Soil and Leaf Sampling in Apple Orchards

In an investigation to determine the best ways in which to take soil and leaf samples characteristic of an orchard, 40 commercial orchards of Cox’s Orange Pippin, selected at random from the major fruit growing areas of England, were examined over a period of three years. It was found that:

1. 24 cores should be taken at random throughout an orchard in such a way that rows and alleyways contribute equally. The cores should be bulked, thoroughly mixed, and a single sub-sample taken for analysis. In any given season 80 per cent, confidence limits on the resulting determinations will be ±0.24 pH units, ±4·7 p.p.m. of P, ±24·1 p.p.m. of K, and ±13·3 p.p.m. of Mg.

2. For leaves taken from the middle third of current year’s extension growths in late August, a total of 100 leaves should be picked from at least five randomly selected trees. The leaves should be dried, ground, thoroughly mixed, and a single sub-sample taken for analysis. In any given season the 80% confidence limits on the resulting determinations will be ±0·22% N, ±0–01% P, ±0·17% K, ±0·18% Ca, and ±0.03% Mg, all in terms of dry matter.

It was noted that according to soil and leaf analyses the nutrient levels in the majority of the orchards were at least adequate for fruit growing. There was no relationship between any single nutrient concentration in soil or leaf and tree performance.     

施用农药福美胂对苹果果园砷污染的研究

 重金属元素砷是果品质量安全的重要控制对象之一。为了解苹果生产过程中砷元素的残留污染情况，为其污染控制提供依据，对连续使用福美胂农药5年的苹果园的果实、叶片、枝干、根系及土壤中的砷含量进行了调查。结果表明，果树喷施或主干涂抹福美胂均不同程度提高了树体各部位和果园土壤中的砷元素含量，其中叶片、主枝皮部、主干皮部和浅层主根（0～40 cm）中的砷含量较高，果实中砷含量也有所增加。喷施处理显著提高了叶片和主枝中的砷含量，使表层土壤（0～20 cm）砷含量也明显提高；涂抹处理显著提高了主干和主枝皮部的砷含量，果实中的砷含量也明显高于对照。涂抹处理的树体砷总累积量高于喷施处理，且地上部分砷总累积量均高于地下部分；各器官中，浅层主根是砷残留累积的主要部位。使用福美胂对苹果园的砷污染表现出持效期长、范围广的特点。     

利用冠层分析仪测算苹果园叶面积指数及其可靠性分析

以山东省苹果主产区成龄密植园、间伐园和疏枝园苹果树为材料,利用方框取样法（直接法,di）和冠层分析仪法（间接法,in）分别测定了叶面积指数（LAI）。结果表明：冠层分析仪法与方框取样法测量的LAI 平均值分别为3.0±0.2 和4.3±0.2,前者比后者平均低30.2%,且随着LAI 增加,二者相差增大.密植园、间伐园和疏枝园相应偏低32.0%、35.5%和25.0%。统计分析表明,LAIdi 与LAIin 相关性极显著,密植园、间伐园和疏枝园中的相关系数（r）分别为0.91、0.89 和0.92。把冠层分析仪鱼眼摄像头最外圈去掉（平均视天顶角为68º）LAIdi 与LAIin 之间相差在13%以内,校正后密植园、间伐园和疏枝园中二者的相关系数（r）分别为0.93、0.93 和0.94。尽管方框取样法和冠层分析仪法测量的LAI 具有极显著的相关性,但冠层分析仪法的测值偏低,因此,在应用冠层分析仪估计苹果园的LAI 时,要改进冠层分析仪的测量方法,并利用方框取样法测得的结果对其进行校正,以便提高准确性。在本研究中,密植园、间伐园和疏枝园内冠层分析仪的校正系数分别为1.3004、1.2077 和1.1762。     

长顺苹果园土壤重金属含量水平及其评价

试验对长顺县7个苹果生产村代表性苹果园土壤样品中镉、汞、砷、铅和铬含量进行了测定.结果表明,土壤中镉、汞、砷、铅和铬含量均未超过无公害食品产地环境规定的标准,单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于1,适合无公害食品生产.     

