西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6遗传多样性及系统进化分析

为从分子水平上探究西藏牦牛的序列多态性、遗传多态性及其系统进化关系,对西藏15个牦牛类群150个个体的mtDNA ND6基因全序列进行了测定,确定了多态位点和单倍型数目,计算了单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi),并构建了分子聚类关系图和单倍型系统发育树。结果表明:西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6基因全序列长度均为528bp,T、C、A和G 4种碱基的平均比例分别为42.2%、7.6%、20.9%、29.3%,存在一定的碱基组成偏倚性。序列变异中存在转换、颠换2种核苷酸变异类型,其中转换37次,颠换2次,表现出较强的转换偏倚性。根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定7种单倍型,其中Hap_1为西藏牦牛类群的主流单倍型,其余6种单倍型为部分类群所特有。平均单倍型多样性(Hd)、平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.2978、0.00191,揭示西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6遗传多样性较贫乏。根据遗传距离构建了分子聚类关系图,表明西藏15个牦牛类群可分为2大类;根据7种单倍型序列构建了单倍型系统发育树,表明西藏牦牛存在2个母系起源。     

西藏牦牛mtDNA-Cytb及ZFY基因遗传多样性与系统进化分析

为进一步了解西藏牦牛的遗传多样性及系统进化关系,通过对申扎、斯布、类乌齐和帕里4个西藏牦牛类群的mtDNA-Cytb基因及ZFY基因部分序列进行克隆及序列分析。结果表明:(1)西藏牦牛Cytb基因全长1 140 bp,共发现SNP位点13个,核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.00315, Tajima's D值为0.41410(P0.10),共检出7种单倍型,单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.709;(2)ZFY基因第11外显子长596 bp,筛查出SNP位点22个,Tajima's D值为0.78287(P0.10),发现3种单倍型,核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性分别为0.001066和0.2976;(3)聚类分析及核苷酸同源性分析显示,西藏牦牛与家牦牛的核苷酸同源性最高,与美洲野牛及欧洲野牛的核苷酸同源性次之,与水牛及非洲水牛的核苷酸同源性最低。研究结果表明,西藏牦牛遗传多样性较丰富,进一步支持将西藏牦牛及家牦牛划为牛亚科中独立牦牛属的观点,及牦牛的原始祖先来自于亚欧大陆东北部的观点。     

野牦牛mtDNA Cytb基因全序列测定及系统进化关系

为从分子水平探究牦牛的分类地位和遗传多样性,试验测定了野牦牛细胞色素b基因全序列,并以绵羊为外群,构建野牦牛、家牦牛、大额牛、普通牛、瘤牛、水牛、非洲野牛、欧洲野牛、美洲野牛、非洲水牛等牛亚科种间系统进化树.结果表明:野牦牛细胞色素b基因全序列长1 140bp,序列间共有13个SNP多态位点,核苷酸变异类型包括转换和颠换,无插入和缺失,表明野牦牛具有较丰富的遗传多样性.研究结果支持将牦牛划分为牛亚科中一个独立属(即牦牛属)的观点.     

鸽mtDNA遗传多样性及系统进化研究

利用mtDNA Cytb基因为标记,研究不同鸽种的亲缘关系和遗传多样性。研究结果:通过对6个鸽种样本Cyt b基因进行PCR扩增和测序,采用生物信息学方法进行数据处理分析,结果显示所有样本中A、G、C、T碱基平均含量分别为26.5%、13.4%、34.8%、25.3%;共发现变异位点数为371个,变异类型为转换和颠换;共发现38个单倍型,平均单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.997,平均核酸多样性(Pi)为0.11373;6个品种之间双参数遗传距离为0.000~0.018,其中王鸽与石岐鸽之间遗传距离最小,岩鸽与蓝环鸽及卡奴鸽间遗传距离最大。结合NCBI上已发表的34个鸠鸽科同源序列进行聚类分析,表明6个家鸽品种只有一个单一的起源。     

