Immunity and intracellular infection: resistance to bacteria in mice infected with a protozoan

Mice infected with the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii for periods of as long as 7 months were resistant to challenge with numbers of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium that were uniformly lethal to normal mice. This resistance did not appear to depend on the strain of toxoplasma employed or the route of inoculation of either toxoplasma or bacteria. Onset of immunity to listeria was demonstrable as early as 1 to 2 days after infection with toxoplasma. Resistance to toxoplasma was not demonstrable in mice immune to listeria. Interferon did not appear to be a mediator of the immunity observed in toxoplasma-infected mice.     

山羊胎儿成纤维细胞转染人t-PA指形区缺失基因及其核移植研究

采用阳离子脂质体法将人t-PA指形区缺失基因乳腺特异性表达载体(pEBT)导入山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,以山羊胎儿成纤维细胞和转染的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞作供体,构建核移植胚,对其体外发育情况进行了研究,比较了2种供体细胞(山羊胎儿成纤维细胞和转人t-PA指形区缺失基因的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞)及转人t-PA指形区缺失基因的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞饥饿处理与否对核移植胚胎体外发育的影响。结果表明,早期核移植胚有荧光蛋白(GFP)的表达;以山羊胎儿成纤维细胞作供体细胞时,核移植胚的桑葚胚率(50.3%)及囊胚率(16.0%)均高于以转人t-PA指形区缺失基因胎儿成纤维细胞为供体时的桑葚胚率(48.4%)和囊胚率(10.9%),但差异不显著(P>0.05);转人t-PA指形区缺失基因的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞经饥饿处理后,其核移植胚胎的卵裂率(73.6%)与不饥饿时的卵裂率(73.9%)差异不显著;饥饿处理后核移植胚胎的桑葚胚率(48.5%)和囊胚率(11.2%)均高于不饥饿处理的桑葚胚率(39.2%)和囊胚率(9.2%),但差异不显著(P>0.05)。本研究成功地构建了转人t-PA指形区缺失基因的体细胞核移植胚胎,体外囊胚率为11.2%。     

Genome-wide experimental determination of barriers to horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer, in which genetic material is transferred from the genome of one organism to that of another, has been investigated in microbial species mainly through computational sequence analyses. To address the lack of experimental data, we studied the attempted movement of 246,045 genes from 79 prokaryotic genomes into Escherichia coli and identified genes that consistently fail to transfer. We studied the mechanisms underlying transfer inhibition by placing coding regions from different species under the control of inducible promoters. Our data suggest that toxicity to the host inhibited transfer regardless of the species of origin and that increased gene dosage and associated increased expression may be a predominant cause for transfer failure. Although these experimental studies examined transfer solely into E. coli, a computational analysis of gene-transfer rates across available bacterial and archaeal genomes supports that the barriers observed in our study are general across the tree of life.     

phlb基因对簇毛麦遗传物质向小麦直接遗传转移的影响

经人工授粉和幼胚培养成功地获得了普通小麦“中国春”CS及其phlb突变体CSphlb与簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa)的属间杂种F     

Host-to-parasite gene transfer in flowering plants: phylogenetic evidence from Malpighiales

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between sexually unrelated species has recently been documented for higher plants, but mechanistic explanations for HGTs have remained speculative. We show that a parasitic relationship may facilitate HGT between flowering plants. The endophytic parasites Rafflesiaceae are placed in the diverse order Malpighiales. Our multigene phylogenetic analyses of Malpighiales show that mitochondrial (matR) and nuclear loci (18S ribosomal DNA and PHYC) place Rafflesiaceae in Malpighiales, perhaps near Ochnaceae/Clusiaceae. Mitochondrial nad1B-C, however, groups them within Vitaceae, near their obligate host Tetrastigma. These discordant phylogenetic hypotheses strongly suggest that part of the mitochondrial genome in Rafflesiaceae was acquired via HGT from their hosts.     

Evolution 2000 meeting. Evolutionary trends from bacteria to birds

Talks at Evolution 2000, held here in late June, covered the gamut of evolutionary biology, from life history changes in bacteria to the origins of modern bird diversity. Researchers reported on senescence in single-celled organisms and an origin for modern birds that is both farther back in time and farther south than generally believed.     

Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene

Evidence for photoinduced electron transfer from the excited state of a conducting polymer onto buckminsterfullerene, C(60), is reported. After photo-excitation of the conjugated polymer with light of energy greater than the pi-pi* gap, an electron transfer to the C(60) molecule is initiated. Photoinduced optical absorption studies demonstrate a different excitation spectrum for the composite as compared to the separate components, consistent with photo-excited charge transfer. A photoinduced electron spin resonance signal exhibits signatures of both the conducting polymer cation and the C(60) anion. Because the photoluminescence in the conducting polymer is quenched by interaction with C(60), the data imply that charge transfer from the excited state occurs on a picosecond time scale. The charge-separated state in composite films is metastable at low temperatures.     