邢台县苹果园水肥投入现状及产量差分析

以邢台县"红富士"苹果园为研究对象,通过对当地果园的养分投入类型和投入量、灌溉方式和灌溉量以及产量进行调研,评价其水肥投入水平,并基于Boundary line分析法,探索该地区苹果园最高产量下的最佳养分施用量,以期明确邢台县苹果园水肥投入现状及最高产量水平下最佳养分投入量。结果表明:邢台县苹果园无机肥投入量较高,有机肥投入不足,无机肥N、P_2O5、K_2O平均投入量分别为825、460、692kg·hm~(-2),有机肥仅为177、138、100kg·hm~(-2);有机肥施用率较低,仅占调查总数的27.35%,且施用种类繁多,鸡粪、羊粪及商品有机肥三者总计占比达95.61%。灌溉方式以漫灌、沟灌为主,二者合计占比达93.70%,滴灌仅为6.30%;生长季内灌溉次数多为3~4次;与滴灌相比,漫灌和沟灌单次灌水量分别多用140%、100%。Boundary line模型分析显示,邢台县苹果园最高产量水平下N、P_2O5、K_2O投入量分别为616.50、371.90、553.10kg·hm~(-2),对产量的贡献分别为28.00%、17.60%、22.60%。总之,邢台县苹果园养分投入量较高,轻有机重无机,肥料投入种类繁多,漫灌和沟灌为其主要灌溉方式,水资源浪费严重。     

陕西苹果园土壤污染现状评估分析

为了解陕西果园土壤污染现状,加强果园综合管理、指导果农科学种植。以陕西省果园主要分布区的农户调查数据为基础,结合近几年有关果园土壤污染资料,分析评估陕西省苹果园土壤污染现状。结果表明:陕西苹果园纯氮施用量平均达671kg/hm2,是苹果树需氮量的近3倍。果园硝态氮累积严重,累积层主要集中在在80~200cm,其含量超过200mg/kg以上。陕西果园土壤重金属含量现状水平符合无公害苹果生产及绿色食品苹果生产的要求。但土壤As、Hg和Ni单项污染指数较高。公路两侧果园土壤受汽车尾气铅的影响造成一定的轻度污染。果农缺乏用药常识,不合理的喷施农药造成果园土壤污染。为此提出减轻陕西果园土壤污染的措施:1)根据土壤的特性、气候状况和农作物的生长发育特点,配方施肥,应减少氮肥用量,提高氮肥利用率,适当增加磷钾肥,实现养分资源综合管理。2)控制化学农药的用量、范围、喷施次数和喷施时间,提高喷洒技术,改进农药剂型,严格限制剧毒、高残留农药的使用。3)严控"三废"入园,选园时尽量避开已有的污染源;投入磷、钾、有机肥及微肥时,应注意砷、铬、铅等有害元素的引入。增施有机肥,提高土壤有机质含量,增强土壤胶体对重金属和农药的吸附能力。     

苹果园植被多样性在果树害虫持续治理中的作用

在苹果园实施有益植物的人工种植或保留有益杂草,进行有益的地面植被栽培,研究其改善果园生态环境,提高果园昆虫多样性的作用。结果表明:在苹果园行间间作苜蓿、三叶草、白花草木犀、百脉根等可增加果园的植物多样性,为天敌益虫提供栖息和繁衍场所,进而提高有益昆虫多样性,为害虫的自然生态调控提供了保证,对苹果园害虫的持续治理具有重要作用。     

陕西苹果园土壤重金属含量水平及其评价

对陕西省8个县86个苹果园土壤样品中砷、铅、汞、铬、镉和铜含量进行了测定,结果表明,土壤中砷、铅、汞、铬、镉和铜含量分别为(12.20±4.64)mg/kg,(14.04±3.80)mg/kg,(0.067±0.067)mg/kg,(59.45±12.63)mg/kg,(0.062±0.029)mg/kg,(25.83±7.41)mg/kg,均没有超过绿色食品产地环境规定的标准。无公害项目示范县老果园土壤重金属积累不明显,今后监控的重点是砷和铬,结果可为无公害苹果生产提供依据。     

