields were obtained, net returns above harvest and treatment costs with ASD RB were 92–96% of those with bed fumigation based on average prices over the previous 5 years. ASD can be a viable alternative for control of some soilborne pathogens. Growers are adopting ASD in California strawberry production, but research to determine optimal soil temperatures, anaerobicity thresholds and carbon sources for effective control of specific pathogens is needed.     

The potential for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae,cause of fusarium wilt of strawberry,to colonize organic matter in soil and persist through anaerobic soil disinfestation

Fusarium wilt of strawberry, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, is a disease of primary concern for strawberry production in many countries. Crop rotation and anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) have gained recent interest for their potential to contribute to management of this disease. Both techniques involve incorporation of organic matter into soil, which may be utilized by strains of Fusarium that are competitive saprophytes. We show that F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae can colonize strawberry, lettuce, raspberry, and broccoli leaf tissues, which are sources of organic matter generated during crop rotation. This pathogen increased in soil population density during ASD treatments that did not become anaerobic, possibly as a result of growth on the organic amendment. However, significant population decreases were observed after ASD treatment when at least 100,000 cumulative reduced mV hours occurred in a 14-day experiment. Post-ASD abundance of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in soil was negatively correlated with cumulative reduced mV hours. The only treatment that consistently caused disinfestation was exposed to a maximum temperature of 22 °C, which indicates there is potential for developing effective ASD treatments in the cool climates where strawberries are grown. Awareness that F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae can act as a competitive soil saprophyte should be further investigated for its potential to alter disease outcomes where organic amendments are applied.     

Biological soil disinfestation using ethanol: effect on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">lycopersici</Emphasis> and soil microorganisms

Better soil disinfestation methods, such as biological soil disinfestation (BSD), that are environmentally safe are increasingly been developed and used because of rising concerns related to environmental risks. We evaluated the efficacy of soil disinfestation using ethanol to control the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, which causes fusarium wilt of tomato. Survival of bud cells and chlamydospores declined markedly in soil saturated with diluted ethanol solution in the laboratory. In field trials, artificially added nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and indigenous F. oxysporum were both strongly suppressed in soil saturated with 1% ethanol solution; a wheat bran treatment was not as effective. The artificially added fungus was not detected in three of four sites treated with ethanol but was detected in three of four sites amended with wheat bran. Using ethanol in pre-autoclaved soil was not suppressive; thus native microorganisms are essential for the suppression. This ethanol-mediated biological soil disinfestation (Et-BSD) temporarily increased the number of anaerobic bacteria, but the number of fungi and aerobic bacteria was stable. Polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) analysis revealed slight but apparent differences in bacterial community structures in the soil treated with Et-BSD compared with the structure in soils after other treatments such as water irrigation and in the control soil, which received neither organic amendment nor irrigation after 15 days. Et-BSD is a potentially effective and easy soil disinfestation method, and its impact on native, beneficial microorganisms is moderate.     

The interdependent effects of solar disinfestation and compost maturity level on soil microbial activity

The combined effects of soil solarization and application of compost of various maturity levels upon soil microbial activity were studied under field conditions during 2010–2012. Eight treatments were divided into solarized and non-solarized treatments, and each was either non-amended or annually amended with compost at 6 kg (DW) m^-2. The composts were mature, partially mature, or immature. In all three tested parameters of microbial activity (respiration rate, heat output, and dehydrogenase activity) the immature compost showed higher activity than the other compost types. Soil samples were collected weekly in order to assess microbial activity, which was evaluated from measurements of soil respiration rate, heat output, and dehydrogenase activity. Significant and year-to-year reproducible differences in all three parameters were observed between soils amended with the three compost types. Some residual (carry-over) effects of previous-year treatments were obtained. Microbial activity decreased in both solarized and non-solarized treatments during the experimental period, probably because of increasing summer temperatures, but the decline was sharper in the solarized treatments probably due to oxygen deficiency under the tarp. Significantly higher activity was found in the treatments amended with the immature compost, both in the solarized and non-solarized treatments. This could be a result of the high level of dissolved organic matter in the immature compost, which enhanced microbial activity.     

