Regeneration of Plants from Alginate-encapsulated Shoot Tips of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.)

Myrtle growing naturally in the Mediterranean Region in Turkey, is among the economically important plant species. The present study emphasized on in vitro conservation of M. communis by encapsulating regenerated shoot tips. In this research we reported synthetic seed production and subsequent conversion of encapsulated shoot tips into plantlets comparing with nonencapsulated shoot tips for myrtle. Two different myrtle genotypes were used for synthetic seed production. Sodium alginate solution at the rate of 3.0% and 100?mM calcium chloride solution were prepared for encapsulation. Encapsulation was accomplished by mixing shoot tips into sodium alginate solution and dropping these in calcium chloride solution for 25–30?min. Encapsulated and nonencapsulated shoot tips were cultured in MS (Murashige and Skoog) media supplemented with different BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2?mg L^?1). After six weeks, all shoots were transferred to MS media containing 1?mg L^?1 IBA for in vitro rooting. As a result, the highest germination rate was obtained on the BAP-free MS media. The best BAP concentrations were detected as 0.5 and 1?mg L^?1 for micropropagation. Genetic stability of plants coming from encapsulated and nonencapsulated shoot tips was tested by ISSR markers. Based on the results, there were no genetic differences among the samples.

     

西洋梨的采收和后熟技术

西洋梨果实只有在采收后才能大量产生内源乙烯,启动果实的完全成熟,因而后熟是西洋梨生产过程中的一个关键环节。同时采收对后熟的质量又有着至关重要的影响。文章根据西洋梨生产的这些特点,从采收期的确定、采收、采前气象因素、后熟的方法与调控等方面提出了西洋梨采收和后熟的技术要点。     

Pomological Characteristics of Some Autochthonous Genotypes of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a perennial deciduous shrub, widespread in forest populations in Southeast Europe with tolerance against some pests and diseases and rich in nutrients such as organic acids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, polyphenols, vitamin C and vitamin E. The aim of this paper was to determine basic pomological and technological characteristics of Cornelian cherry using three forest populations at Visegrad, Gorazde and Drvar in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the two years, 2010 and 2011. The Cornelian cherries weighted from 1.8 g (Gorazde in 2011) to 2.6 g per fruit (Drvar in 2010), did not ripen homogenously on a tree as shown by the large variation in their red colour CIE- a values of between 7.5 (Drvar), 14.2 (Gorazde) and 18.3 (Visegrad) and soluble solids between 16.1 (Visegrad) and 17.6?% (Gorazde). The most abundant organic acid in Cornelian cherry was malic acid with 35–43 g kg^?1 FM, followed by tartaric (1.1–2.8 g kg^?1 FM) and citric acid (0.1–1.8 g kg^?1 FM) and smaller amounts of quinic, shikimic and fumaric acid below 0.05 g kg^?1 FM each, resulting in sugar:acid ratios of 3.3:4.7 and slightly acidic or bitter flavour. The concentration of the phenolic compounds of the Cornelian cherry fruits, as determined by HPLC-MS, was influenced by the growing region with large concentrations of the anthocyanin procyanidin B1 (0.7–0.9 g kg^?1 FM) and B2 (0.1–0.2 g kg^?1 FM) and the peonidin 3-glucoside (0.2–0.7 g kg^?1 FM) and the flavonol quercetin 3-O-robinobioside (1.8–2.6 mg kg^?1 FM), which is larger than in many sweet and sour cherries, raspberry, red current and gooseberry.     

不同基因型欧洲梨离体繁殖研究

试验用12个基因型欧洲梨茎尖作外植体,以MS作基本培养基进行高体繁殖试验。结果表明,不同基因型外植体增殖和形态分化显著不同。其中Koporeka仅经过28d便获得了5.6倍的增殖。生根培养14d后,生根率达88.65%,每植株生根2.86条。Vila连续培养60d,仅有少量的外植体形成了愈伤组织,无芽和根分化。参试的12个基因型,只有5个类型可以进行规模离体繁殖。     