不同连作苹果园土壤酶活性及微生物状况的调查研究

通过对山东省栖霞市不同连作苹果园的土壤养分、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量调查发现：连作苹果园土壤的养分含量有所下降；土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶、转化酶的活性下降；土壤中细菌数量大大减少，真菌的数量明显增多。轮作花生、玉米的果园和新果园土壤的养分、酶的活性和微生物的状况均好于连作果园。     

Effects of Some Fungicide Treatments on Earthworm Populations and Leaf Removal in Apple Orchards

The persistence of leaf litter in apple orchards sprayed with benomyl prompted surveys to examine the effect of fungicide programmes on earthworm populations and leaf removal. Earthworm populations were unaffected by captan with bina- pacryl sprays, but under trees sprayed with benomyl they were significantly lower than under unsprayed trees. The effect of benomyl increased with the number of sprays.

Populations recovered when benomyl sprays were discontinued but some residual effects were apparent after three years. Thiophanate-methyl was also found to reduce earthworm populations.

Thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim retarded leaf removal and there was a similar but less marked effect with ditalimfos and captan with binapacryl sprays. Leaves sprayed with carbendazim were slow to disappear when over wintered on untreated soils. This result, and those with captan with binapacryl, suggest that fungicides may influence the rate of leaf removal independently of any effects they may have on earthworm populations.     

苹果园几种鸟雀驱避技术效果研究

选择种有"美国八号"(早熟)、"嘎啦"(中熟)、"富士"(晚熟)的混栽果园4片(各2/3hm~2)为研究对象,设置4个处理(分别为有色防鸟网、风动叶轮、超声波、生物驱避剂),对比了4种鸟雀驱避技术,调查其驱避效果,以筛选出最优的鸟雀驱避技术。结果表明:在相同品种条件下,4种鸟雀驱避技术防鸟害的有效程度以有色防鸟网驱避效果最好,持效性最长,稳定性最好;其受啄率分别为"美国八号"0.44%、"嘎啦"0.16%、"富士"0.20%。其次为生物驱避剂,其受啄率分别为"美国八号"1.92%、"嘎啦"2.24%、"富士"1.52%。然后为超声波驱避技术,其受啄率分别为"美国八号"9.64%、"嘎啦"5.56%,"富士"3.24%。驱避效果最差、持效性最短、稳定性最差的是风动叶轮驱鸟,其受啄率分别为"美国八号"10.00%、"嘎啦"6.52%、"富士"2.60%。3个品种综合调查结果表明,早熟苹果受啄率最高,其次是中熟品种,受啄率最低的是晚熟品种。     

渭北旱塬苹果园土壤水分环境效应

塬面苹果园、农田和其它主要土地利用方式的比较研究表明,苹果园的水分环境效应表现为土壤高入渗率、降雨低产流率和强烈的蒸腾耗水作用形成的土壤低湿层,使土壤水库对干旱的调节作用丧失,导致苹果产量随年际降雨呈现较大波动。随着苹果种植面积的扩大,这种水分环境效应将加强土壤、植物、大气间的水分小循环,削弱降雨转化为地表水和地下水的比例,最终影响区域水资源的数量和果业的持续发展。     

乔砧密植低产苹果园树形更新技术

以"长富2"苹果品种为试材,采用4种树形改造更新方法,研究了不同树体结构对乔砧密植低产苹果园的影响,以期实现乔砧密植低产苹果园优质高效更新。结果表明:在乔砧密植苹果园的改造中,复合倒伞形树体结构合理,增效最为明显。     

The Use of Dinitrocresol-Mineral Oil Sprays for the Control of Prolonged Rest in Apple Orchards