土壤强还原消毒过程中产生气体对土传病原菌的抑制作用

土壤强还原(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)是一种高效、环保的土壤消毒方法,为明确RSD杀菌机理,采用气相色谱和荧光定量PCR等技术研究RSD过程中产生的气体对土传病原菌的杀菌作用。结果表明:RSD过程中土壤能够产生H_2S和NH_3;当在装有25 g病土的三角瓶中分别加入25 m L的H_2S和NH_3时,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量均显著下降,其杀菌效果分别为90.3%和100.0%;当在病土中加入0.125%(w/w)氨水时,尖孢镰刀菌、茄劳尔氏菌、辣椒疫霉和立枯丝核菌的数量分别下降至对照土壤的1.0%、0.3%、0.1%和0.9%;此外,加入10μL氨水即可显著抑制尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,抑制率分别为52.8%和100.0%。表明RSD过程中产生的H_2S和NH_3对RSD过程的杀菌效果起着一定的作用。     

Control of Verticillium dahliae on tomato in Tunisia by resistant cultivars and soil disinfestation1

Verticillium dahliae is an important soil-borne pathogen of vegetables in the central coastal region of Tunisia. Cultivation of resistant tomato cultivars does not always give satisfaction as they do not fulfil agronomic requirements (earliness, fruit size and yield). Soil treatment with dichloropropene/methyl isothiocyanate mixture (36.12 g + 16.45 g m^-2) gave excellent control of verticillium wilt and nearly tripled the yield of the susceptible cultivar H63–5. Dazomet (60 g m^-2) caused only slight disease depression and less yield increase. Parmi les pathogènes édaphiques des cultures maraîchères, Verticillium dahliae occupe une place importante dans le Sahel tunisien. Bien que les cultivars résistants donnent entière satisfaction sur le plan phytopathologique, leur utilisation est limitée à cause de leurs faiblesses agronomiques (précocité, calibre des fruits et rendement). La désinfection du sol avec le mélange dichloropropène/méthyl-isothiocyanate (36, 12 g + 16,45 g m^-2) réduit considérablement la verticilliose et triple presque le rendement de l'hybride sensible H63-5. L'incidence du dazomet (60 g m^-2) sur la trachéomycose et le rendement était moindre.     

The residual activity of metribuzin in soil

The residual activity of 4-ammo-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazine-5-4(H)one (metribuzin) on indicator plants in Sassafras sandy loam soil was studied. Inhibition of coleoptile. radicle and primary root development were found at 1 ppm in oat (Avena sativa L., var. Beede) and at 5 ppm in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., var. Pepino). At concentrations below 5 ppm, metribuzin stimulated the elongation of primary root and radicle in cucumber. After 46 days’ incubation. less than 1 ppm of the intact compound remained in soil without affecting the elongation of oat roots while its half life was approximately 6 days at 28deg;C incubation. L'activité résiduelle de la métribuzine dans le sol L'activité résiduelle de la 4-amino-6-t-butyl-3-(méthylthio)-1,2,4-tHazine-S-(4H)-one (métribuzine) a étéétudiée sur des plantes tests dans un sol sablo-limoneux de Sassafras. L'inhibition de la coléoptile, de la radicule et du développement de la racine primaire a été constatéà la dose de 1 ppm pour l'avoine (Avena sativa L. var. Beede) et à 5 ppm pour le concombre (Cucumis sativus L. var. Peplno). A des concentrations inférieures à 5 ppm, la métribuzine a stimulé l'élongation de la racine primaire et de la radicule du concomposé. Après 46 jours d'incubation, moins d'un ppm du composé intact restait dans le sol sans affecter l'élongation des racines d'avoine, alors que sa demi-vie a été approximativement de 6 jours à une température d'incubation de 28°C. Die Residualwirkung von Metribuzin im Boden Es wurde die Rcsidualwirkung von 4-Amino-6-tert,-butyl-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5-(4H)-one (Metribuzin) an Indikalorpflanzen in Sassafras-sandigem-Lehm untersucht. Bei 1 ppm war bei Hafer (Avena sativa L., Sorte Beede) die Entwicklung der Koleoptile, der Keim- und der Primär-wurzel gehemmt und bei 5 ppm desglcichen bei Gurke (Cucumis sativus L., Sorte Pepino). Bei Konzentrationen unter 5 ppm, förderte Metribuzin bei der Gurke die Streckung der Primär- und der Keimwurzel. Nach 46 Tagen Inkubation-szeit war weniger als 1 ppm der unveränderten Verbindung im Boden, was aber das Längenwachstum der Haferwurzeln nicht beeinträchtigte. Die Halbwertzeit betrug bei 28°C ungefahr 6 Tage.     