西藏牦牛的RAPD遗传多样性及其分类研究

为了解西藏地区牦牛品种或类群的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,本研究从33个RAPD多态性引物中筛选出8个条带清晰且多态性丰富的引物对西藏地区的巴青牦牛、类乌齐牦牛、丁青牦牛、桑日牦牛、工布江达牦牛、江达牦牛、康布牦牛、桑桑牦牛、嘉黎牦牛、帕里牦牛、斯布牦牛等11个类群的核基因组DNA进行了RAPD分析,并用Nei氏标准距离和UPGMA聚类法分析了类群间的亲缘关系.结果表明:(1)西藏牦牛类群的遗传多样性指数变异范围在0,185 7～0.405 3之间,其中帕里牦牛最小(0.185 7),说明相对较纯,群体较整齐;而工布江达牦牛最大(0.405 3),显示该群体内部具有较多的遗传变异.(2)在11个类群中,其遗传多样性指数大小分别为:工布江达牦牛(0.405 3)＞江达牦牛(0.353 6)＞斯布牦牛(0.344 8)＞康布牦牛(0.342 8)＞嘉黎牦牛(0.332 3)＞桑日牦牛(0.282 3)＞巴青牦牛(0.279 3)＞桑桑牦牛(0.269 8)＞丁青牦牛(0.259 7)＞类乌齐牦牛(0.224 1)＞帕里牦牛(0.185 7),具有西藏东部牦牛类群遗传多样性相对较高,而西部牦牛类群遗传多样性相对较低的趋势,预示着西藏东部可能是牦牛的起源地之一.(3)遗传距离构建的分子聚类关系图表明:西藏11个牦牛类群可分为2大类,帕里牦牛(PL)为一类,其余10个牦牛类群为另一类.综上所述,西藏牦牛具有较丰富的遗传多样性,品种或种群内的遗传分化显著,这是西藏牦牛业持续发展和牦牛适应外界环境的遗传基础,是将来培养牦牛新品种或品系的重要基因资源;西藏牦牛品种可分为2大类群.     

Analysis on Genetic Diversity and Phyletic Evolution of mtDNA Cytb Gene in Zhongdian Yak

In order to investigate the genetic diversity and the origin of evolutionary relationship of Zhongdian yak,we analyzed the complete sequence of 15 individuals Cytb gene,its sequence polymorphism was analyzed,and the phylogenetic tree was constructed.The results showed that the length of the nucleotide sequence were 1 140 bp,with nucleotide frequencies of 26.3%,31.8%,13.1% and 28.8% for T,A,G and C,respectively.Three haplotypes were identified of 15 individuals,with 3 polymorphic sites,including two conversions,one transversion,haplotype diversity was 0.2571 and nucleotide diversity was 0.00035.Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Zhongdian yak and Bos mutusc clustered firstly,then gathered with Bison bison,which indicated that there were high genetic similarity and closer genetic relationship,genetic similarity with other cattle genus was relatively low.Combining with the proof of molecular biology and paleontology,the result supported the point that Bos grunniens and Bos mutus were classified as an alone genus in Bovinae.     

新疆密点麻蜥mtDNA Cytb基因系统进化分析

试验对新疆南部5个地区密点麻蜥线粒体DNA (Mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA)细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cytb)基因序列进行PCR扩增和测序,采用邻接法和最大似然法分别构建系统进化树进行系统发育分析。结果表明:南疆沙蜥独立于1个分支;所有麻蜥在1个分支上,与山地麻蜥(Eremias brenchleyi)的亲缘关系最远,与荒漠麻蜥(Eremias przewalskii)的亲缘关系最近;密点麻蜥种群间每个地区样本几乎均是独立分支,喀什地区的密点麻蜥与民丰的密点麻蜥亲缘关系最远,乌恰次之,与同市叶城和塔什库尔干的密点麻蜥亲缘关系最近,但喀什地区的M13稍有偏离,与乌恰的密点麻蜥属于同1个分支,表明这两地区的密点麻蜥存在基因交流。文章基于Cytb基因对新疆南部5个地区密点麻蜥进行系统发育分析,补充和丰富了新疆部分地区密点麻蜥的基础遗传数据。     

家蚕追寄蝇线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因及其侧翼tRNA基因的克隆与序列结构和进化分析

