森林可持续经营的基本途径

森林可持续经营可以通过一系列相应的森林经营管理模式贯彻 ,这些模式包括了森林微观经营管理和宏观管理两个层次 ,因此 ,可以认为森林的微观经营技术体系和宏观管理体系是森林可持续经营的两个基本途径。微观经营途径主要包括微观经营主体建设和微观经营技术体系的构建 ,宏观实现途径包括市场经济调控途径、政府宏观调控途径和公众参与途径。     

可持续发展和森林可持续经营

当今，实施林业可持续发展战略已是世界各国的共同趋势。文章着重就森林可持续经营的观点、发展过程进行了阐述，并简要介绍了中国、美国、加拿大等国家对森林可持续发展采取的措施。     

Integrated environmental education for sustainable forest management: the case of Nandi Hills Forests, Kenya

Environmental education (EE) is a vital dimension of modern day acumen that portends a great promise in solving the myriad environmental resource management challenges at global, regional and local levels. A study was carried out in 18 locations in the Nandi North, Nandi South and Nandi Hills districts of Kenya, which cover the Nandi Hills and Nandi Forests in Nandi County, major water catchments for Lake Victoria. A mixed methodological approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data obtained from focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household survey and observations was embraced in data collection and analysis. The study reveals that there are several strategies that have been adopted by the local population and institutions involved in the management of the Nandi Hills Forests (NHFs) and that these strategies have contributed to an improvement in the perceptions of the local population in terms of the importance of environmental management of the forests. This paper highlights EE as a vehicle for ensuring a sustainable management of the Nandi Hills Forests. As such, it illuminates the great potential that lies in sustainably managing the NHFs by integrating formal and informal EE approaches. It further points out the functional gaps in the management of NHFs and proposes best-practices that could be adopted and/or domesticated in NHFs management regimes.     

Monitoring and information reporting for sustainable forest management: An international multiple case study analysis

In forest management there has been a proliferation of tools, methods and standards for local-level monitoring and information reporting that has made it difficult for forest managers to promote cost effectiveness, efficiency and confidence building in their day-to-day management. This exploratory study highlights the degree to which 22 case studies, operating in 15 different jurisdictions in North America and Europe, were monitoring and reporting information related to sustainable and adaptive forest management. The results demonstrate a high degree of similarity in forest management practices both within and between different jurisdictions of North America and Europe. They also indicate the potential for greater collaborative research when developing local-level monitoring tools, methods and standards, particularly related to the scale and intensity of forest operations. Finally, they reveal differences in the level of formal monitoring and information reporting being conducted at the smaller scales of forest management when compared to the larger forestry companies. This research suggests that forest management standards need to better reflect the implications of scale and the wider-operating environment of forestry on monitoring and information management practices, particularly when evaluating and comparing ‘best’ practices.     

森林资源可持续经营探讨

随着改革开放的不断深入，人民生活水平的不断提高，整个社会对环境的要求越来越高，保持森林资源可持续经营势在必行。文章通过分析森林资源分类经营，森林资源管理和保持等方面存在的问题，阐述了如何实现森林实现森林资源可持续经营的策略。     

关于森林可持续经营管理的几点思考

论述了中国特色的森林经营管理体系,提出了森林经营方案的合理性和有效落地是森林经营管理的核心内容和任务;从法理依据、森林经营方案的重要性、重点衔接县级森林经营规划和方案三个方面强调了建立森林经营方案制度的意义;在此基础上,从社会广泛参与、建立环境影响评价报告制度、加强能力建设和重视基础建设投入等四个方面提出了政策建议,以期为今后各级政府推动森林经营管理工作提供参考。     

近自然森林可持续经营方法

近自然森林经营的基本理念是培育接近自然状态的森林,经营目标是恒续不断地发挥森林多种功能,基本方法与措施是单株作业和天然更新,参照对象是类似立地条件上的自然度近可能高的天然林,参照树种是天然林乔木层中的主、次要树种,目标树密度依据现有林分结构和林木生长发育情况而确定,确定目标直径的原则是利益最大化,逐步疏开林冠,补植特殊目标树,将促使人工纯林稳步进入天然更新程序。     