普通白菜叶片中硫代葡萄糖苷的季节性变化

采用高效液相色谱法,以64份普通白菜DH系为试材,对不同季节条件下生长的普通白菜叶片中硫代葡糖糖苷（简称硫苷）的组分和含量进行了研究。在64份普通白菜DH系中均检测到8种硫苷组分（3种脂肪族硫苷、4种吲哚族硫苷和1种芳香族硫苷）,脂肪族硫苷含量最高,占总硫苷含量的80 %以上,其中NAP含量最高,达50 %,同时发现1份硫苷含量极低的材料。不同材料间脂肪族硫苷变异幅度最大,变异系数均在100 %以上。相关性分析发现,不同季节间脂肪族硫苷、芳香族硫苷和总硫苷含量均达显著或极显著正相关。方差分析表明,脂肪族硫苷、芳香族硫苷和总硫苷含量两个季节中不同基因型间差异均达极显著水平。基因型与季节之间的联合方差分析显示,吲哚族硫苷在基因型间均不存在显著差异,但多种硫苷存在明显的季节×基因型交互作用。     

扁桃的栽培利用及其发展前景

扁桃(Amygdalus communis L．)属蔷薇科扁桃属植物,为世界著名的干果油料树种。本文结合有关文献对扁桃的栽培历史、生物学特性、营养价值、栽培技术及开发利用前景作一综述,以供参考。     

桃果实采后脂氧合酶活性和膜脂脂肪酸组分的变化

 以‘湖景蜜露’桃果实为试材, 分析了果实后熟软化进程中的乙烯释放、脂氧合酶(LOX) 活性和细胞膜脂脂肪酸组分的变化, 探讨其与果实软化的关系。结果表明, 细胞脂脂肪酸组分主要有棕榈酸(16∶0) 、硬脂酸(18∶0) 、油酸(18∶1) 、亚油酸(18∶2) 和亚麻酸(18∶3) 。在果实采后20 ℃后熟过程中, 三种不饱和脂肪酸组分比例变化较大(尤其是亚油酸和亚麻酸) , 而两种饱和脂肪酸的变化很小。在LOX 自我活化之前, 亚麻酸可能是LOX催化反应的主要底物。果实组织的后熟软化与LOX参与的细胞膜脂过氧化作用有关, 乙烯跃变可能是桃果实成熟启动后的伴随因子, 参与后熟软化进程。     

Determination of Vegetative and Fruit Characteristics of Some Thornless Blackberry Genotypes in Hatay (Turkey)

ABSTRACT

The experiments were carried out during 2002 and 2003 at the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey. In this study, some vegetative and fruit quality attributes of eight blackberry genotypes (‘Jumbo’, ‘Chester Thornless’, ‘Black Satin’, ‘Navaho’, ‘Bursa 1’, ‘Bursa 2’, ‘Bursa 3’, ‘Bartm’) were evaluated in 2002 and 2003. The greatest cane numbers and cane lengths were recorded for ‘Bursa 2’. They were followed by ‘Bursa 3’ and ‘Chester Thornless’ in both years. Harvest periods ranged from 8 to 44 days and occurred from the middle of June until the end of August. ‘Jumbo’ and ‘Bursa 1’ were the earliest ripening cultivars. ‘Bursa 2’ had the longest harvest period. The highest yields were obtained from ‘Bursa 1,’ ‘Bursa 2’ and ‘Chester Thornless.’ ‘Jumbo’ had the largest fruits. The highest TSS/TA ratio was found in ‘Navaho’.     

Proximate,Mineral Composition,Color Properties of Organic and Conventional Grown Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.)

In this research, proximate composition, mineral composition and color characteristics of hazelnuts grown by conventional and organic methods in East, Central and West Black Sea Regions (Turkey) that are the center of world hazelnut production were investigated. Commercially important ‘Çak?ldak’, ‘Fo?a’, ‘Mincane’, ‘Palaz’, ‘Sivri’ and ‘Tombul’ varieties were selected as research material. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that organic hazelnuts contain lower moisture and higher ash, no difference was found in protein, fat and carbohydrate amounts. In terms of all micro elements (boron, copper, iron, manganese, zinc) organic hazelnuts were found to be richer and potassium from macro elements were found to be higher in conventionally grown hazelnuts. Color properties were generally not affected by the production method and no loss of color was observed in organic hazelnuts. The high ash and micro element content of organic hazelnuts compared to the conventional hazelnuts would be a good alternative for the elimination of micro element deficiency, which is frequently seen in human nutrition.