家蚕追寄蝇(Exorista sorbillans)为双翅目、寄蝇科、追寄蝇属昆虫,寄生家蚕后引起多化性蚕蛆病。研究家蚕追寄蝇的系统进化关系,有助于探讨其寄生机制。采用PCR技术扩增了家蚕追寄蝇的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)片段,序列分析结果表明:克隆的mtDNA片段大小约1.5 kb,包括完整细胞色素b基因(cyto b)及其侧翼tRNA-Leu基因序列,序列结构与其它21个昆虫物种的同源片段序列结构基本一致,说明线粒体DNA基因排列和基因结构的保守性;家蚕追寄蝇mtDNA的Cyto b蛋白和tRNA-Leu基因的二级结构符合功能大分子的空间结构特征,维持一定的保守进化;双翅目昆虫不同蝇类mtDNA中的cyto b基因、tRNA-Leu基因序列的同源性高,可保证构建蝇类系统发生树的准确性。基于包括家蚕追寄蝇在内的12个双翅目昆虫、5个鳞翅目昆虫、4个鞘翅目昆虫、1个直翅目昆虫的mtDNA cyto b基因编码氨基酸序列的进化分析表明:双翅目中蝇类的进化次序依次为狂蝇科、果蝇科、寄蝇科、蝇科、丽蝇科,寄蝇科与蝇科和果蝇科之间的进化距离较近;鳞翅目处于种系发生树分叉的起点,起源最早,双翅目处于种系发生树分叉的最末端,起源最晚。     

西藏牦牛12SrRNA基因全序列测定及系统进化关系

以西藏11个地区的牦牛类群共计110头为研究对象,采用PCR方法,首次从耳组织总DNA中扩增出了线粒体12SrRNA基因,并进行了序列测定及分析。结果表明,该基因的长962～965bp;序列分析表明12SrRNA基因有较高的进化速率,11个地区的牦牛品种同源性相对较高;对11种类群的牦牛及亚洲水牛、非洲水牛、欧洲野牛和家牛四种牛亚科的12SrRNA基因序列建立NJ和ME分子进化树,结果显示帕里牦牛、斯布牦牛、巴青牦牛、丁青牦牛、江达牦牛、工布江达牦牛、康布牦牛与桑日牦牛的亲缘关系最近。     

牦牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白基因的分子克隆和进化分析

对牦牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）基因进行了克隆测序，并与GenBank中9个物种相应基因编码区核苷酸序列进行了比对分析，在此基础上采用邻接法、最大简约法和最小进化法构建了牦牛与其它物种间分子系统进化树。结果表明，牦牛H-FABP基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成，外显子1、外显子2、外显子3和外显子4大小分别为73、173、102和54bp，内含子1、内含子2和内含子3大小分别为3460、1892和1495bp。CDS序列全长为402bp，前体氨基酸数为133个。不同物种间在该基因核苷酸序列上有较高的保守性。牦牛与普通牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、人、大鼠、小鼠、鸡、斑马鱼各物种在H-FABP基因编码区核苷酸序列上同源性大小分别为99．8％、97．8％、97．0％、92．8％、88．8％、83．3％、83．1％、76．4％、68．7％。通过邻接法、最大简约法和最小进化法用H-FABP基因编码区核苷酸序列构建的物种间分子系统进化树，结果表明，3种方法构建的物种间分子系统进化树基本一致。系统树总体分为两支，斑马鱼为独立的一支，而牦牛与其它物种为另一大分支。牦牛与普通牛、绵羊与山羊先分别聚在一起，然后再聚为一类；后与猪、人依次聚为一类。小鼠和大鼠先聚为一类，再与人和其它物种聚类，然后再与鸡聚为一类。该系统聚类结果与动物学分类一致，表明H-FABP基因适合于构建不同物种间的系统进化树。     