Comparing multipurpose forest management with timber management,incorporating timber,carbon and oxygen values: A case study

Abstract

This paper comparatively examines two forest management planning approaches: multipurpose forest management and traditional timber management, with carbon, timber and oxygen production objectives in mind. The effects of both approaches on carbon and oxygen values were estimated with an oxygen and carbon flow matrix, while timber production was modelled through a growth and yield model. The estimated values were simultaneously integrated into a linear programming model developed for this study. The objective was to maximize the net present value (NPV) of the profits of timber, oxygen and carbon under the constraints of an even flow of timber production and ending forest inventory for each planning approach. The results showed that the ecological and environmental regulations in multipurpose management substantially decreased the NPV of timber production even though they increased the NPV of carbon and oxygen flow. The results also indicated that over a 100 year planning horizon the total NPV of all forest ecosystem values including carbon, timber and oxygen is almost the same (only 1.9% reduction in multipurpose management approach) in both management approaches. Although multipurpose management creates more NPV of carbon and oxygen than timber management does, the latter provides better results in terms of timber production. It is therefore important to take into account the NPV of all apparent and quantifiable forest values in preparing forest management plans, particularly in developing new management planning approaches.     

森林文化与现代森林可持续经营关系的探讨

森林文化与森林可持续经营密不可分,本文阐述了森林文化与森林可持续经营的内涵,并对这二者关系进行了探讨,指出森林文化与森林可持续经营之间是唇齿相依、一脉相承、和谐发展、相互促进的关系。森林文化是现代林业建设中实现森林可持续经营管理的重要动力,是实现生态文明的必然要求。     

Converging global indicators for sustainable forest management

Policy-makers in most countries now recognise the need to conserve biodiversity, forest productivity and the prosperity of forest dependent communities in the long-term. There is wide recognition of the importance of forested watersheds to hydrological regimes and water quality and the significant cultural, social and aesthetic values of forests. Policies are now directed at achieving sustainable forest management (SFM). Criteria and indicators (C&I) define SFM but obtaining agreement on what SFM is has proven to be a difficult task internationally and nationally. International activities including the work of the International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO), the European Union (EU) and the Montreal Process (MP) for temperate and boreal forests outside Europe, have, over the past decade refined C&I for SFM to the point now that there is substantial agreement between them. This paper reviews progress towards defining SFM and shows through a synthesis of the ITTO, EU and MP C&I the emergent consistency in defining SFM. The implication is that there are now sufficiently specific and agreed principles, C&I to guide policy-makers towards SFM. While much work remains to be done to operationalise the C&I, the gap between these agreed criteria and current practice for forest management is so wide that progress can be made within the frameworks while refinement continues.     

Application of traditional knowledge in forest management: Ethnobotanical indicators of sustainable forest use

Forest management has been usefully defined in terms of production, utilization and distribution of products, and the institutional or organizational arrangements by which they are carried out. Both technical and social aspects of forest management are treated as parts of a single system. Traditional knowledge of the use and management of forests still has a vital role to play in forest management today. This is because traditional practices are believed to be often favourable towards conservation and sustainable use. It is therefore valuable to establish a framework to evaluate the contribution of traditional knowledge to forest management today. Accordingly, a framework, based on ethnobotanical information, is proposed in this paper, with quantitative and qualitative indicators suggested for different variables relating to traditional knowledge. The discussion is based on ethnobotanical case studies from Yunnan and other provinces of China in which we have been working.     