     

矿质元素含量与苹果风味品质及耐贮性的关系

对22个苹果品种果实矿质元素含量分析表明,钙、钾含量高,锰、铜含量低的品种果实肉质好,耐贮藏,具有良好的风味品质.钙、钾具有提高果实硬脆度、降低果实贮期的软化和失重、维持良好肉质和风味的作用.钙、钾含量高的品种果实硬脆度高,比重大,果肉致密,细胞间隙率低,贮期软化进度慢,肉质好,耐贮藏.锰、铜含量低的品种果实硬脆度高,含量高的品种果实韧性较强.锌含量对果实的风味、肉质和耐贮性影响较小,优质品种含锌量相对较低.     

桃( Prunus persica L. )种质资源果实数量性状评价指标探讨

 对桃( Prunus persica L. ) 的282～491份品种资源果实的平均单果质量、核质量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、维生素C、带皮硬度和去皮硬度等8项指标进行研究和统计分析, 提出我国桃种质资源评价系统中这些性状的数值分级指标和参照品种, 为我国桃种质资源描述系统数量化、规范化的建立奠定基础。     

杧果种质果实品质性状多样性分析

 对中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所杧果种质资源圃40份杧果（Mangifera indica L.）种质的果实品质性状进行了连续3年的观测,采用方差分析、相关分析和主成分分析方法,从物理指标（果实形状、果实纵径、果实横径、果实侧径、单果质量、果核质量、可食率、果实纤维、果皮颜色）、化学指标（可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、还原糖和维生素C）和感官指标（风味和香气）3个方面对果实品质性状多样性进行了研究。结果表明：40份杧果种质的果实品质性状存在着极显著差异,具有丰富的多样性。Shannon-Weinner多样性指数（H′）在0.94 ~ 1.60之间,主成分分析表明果实品质性状变异的多向性。除可滴定酸和还原糖外,各种质品质特性年度间的差异不显著;一些果实品质性状间存在着显著或极显著的相关性。     

梨(Pyrus communis L.)多倍体新种质表型变异多样性研究

【目的】为选育梨(Pyrus communis L.)突破性品种提供新种质。【方法】以二倍体梨品种‘丰产’及其衍生的系列多倍体无性系为研究试材,对其在试管内及移出试管外在田间生长的自根苗植株的表型变异进行了观测。【结果】多倍体植株比二倍体茎粗、节间短;四倍体的叶色比二倍体深,厚度比二倍体大;多倍体和二倍体的叶形指数差异显著,叶缘差异明显。不同倍性无性系的叶缘变异表现多样性,有全缘变异,也有锐锯齿变异。试管繁殖条件下,混倍体叶片形状不一,有大量畸形叶片产生,而二倍体、三倍体和四倍体很少观察到畸形叶片产生。移栽入田间生长后,相对于二倍体,多倍体植株的株高显著变矮、节间长显著变短、地面以上30 cm处的树干直径显著变小。混倍体对自然环境条件适应性差,没有获得在试管外正常生长的植株。【结论】相同环境条件下,梨体细胞染色体加倍衍生的多倍体植株,比二倍体对照生长慢,且株高明显矮于二倍体。     

Fruit Growth,Fruit Carbohydrate Concentration and Fruit Nutrient Concentration in Dropped Pummelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Fruit cv. Thong Dee

The research was conducted in the pummelo growing areas of Thailand. The results showed that the dropped fruits had a statistically smaller fruit size (7.25 cm) than the retained fruit (9.35 cm; P < 0.05) at 4 months after fruit set. Moreover, the dropped fruits had an abnormal fruit shape when compared to the retained fruits. Consideration of fruit and leaf carbohydrate concentrations showed that the retained fruits had statistically higher carbohydrate concentrations (262 mg g^?1) than the dropped fruits (203 mg g^?1; P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the dropped fruits had statistically lower leaf carbohydrate concentrations (55 mg g^?1) than those in the retained fruits (85 mg g^?1; P < 0.05). The retained fruits also had statistically higher N, P, and K concentrations (1.6%, 1.1%, and 1.3%, respectively) than the dropped fruits (1.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). Therefore, the causes of early fruit drop in pummelo could be insufficient carbohydrate and plant nutrients supplied for fruit growth and development.     