三个类群藏系绵羊线粒体细胞色素b基因序列多态性及其系统进化的研究

为研究藏系绵羊红原、贾洛、欧拉3个类群的亲缘关系、遗传多样性以及其系统进化,测定该3个类群藏系绵羊的41个个体的细胞色素b基因的全序列。结果表明,41个藏系绵羊的细胞色素b基因的全序列长度均为1 140bp,有27个多态位点,其中单一多态位点16个,简约信息位点11个,共定义13种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.672±0.078,核苷酸多样性为0.331%。藏系绵羊贾洛类群与欧拉类群遗传距离最远,为0.003 9,红原类群与欧拉类群遗传距离较近,为0.002 64。说明红原类群与欧拉类群亲缘关系较近,藏系绵羊有一个共同祖先,同时存在第2个母系起源。     

中国四个地方驴品种mtDNA D-Loop部分序列分析与系统进化研究

对中国4个家驴品种95个个体的mtDNAD—loop部分序列进行测序。用clustalX软件进行同源序列比对。Dnasp4-10软件用于遗传多样性分析，计算单倍型多样度、核苷酸多样度、平均核苷酸差异。MEGA3．1软件采用邻接法构建系统进化树并进行系统发生分析。以欧洲驴线粒体基因组为对照（Genbank登录号为X97337），中国家驴4个品种95个个体385bp序列共检测到核苷酸多态位点33个，其中31个位点为转换，1个位点为颠换，1个位点有插入现象。95个序列由31个单倍型组成，单倍型比例为32．6％。德州驴单倍型比例最高为100％，凉州驴单倍型比例最低为42．42％。31个单倍型与引用Genbank已登录的13条序列构建系统发育树，发现31个单倍型聚为两支，说明中国家驴可能有两个母系起源。以欧洲野驴线粒体D—loop为对照（登录号为AF403063、AF403063、AF403065），揭示本研究涉及的中国家驴品种与非洲野驴的进化亲缘关系较亚洲野驴近，并且从分子水平证明中国家驴可能起源于非洲野驴中的索马里野驴分支。     

Study on Genetic Diversity and System Evolution of mtDNA D-Loop Region in Xianglushan Chicken

This study was aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic evolution in Xianglushan chicken.The full-length sequences of mitochondrial DNA D-Loop (mtDNA D-Loop) region of 121 Xianglushan chickens were analyzed by PCR amplification combined with bidirectional sequencing,and the composition,variation and maternal origin of mtDNA D-Loop region were discussed.The results showed that the total length of mtDNA D-Loop region in Xianglushan chicken was 1 231-1 233 bp.The contents of A,T,C and G were 26.62%,33.55%,26.49% and 13.34%,respectively.The content of T was the highest,the content of G was the lowest,and the content of A+T was significantly higher than that of G+C,it indicated that region might have certain base hobbies.Analysis of 121 full-length sequences were found to coexist in 11 haplotypes and 26 mutation sites,of which 2 were single polymorphic information sites,24 were simple information sites,4 bases were inserted and 2 bases were missing.The genetic diversity analysis results showed that the haplotype diversity was 0.814,the nucleotide diversity was 0.00447,the average nucleic acid difference was 5.494,which indicated that the genetic diversity of Xianglushan chicken was relatively rich,the effect of preservation was better,which had a certain breeding space.Tajima's D was 0.39378 and the test results were not significant (P>0.10),in line with neutral mutations.The cluster analysis results showed that Xianglushan chicken and Gallus gallus gathered as one,indicating that Xianglushan chicken originated from Gallus gallus, and there were 4 branches inside the branch,indicating that Xianglushan chicken had many matrilineal origins.The results could provide some reference data for the protection and exploitation of pheasant germplasm resources in Xianglushan chicken.     

山羊线粒体DNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

本研究利用PCR-SSCP技术对8个山羊品种分析了线粒体DNA D-loop区5′端部分序列的遗传多样性。378个个体共检测到A、B、C、D、E、F、G 7种单倍型,平均的单倍型比例为1.9%。单倍型多样度以太行黑山羊最高,为0.8003;洪洞奶山羊最低,为0.5772,但也属于较高的遗传多样性。结果表明,8个山羊品种均有较高的遗传多样性。     