Summary

Pluots are putative hybrids between plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.) and apricots (P. armeniaca L.). The capability to distinguish among plum and pluot cultivars is important in breeding and cultivation. We investigated the genetic diversity among 14 plums, 6 pluots and one plumcot representing commercial cultivars in California, with 28 microsatellite markers. We also tested seven apricot cultivars as a reference to ®nd evidence of apricot in the ancestry of pluots and plumcot. The parental material used in the original cross that produced the pluot and plumcot was not available. Of the 28 SSR markers, 25 were from sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and three from peach (Prunus persica L.). Approximately 80% of the cherry primers generated ampli®cation products in plum and pluots, showing transportability between these Prunus species. One to eight putative alleles per locus were displayed by the tested SSRs in plums and pluots. In plum and pluot samples a total of 100 alleles were identi®ed with an average of 4.3 alleles per primer combination. The SSR markers were successfully used for the discrimination of all tested cultivars. In pluots, 76 alleles were found in which 63 (83%) were speci®cally coming from plum, 9 (12%) were common in plum, pluots and apricot while no allele in the pluots was observed that was contributed from apricot. In plumcot, 49 alleles were observed in which 25 (51%) were from plum, 18 (36%) were speci®cally from apricot and 6 (12%) were common in plum, plumcot and apricot. Relationships among the 28 plum, pluot and apricot cultivars were represented by a dendrogram, constructed on the basis of 168 SSR markers. The dendrogram showed the plums and pluots form a cluster distinct from the apricots, with pluot cultivars interspersed among plum cultivars and more closely related to plum than to apricot. Plumcot made a separate branch and was placed between the plum and apricot cluster. These results suggest that the SSR markers are valuable tools for identi®cation of cultivars and diversity analyses in plum.     

苹果杂交后代经济性状的遗传变异分析

以富士、新红星等苹果品种为亲本组配11个杂交组合,获得482棵杂交单株.对杂交后代的开花株率、花量、果形、果实色泽、风味和果实综合品质等遗传变异进行了分析探讨.     

不同覆盖材料对幼龄苹果园树体生长与土壤特性的影响

以京郊三年生"红富士"苹果为试材,采用树盘覆盖园艺地布、普通地膜和可降解地膜的方法,以清耕为对照(CK),研究不同地面覆盖材料对幼龄苹果园杂草控制、土壤养分含量及树体生长的影响,以期为山地果园地面管理提供参考依据.结果表明:与CK相比,地面覆盖显著降低杂草生物量,园艺地布、普通地膜和可降解地膜处理分别减低杂草鲜质量92.21％、84.00％和46.45％,园艺地布控草效果最好.长期表施肥料后进行地面覆盖,土壤养分含量下降.覆盖园艺地布、普通地膜和可降解地膜后,0～20 cm 土层中土壤有机质含量较CK降低52.64％、5.08％和30.30％,有效磷含量较CK降低27.63％、35.07％和33.11％.园艺地布降低全氮含量,较CK降低48.28％,其余处理无显著影响.20～40 cm土层中,与CK相比,园艺地布和可降解地膜有机质含量分别降低25.34％和35.83％,全氮含量分别降低24.09％和54.74％,速效钾含量分别降低13.81％和15.23％,有效磷含量与CK差异不显著,普通地膜各种土壤养分含量与CK差异不显著.地面覆盖显著增加幼龄苹果树的新梢长度,提高新梢生长速度,园艺地布作用最明显,新梢生长速度较对照提高360.23％.与CK相比,3种覆盖材料均显著增加百叶鲜质量和含水量,园艺地布显著降低百叶干质量,较CK降低18.13％,其余处理与CK无显著差异.3种覆盖材料显著提高叶片氮、钾含量,对叶片磷含量影响不显著,园艺地布效果最明显.综合分析,幼龄苹果园树盘覆盖可有效控制杂草,改变土壤养分含量,促进树体生长及叶片质量提升.从促进果树生长的角度,园艺地布效果明显最好.     

黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响

 对黄土高原渭北地区旱作生草苹果园3～10月0～100 cm土层土壤水分观测结果表明: 在0～40 cm土层牧草与果树存在水分竞争, 但生草对40～80 cm土层水分具有调蓄作用, 生草种类不同, 对土壤贮水增减量的影响存在差异, 其影响主要发生在春季与秋季, 在降水丰水年影响较小, 但在降水欠水年生草对果园土壤贮水影响较大。