桃果实水孔蛋白cDNA的分离

使用逆转录聚合酶链失反应(RT-PCR)技术从桃果实的果皮组织中分离出来2个编码水孔蛋白部分cDNA克隆.比较结果表明,其推导的氨基酸序列与从其他一些植物体中分离出来的液泡膜内在蛋白有很高的同源性.数量PCR分析表明,编码水孔蛋白基因pWCl在果实发育早期表达,而pWC2在果实发育期间全过程均有表达.     

辣椒成熟果实中辣椒红素含量的QTL定位

以83-58×Perennial构建的包括138个单株的重组自交系(RIL)群体为作图群体,利用142个SSR标记、24个CAPS标记以及果实辣味、果柄着生方向(pun和up)2个形态标记构建遗传连锁图谱并进行了辣椒成熟果实中辣椒红素的QTL定位。生理成熟期(花后70d)辣椒果实的辣椒红素含量测定值作为QTL定位时的表型数据,利用复合区间作图法共检测到3个QTL位点,分别位于辣椒的第2、10、12条染色体上,分别解释了表型变异的7.6%、8.2%、6.5%。     

Growth Promoting Substances in The Developing Fruit of Peach (Prunus Persica L.)

Growth substances extracted from the ovules of developing fruits of July Queen, Halehaven and Fall Late peaches–respectively early, midseason and late-maturing cultivars–were studied. Whole and fractionated extracts were bioassayed, and the growth of the fruit and the development of the seed were examined.

Determination of “total” growth-promoting substances during the development of the fruits resulted in concentration curves that were generally similar from year to year. The seeds of each cultivar, regardless of its season of maturation, produced a first flush of growth substances that seemed to be correlated with either nucellus or endosperm development. The second and major growth substance peak came at the time of rapid embryo growth and maximum endosperm development. At this time fruits of July Queen ripened and abscissed. A third flush of growth substance was detected at the same time in Halehaven and Fall Late seeds, at which time the embryo was essentially complete. The mature fruits of Halehaven then abscissed, but Fall Late fruits remained on the tree for another three or four weeks before maturation and abscission. It was concluded that the concentration of seed growth substances as measured here was not related to the final-flush of growth of peach fruits, or to the abscission of mature fruits.

In dissected ovules of Halehaven peaches the endosperm was the most concentrated source of total growth substances on a dry weight basis but, because of its small size, it contributed less of them on a per-seed basis than did the the integuments at first, and later the embryo. The nucellus was a minor source of growth substances, both on a concentration and on a per-ovule basis. Apparently, the total growth substances that constituted the second and major auxin peak in Halehaven peach ovules came mostly from the integuments, endosperm and embryo, whereas the third peak could be attributed almost entirely to substances from the embryo. These studies of individual ovule tissues were made after that period of development during which the first growth substance peak made its appearance.

Studies of growth substances in the flesh of developing peach fruits revealed only trace amounts with no consistent pattern, although there is some evidence that a true picture may not have been obtained because of interference by inhibitors.

Silica gel partition column chromatography showed the presence of several growth-promoting substances which changed qualitatively and quantitatively during the growing season. One of these was probably indole-3- acetic acid, its identification being based primarily on studies by gas chromatography and spectrophotofluorometry.     

Relationships Among some Pears Genotypes (Pyrus Communis L.) Based on ISSR and RAPD Analysis

Thirty one pears genotypes from east blacksea region were evaluated for genetic relationships by using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats) markers from total 70 RAPD and ISSR primer investigated, 22 could amplify clearly and consistently. Cluster analysis of the pears genotypes was performed based on data from polymorphic bands RAPD and ISSR by using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient and the Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering method. The 31 pear genotypes were classified into two major groups. Cluster A was divided into 2 subclusters: Gumushane pears and Trabzon pears. Cluster B consisted of Artvin pears. The similarity matrix values ranged between 0.105 and 0.968.