中国西南地区5个地方绵羊群体mtDNA遗传多样性及系统进化研究

采用PCR—SSCP技术及mtDNA D-loop序列分析相结合的方法，对我国云南昭通绵羊、腾冲绵羊、宁蒗绵羊及西藏的多玛绵羊、江孜绵羊5个地方绵羊群体共232个个体进行遗传多样性及系统进化分析。PCR-SSCP分析显示，在西藏的多玛绵羊和江孜绵羊中均检测到线粒体编码区的Cytb和ND2基因的3种单倍型A、B和C，且在西藏的多玛绵羊、江孜绵羊中C单倍型比例高于B型；而在云南的昭通绵羊、腾冲绵羊和宁蒗绵羊中只检测到单倍型A和B。根据不同的单倍型从5个群体中筛选出39个样品进行mtDNAD-loop区克隆测序，经过系统进化分析揭示西藏绵羊存在A、B、C3种mtDNA单倍型；而云南绵羊只存在A、B2种mtDNA单倍型。以上基于PCR-SSCP和D-loop区序列的分析结果一致提示西藏绵羊有3个母系来源，云南绵羊有2个母系来源。基于mtDNAD-loop序列的多态性分析结果显示西藏多玛绵羊和江孜绵羊的单倍型多样度（Hd）、核苷酸多样度（Pi）及平均核苷酸差异数（k）均高于云南3个地方绵羊品种，提示西藏绵羊遗传多样性较丰富，云南绵羊遗传多样性相对贫乏。     

Analyses of Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of mtDNA D-loop from Yak in Karakoram-Pamir Area

This experiment was conducted to clarify the genetic diversity,genetic differentiation and phylogenetic status of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area.The mtDNA D-loop region sequence was selected as a molecular marker,and the sequence and genetic diversity of the mtDNA D-loop region of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area were analyzed by PCR direct sequencing and bioinformatics methods.The yak sequence in GenBank was used.The maximum likelihood method was used to construct the phylogenetic tree and the intermediary network relationship.The results showed that the mtDNA D-loop sequence of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area was rich in A and T bases,with AT content of 61.2%,and there were 63 polymorphic loci,accounting for 7.04% of the total number of nucleotides.The results indicated that A and T bases were rich in the mtDNA D-loop sequences at 61.2%.There were 63 mutation sites,accounting for 7.04% of all nucleotides,The average haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.806,the average nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.01528,and the average nucleotide difference (K) was 13.509,indicating that the yak was rich in genetic diversity in Karakoram-Pamir area;Through phylogenetic analysis,there were two branches in yak in China,forming two branches and six small clades.The yak in Karakoram-Pamir area involved in this study had two different maternal origins.Additionally,yak in the Karakoram-Pamir area was less shared with other breeds of yak haplotypes.In the branch C,the yak group in the Karakoram-Pamir area accounts for a large proportion and was shared with wild yak.The yak population in Karakoram-Pamir area had a unique genetic background,which might be the result of early domestication of wild yaks.It was suggested to increase the identification of yak breeds and the formulation of breed standards in this area,and strengthen the protection of yak genetic resources in this area.According to the current situation of the population,wild blood yaks were introduced for purification and rejuvenation to prevent breed degeneration and decrease of genetic diversity.The introduction of foreign yak breeds and disorderly hybridization were reduced to ensure the characteristics of this breed of high-quality yak breed resources.     

云南水牛mtDNA D-loop遗传多样性研究

[目的] 探究云南3个水牛品种(德宏水牛、滇东南水牛、盐津水牛)的mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性与母系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法。[结果] 本研究共分析了215条云南水牛mtDNA D-loop全序列,检测到107个多态位点,定义了86种单倍型。结果表明,云南3个水牛品种的mtDNA遗传多样性非常丰富,其中,滇东南水牛的遗传多样性最高(Hd: 0.946±0.017,Pi: 0.0162±0.0018),盐津水牛的遗传多样性最低(Hd: 0.805±0.063,Pi: 0.0141±0.0031)。系统发育分析结果表明,在3个云南水牛品种中检测到2个主要支系(A和B支系及其亚支系)及一个稀有支系C,其中A支系为主要支系(79.07%),且经历了强烈的群体扩张。[结论] 云南3个水牛品种具有丰富的mtDNA遗传多样性,主要有A与B两个母系起源。