牛瘤胃未培养细菌中一个β-葡萄糖苷酶基因umbgl3A的克隆及鉴定

通过构建牛瘤胃未培养细菌的宏基因组文库,共获得12 000个克隆,文库外源DNA总容量为4.2×108 bp,筛选得到九个表达β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的克隆,并对其中的一个表达β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的克隆pGXN1009进行亚克隆,将β-葡萄糖苷酶基因定位在4.3 kb的片段上.测序结果表明在4.3kb的片段上有一个全长为1956 bp的ORF,编码一个可能的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因umbgl3A,其编码产物与一个来源于小鼠大肠未培养细菌的β-葡萄糖苷酶(GenBank Acession NOAAX16378.1)一致性为63%、相似性为79%;与哈氏噬纤维菌(Cytophaga hutchinsonii)的β-葡萄糖苷酶(GenBank Acession NOZP-00308419)的一致性为50%、相似性为67%.利用SMART软件对Umbgl3A结构组件预测表明,Umbgl3A包含一个家族3糖基水解酶(glycosyl hydrolase)功能域和一个家族3C糖基水解酶功能域.遗传进化分析表明umbgl3A基因可能是来自牛瘤胃微生物噬纤维菌属未培养的一个种.     

Phosphorylation coupled to the transfer of electrons from glutathione to cytochrome c

Formation of adenosine diphosphate from adenosine monophosphate and inorganic phosphate can be coupled to the oxidation of reduced glutathione by cytochrome c in a reaction which requires oxidized glutathione as a catalyst. The reaction occurs with purified materials in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer and may represent the type reaction for one or more oxidative phosphorylations.     

福建省猪源多黏菌素耐药基因mcr-1阳性细菌的耐药特性及分布特征

【目的】了解福建省猪源mcr-1基因阳性细菌的流行性、耐药特性及分布特征。【方法】从福建省7个地市的21个猪场采集313份粪便样本，应用PCR方法筛选、分离和鉴定mcr-1基因阳性细菌；采用K-B琼脂扩散试验进行药敏检测，分析mcr-1基因阳性细菌的耐药性，并使用PCR方法分析其耐药表型；进一步采用多位点序列分型（MLST）方法鉴定mcr-1基因阳性大肠杆菌的类型，使用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分析方法对mcr-1阳性大肠杆菌进行聚类分析，探明其分布特征和亲缘关系。【结果】从313份猪粪便中共分离获得43株mcr-1基因阳性细菌，其中大肠杆菌39株。耐药性结果显示，分离菌株对磺胺甲基异恶唑、氟苯尼考、链霉素、强力霉素、恩诺沙星、新霉素、阿莫西林、头孢噻肟、林可-壮观、亚胺培南、呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺和替加环素的耐药率分别为90.1%，83.7%，74.4%，67.4%，67.4%，58.1%，53.5%，39.5%，34.9%，11.6%，4.6%，0和0。磺胺类耐药基因中的sul1、sul2和sul3基因检出率较高，分别达到81.4%，90.7%和74.4%；喹诺酮类耐药基因中仅有qnrS和aac(6′)-Ib-cr被检出，其检出率分别为51.2%和30.2%；氯霉素类耐药基因中Cat2和cmlA基因的检出率较高，分别达到86.0%和74.4%；氟苯尼考耐药基因（floR）的检出率为83.7%；金属β-内酰胺酶耐药基因（NDM-1）的检出率为23.2%；多药耐药基因（cfr）的检出率为7.0%；而替加环素耐药基因（tet(X)）未被检出。39株mcr-1基因阳性大肠杆菌除了4株不能分型外，其他35株共分为19个ST型，具有高度多样性，其中ST10为优势型，共有9株菌株。PFGE图谱显示，39株mcr-1基因阳性大肠杆菌共获得30种PFGE谱型，具有多态性特征，分为6组克隆群。【结论】福建猪源mcr-1基因阳性细菌主要为大肠杆菌，少部分为肠杆菌科其他菌株，且分离菌株具有明显的多重耐药性；mcr-1基因阳性大肠杆菌在地域分布上具有多态性和高度多样性特点。     

水资源“农转非”研究进展与展望

水资源"农转非"是缓解农业和非农产业之间用水竞争压力的一种重要政策,为对水资源"农转非"做出系统性评价,对水资源"农转非"的概念内涵、发展脉络、政策影响及评估以及补偿机制进行了梳理,进而分析了国外水资源"农转非"对我国实践的启示,并展望水资源"农转非"未来的重点研究领域以及在我国的应用前景。结果表明:1)水资源"农转非"的分类因转移的性质、期限、位置、费用、距离等有所差异,其产生和实施受非农用水需求、节水效能、水资源管理制度等因素的影响。2)水资源"农转非"政策效果具有两面性,大多研究对其整体效果持肯定态度,政策影响由早期的经济影响向后期的社会和生态影响聚焦。3)未来应纳入以流域或干支流为代表的中观研究尺度,同时,提高政策影响评估方法的科学性和准确性,建立多学科的综合分析视角。     

Placental transfer of a substituted pteridine from fetus to mother

In sito near-term sheep placentas transferred triamterene (2,4,7-triamino-6-phenyl-pteridine) from the fetus much more rapidly than to the fetus. This differential transfer effect may significantly influence the distribution of exogenous and endogenous compounds between the maternal and fetal compartments.     