论美国、加拿大森林可持续经营

阐述了美国和加拿大在森林可持续经营方面的先进经验和管理方法;描述了森林可持续经营的动态;并从加大生态环境保护和宣传力度、积极推进各相关行业协作、加强与国际交流等方面提出我国进行林业可持续经营与发展的建议。     

林地管理中存在的问题与可持续经营探讨

根据宁波林地使用管理情况,剖析了该市林地使用管理中存在的问题,研究并提出了林地管理应正确处理好耕地和林地的关系,突出森林是陆地生态系统的主体地位,规范珍贵树木、古树名木采挖、迁移行为,尊重农民对征地的知情权,保障农民的土地产权等新思路,旨在为实现林地的可持续经营服务。     

The ecology and management of the Miombo woodlands for sustainable livelihoods in southern Africa: the case for non-timber forest products

There is new and increasing emphasis on the contribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to improving the livelihoods of rural communities and therefore the need for sustainable management of forest ecosystems of the Miombo woodlands to ensure the continued availability of these NTFPs. This paper examines and reviews some of the work that has been done in the Miombo ecoregion on the ecology, utilisation and management of the Miombo woodlands. The review points to the richness of the Miombo regions' plant species, with an estimated 8 500 species of higher plants, of which over 54% are endemic. The review also highlights the response of the Miombo ecosystem to fire and other anthropogenic processes and the lack of wide-scale adoption or implementation of the major research findings. The review shows that there is a wide range of NTFPs that significantly contribute to the total household income in forest areas and to the national economies through provision of opportunities for small-scale trade especially in the rural areas. However, there is a concern that commercialisation usually results in overexploitation of the resource by the outsiders who become the major players. It is suggested from the review that the lack of capacity by national institutions to manage Miombo woodland resources could be addressed by using participatory approaches to natural resource management. It is also proposed that for sustainable use and management of NTFPs in the Miombo region, research should focus on issues that specifically address NTFPs. In order to facilitate commercialisation and benefit the economically weak, policies that incorporate postharvesting technical assistance and access to information on markets, technology and microcredit should be developed and promoted.     

贵阳市森林可持续经营模式探讨

本文根据贵阳市森林资源现状,通过应用森林可持续经营和近自然林经营的理念,对森林的经营模式进行分析探讨,旨在为贵阳市进行森林可持续经营工作提供参考。     

Local-level criteria and indicators: an Aboriginal perspective on sustainable forest management

As tools for improving the sustainability of forest management,criteria and indicator (C&I) frameworks have grown in popularityover the last decade. Such frameworks have been largely derivedfrom top-down approaches to determining critical measures offorest management success. While useful, they fail to capturemany C&I of critical importance to local populations, whoexperience forest management strategies first hand and who havetheir own definitions of sustainability. Using archival materials,our research begins to identify one First Nation's forest valuesand compares these local-level C&I with three well-knownC&I frameworks for sustainable forestry. We demonstratethat local-level definitions can provide additional C&I,as well as additional levels of detail to C&I that theyshare with the national and international frameworks. Both arecrucial to developing strategies for sustainable managementthat meet local as well as broader needs and desires.     

森林病虫害可持续控制策略的探讨

根据国内外森林病虫害的研究现状和发展趋势，对我国森林保护中存在的一些具体问题进行了分析，提出了对我国森林病虫害进行可持续控制的建议。     

Comparison of sustainable forest management (SFM) trends at global and country levels: case study in Iran

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is an integral component of sustainable development. Iran is a Near East country with low forest cover. Iran uses 7 criteria and 65 indicators for regional and national monitoring of forest management. We evaluated the status of SFM in Iran, and a location imaging in its path towards SFM was provided by existing validation data and library references for the Criteria and Indicators (C&I) adopted in the Near East, We identify challenges and opportunities associated with SFM in Iran. Although the information to evaluate the trend of SFM in Iran was incomplete, we compiled some information on the basis of C&I. Comparison of some indicators with the values for the rest of the world revealed that the situation in Iran is very different. Although some indicators revealed a better situation in Iran, Iran lags the rest of the world in the implementation of SFM. Iran, like many countries, is trying hard to find ways to sustainably use its forests. Not all C&I for assessment of SFM in Iran have been determined or defined. However, a consistent and comprehensive framework of criteria and indicators to monitor progress towards SFM is being applied. Defining some C&I is still at an early stage.