Critical Use Exemption for methyl bromide for soil disinfestation: Italy’s experience with the European union process

Methyl bromide (MB) was phased out on January 1, 2005, and a Critical Use Exemption (CUE) process has been established in order to define the rules for allocating the needed amounts of the fumigant. This paper deals with the effects of the CUE process on Italian horticulture. The actual usage of the amounts of MB allocated to Italy for the year 2005 in the different areas and on the economically most important crops was monitored and critically evaluated. The usage pattern monitored shows that already in the first year after MB phaseout, Italy was able to replace it completely on crops such as zucchini, salad greens, basil and watermelon. However, on crops such as tomato, pepper, melon, eggplant, strawberry, and cut flowers, further work is required in order fully to replace MB. The emerging problems and research needs are discussed briefly.     

Effect of anaerobic soil disinfestation amendment type and C:N ratio on Cyperus esculentus tuber sprouting,growth and reproduction

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a cultural technique primarily targeted for control of soilborne plant pathogens, but can also impact weed propagules. A repeated pot study was conducted to evaluate ASD treatment impact on sprouting and growth of introduced Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) tubers using dry molasses‐based and wheat bran‐based amendment mixtures at four carbon‐to‐nitrogen (C:N) ratios (from 10:1 to 40:1) and compared with a non‐amended control. The mean percentage of sprouted tubers recovered after ASD treatment was lower for wheat bran‐based (42%) than dry molasses‐based (65%) amendments, and tuber production was 1.6‐fold higher in dry molasses‐based than wheat bran‐based treatments. The highest percentage of sprouted tubers (79%) and the highest mean production of large tubers (threefold higher than wheat bran‐based and 1.7‐fold higher than molasses‐based amendments) were observed for the non‐amended control. Tuber sprouting was significantly lower from all ASD treatments (regardless of amendment C:N ratio) compared with the non‐amended control at a 15 cm burial depth. New tuber production was lowest at C:N ratios of 10:1 and 20:1 and more than twofold higher in the non‐amended control. Wheat bran‐based amendments reduced above‐ground C. esculentus biomass compared with the non‐amended control and ASD treatments with molasses‐based amendments, and reduced below‐ground biomass compared with molasses‐based amendments. Above‐ground biomass was highest at amendment C:N ratio of 10:1, and below‐ground biomass was highest at amendment C:N ratio of 40:1 and the non‐amended control. ASD treatment with wheat bran‐based amendments at lower C:N ratios reduced tuber sprouting and reproduction compared with the non‐amended control, but not at rates high enough to use as a primary weed management tactic.     

Influence of Portland cement amendment on soil pH and residual soil termiticide performance

Soil adjacent to new brick veneer work is likely to have a higher pH owing to the mixture of cement with the soil. In the Gainesville, FL, area, soil samples taken from such locations had a range of pH values from 9.0 to 10.1; similar soils used in bioassays had a pH of 5.6 before the addition of cement. Addition of 15 mg of Portland cement to 33 g of soil increased the pH to 6, and addition of 291 mg of Portland cement increased the pH to 9. The pH of soil amended with cement was stable for the first 5 months. After 10 months, soil pH values decreased from alkaline to near neutral in all cases. Eastern subterranean termite workers, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), were exposed to the treated soil at pH 6-9 for 24 h, and percentage mortality was recorded at 5 days, 5 months and 10 months. Termite mortality significantly decreased at higher soil pHs for bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and imidacloprid treatments at 5 months and similarly for bifenthrin, permethrin, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and imidacloprid treatments at 10 months. There was an inverse linear relationship between soil pH and mortality. Increased soil pH diminished residual activity of termiticide in the following order: imidacloprid > fipronil > chlorpyrifos = bifenthrin > permethrin > cypermethrin.     

A simple method of determining the aqueous solubility of organic substances

A new method is described in which a very fine suspension of the substance in water is diluted in a stepwise fashion; there is a sudden disappearance of the turbidity as soon as the aqueous solubility concentration range is reached. An instrument for micronising crystalline substances prior to the solubility determination has been designed. The method is simple and rapid and requires neither complicated apparatus nor analytical procedures. It is suitable for determining aqueous solubilities in the range from more than 1000 to less than 1 mg/litre. As a visual method, it would seem a priori to be less accurate than the “analytical” procedures recently described in the literature. When the solubility values given by different workers for the same substance are compared, however, discrepancies of a factor up to 10 are occasionally found. The accuracy obtainable with this new method readily suffices for the objective in view, namely to investigate to what extent the aqueous solubility of pesticide chemicals affects their behaviour during and after application. The aqueous solubilities of 34 commercial pesticide chemicals are tabulated; only in a few cases do the values obtained by the dilution method differ widely from those given in the 4th edition of the Pesticide Manual.