Horizontal gene transfer of a syp homolog contributes to the virulence of Burkholderia glumae

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been proved a major driving force in prokaryotic evolution. However, the molecular functions of these transferred genes in pathogenic bacteria especially plant pathogenic bacteria are still not fully investigated. In this study, the whole-genome in silico analysis was performed and found a syringopeptin synthetase (syp) homolog in Burkholderia glumae, which can cause bacterial panicle blight in rice, was predicted to be horizontally transferred from Pseudomonas ancestor with solid confidence by phylogenetic analysis. The comprehensive molecular experiments were performed to study the potential role of this gene in B. glumae. Inoculation of rice panicles with the syp mutant resulted in 60% lower disease index compared with the wild type (WT) parent strain, suggesting the requirement of syp for the full virulence of B. glumae. Chromatography analysis of exudates from B. glumae showed suppression of synthesis of metabolites analogous to syringopeptin in the mutants. All these data raise the possibility of HGT phenomenon in shaping the virulence and adaptation of B. glumae over evolutionary time.     

蜂粮酿制过程中细菌的变化规律

采用营养琼脂培养基、改良"LB"培养基、MRS(4.5)、MRS(6.5)培养基分别对中国茶(Camelliasinensis)的手采花粉(floral pollen)、蜂花粉(corbicular pollen)和不同酿制时间的蜂粮(bee bread)样品中的细菌进行菌落计数和分析.酿制初期的蜂粮样品在MRS(4.5)培养基和MRS(6.5)培养基上生长的细菌菌落数占优势,随酿制时间的延长而迅速下降;5、10、15、21 d蜂粮样品在改良"LB"培养基上生长的细菌菌落数占优势;60 d蜂粮样品在营养琼脂培养基上生长的细菌菌落数占优势.     

EIAV基因转移载体转录后调控元件的优化

【目的】为了提高马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)基因转移载体质粒pcPPTPRE(+)的外源蛋白表达能力,对其转录后调控元件进行优化。【方法】将PCR扩增土拨鼠肝炎病毒(Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus,WHV)转录后调控元件(WPRE),克隆于pGM-T载体获得重组质粒pGM-WPRE,利用NotⅠ酶将WPRE亚克隆入pcPPTPRE(+),筛选WPRE正向连接的重组质粒pcPPTWPRE,采用磷酸钙法分别将pcPPTWPRE和pcPPTPRE(+)转染HEK293细胞和DF-1细胞,利用荧光显微镜观察EGFP蛋白的表达,利用流式细胞仪检测转染细胞中EGFP阳性细胞的表达率。【结果】在HEK293细胞中,pcPPTWPRE表达外源基因的能力极显著优于pcPPTPRE(+);在DF-1细胞中,pcPPTWPRE与pcPPTPRE(+)表达外源基因的能力均不强,但前者略优于后者。【结论】土拨鼠肝炎病毒转录后,调控元件(WPRE)可以明显增强EIAV载体质粒的外源蛋白表达能力,为高表达能力伪型EIAV重组病毒的获得奠定了基础,同时也为其他病毒载体的构建提供了借鉴。     

A low temperature transfer of ALH84001 from Mars to Earth

The ejection of material from Mars is thought to be caused by large impacts that would heat much of the ejecta to high temperatures. Images of the magnetic field of martian meteorite ALH84001 reveal a spatially heterogeneous pattern of magnetization associated with fractures and rock fragments. Heating the meteorite to 40 degrees C reduces the intensity of some magnetic features, indicating that the interior of the rock has not been above this temperature since before its ejection from the surface of Mars. Because this temperature cannot sterilize most bacteria or eukarya, these data support the hypothesis that meteorites could transfer life between planets in the solar system.     

Electron-driven acid-base chemistry: proton transfer from hydrogen chloride to ammonia

In contrast to widely familiar acid-base behavior in solution, single molecules of NH3 and HCl do not react to form the ionic salt, NH+4Cl-, in isolation. We applied anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio theory to investigate the interaction of an excess electron with the hydrogen-bonded complex NH3...HCl. Our results show that an excess electron induces this complex to form the ionic salt. We propose a mechanism that proceeds through a dipole-bound state to form the negative ion of ionic ammonium chloride, a species that can also be characterized as a deformed Rydberg radical, NH4, polarized by a chloride anion, Cl-.     

节节麦抗白粉病基因直接转移及遗传表达

利用四呼推广高产小麦品种（系）和地方品种直接与抗、感白粉病节节麦杂交,通过幼胚培养技术成功获得２２个组合的杂种植株。将杂种Ｆ１及回交ＢＣ１Ｆ１与其普通小麦、节节麦亲本的抗白粉性比较分析,发现大部分组合中节节麦的抗性基因被普通小麦的抑制基因抑制,仅１份节节麦的抗性基因能在杂种Ｆ１中完全或部分表达;节节麦抗性基因的表达和抑制,与特定的普通小麦亲本有关。结果还表明,杂种Ｆ１中被抑制的节节麦抗性基因,可以通过用不含抑制基因的普通小麦回交,使其在回交后代中正常表达。