Serum Fructosamine: A Reference Interval for a Heterogeneous Canine Population

Eighty-nine healthy dogs (44 males, 45 females) of different breeds, 1-12 years of age, living under varied feeding and environmental conditions, were sampled to evaluate a reference interval for serum fructosamine using a nitroblue tetrazolium photocolorimetric method. The analytical assay was evaluated by calculation of within-run and between-day variations. The results were approximately normally distributed and the calculated reference interval was 192.6-357.4 µmol/L (mean 275.0 µmol/L, standard deviation 41.2 µmol/L). No significant differences attributable to sex or age were observed. This reference interval is wider than those previously reported in less heterogeneous groups of dogs and in those from other geographical zones. The fructosamine values in serum from 3 diabetic dogs all exceeded the upper limit of the reference interval.     

Serum Fructosamine Concentrations in Dogs with Hypothyroidism

Serum fructosamine concentrations were measured in 11 untreated hypothyroid dogs with normal serum glucose and serum protein concentrations. The fructosamine level ranged between 276 and 441 mol/L (median 376 mol/L; reference range 207–340 mol/L). Nine of the 11 dogs had fructosamine levels above the reference range. The fructosamine levels decreased significantly during treatment with levothyroxine. It is suggested that serum fructosamine concentrations may be high in hypothyroid dogs because of decelerated protein turnover, independent of the blood glucose concentration.     

Elevated fructosamine concentrations caused by IgA paraproteinemia in two dogs

An 8-year-old male Austrian Pinscher and a 14-year-old male Golden Retriever were presented for evaluation due to unexplainable high fructosamine values despite euglycemia and epistaxis in combination with polydipsia/polyuria, respectively. Blood analysis revealed severe hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia and markedly elevated fructosamine concentrations in both dogs. Multiple myeloma with IgA-monoclonal gammopathy was diagnosed by serum and urine electrophoresis including immunodetection with an anti-dog IgA antibody and bone marrow aspirations. Diabetes mellitus was excluded by repeated plasma and urine glucose measurements. Fructosamine values were positively correlated with globulin, but negatively correlated with albumin concentrations. These cases suggest that, as in human patients, monoclonal IgA gammopathy should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis for dogs with high fructosamine concentrations.     

The Long-term Biological Variability of Fasting Plasma Glucose and Serum Fructosamine in Healthy Beagle Dogs

The aim of this study was to estimate the long-term (month-to-month) between-dog, within-dog and analytical components of variance for fasting plasma glucose and serum fructosamine in healthy dogs to assess the usefulness of a single measurement of these analytes in a single dog.Fasting plasma glucose and serum fructosamine were measured in blood samples collected every month for 9 months from 23 clinically healthy dogs, and the results were subjected to nested analysis of variance. The between-dog variation, the within-dog variation, and the analytical variation were 3.8%, 9.5% and 3.7%, respectively, for plasma glucose and 4.2%, 11.1% and 2.8%, respectively, for serum fructosamine.The maximum allowable analytical imprecision, analytical inaccuracy and difference between analytical methods were 4.8%, 2.6% and 3.2%, respectively, for plasma glucose and 5.6%, 3.0% and 3.7%, respectively, for serum fructosamine.The index of individuality, 2.7 for both analytes, indicated that the test results from single dogs can be compared usefully to the corresponding population-based reference intervals.The number of samples required to estimate the true individual mean value ±5% for a single dog was 16 for fasting plasma glucose and 20 for serum fructosamine.The one- and two-sided critical differences expressing the difference needed for two serial results from the same dog to be significantly different at a 5% level was 24% and 28%, respectively, for plasma glucose and 27% and 32%, respectively, for serum fructosamine.     

Effect of Acute Hyperglycaemia on the Serum Fructosamine and Blood Glycated Haemoglobin Concentrations in Canine Samples

The effect was studied of an acute and non-persistent hyperglycaemia on the serum fructosamine and blood glycated haemoglobin concentrations in canine samples. Five dogs were given glucose solution intravenously and blood samples were taken from each dog before and at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min and 24 h after the infusion. There was an intense hyperglycaemia 5 min after the injection was given, but no statistically significant differences in the serum fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin were observed. It was concluded that an acute and transient hyperglycaemia does not cause significant changes in the glycated haemoglobin and fructosamine concentrations in healthy dogs.     

抗菌药在犬、猫临床上的合理应用

菌药在犬、猫临床上使用最广泛和最重要的抗感染药物,对控制犬、猫疾病起着巨大的作用,但目前不合理使用尤其是滥用的现象较为严重,不仅造成药品的浪费,而且导致犬、猫的不良反应增多,产生细菌耐药性,对动物造成伤害,甚至导致医疗事故的发生等。作者针对犬、猫疾病特点,结合犬、猫临床疾病防治经验和体会,对用于犬、猫临床上的常见抗菌药物进行了概括与总结,为在犬、猫临床上正确使用抗菌药物提供一个参考。     

An evaluation of serum fructosamine as a marker of the duration of hypoproteinaemic conditions in dogs

Serum samples were collected from 153 normoglycaemic, hypoproteinaemic dogs of known case histories, and assayed for fructosamine, glucose, total protein and albumin concentrations. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between serum fructosamine and total serum proteins, or more specifically serum albumin. Serum fructosamine was positively correlated with both total serum protein (r=0.47, p>0.00001) and serum albumin (r=0.77, p>0.00001). Mean serum albumin concentrations were significantly different when the data were grouped as dogs with normal versus subnormal serum fructosamine concentrations. The data indicate the value of the serum fructosamine assay in estimating the duration of hypoalbuminaemia. Concurrent hypoalbuminaemia and normal serum fructosamine indicate hypoalbuminaemia of less than one week. Concurrent hypoalbuminaemia and hypofructosaminaemia indicate persistent hypoalbuminaemia of more than one week, and concurrent normal albumin and hypofructosaminaemia indicate recovery from a condition including hypoalbuminaemia or hypoglycaemia.     

Serum fructosamine in canine diabetes mellitus. An initial study

This study reports on a spectrophotometric assay for the determination of serum fructosamine concentration. The assay was evaluated for use in canine serum samples by assessment of the precision, accuracy, detectability and stability of serum fructosamine during storage. To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of the assay, both the effect of acute changes in blood glucose on serum fructosamine concentration and the serum fructosamine concentration in canine diabetes mellitus and other canine diseases were studied.The main conclusions can be summarized as follows: Determination of canine serum fructosamines may be achieved by a precise and accurate assay with a detection limit well below the serum fructosamine concentration normally found in canine sera. Storage for 5 days at +4°C or +25°C, or for 28 days at –20°C caused no significant change in serum fructosamine concentration. The concentration is not affected by acute changes in blood glucose. In diabetic dogs, serum fructosamine concentration is significantly greater than in dogs with other diseases.     

Salmonellae and Campylobacters in Household and Stray Dogs in Northern Taiwan

Rectal swabs were collected from 437 household and 491 stray dogs in northern Taiwan from May 2003 to June 2005 to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonellae and campylobacters. The results revealed that 2.1% of household dogs and 6.3% of stray dogs were positive for salmonellae, with Salmonella Duesseldorf being the most dominant serotype in both. Additionally, 2.7% of the household dogs and 23.8% of the stray dogs were positive for campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species (86.8%), followed by C. upsaliensis (9.3%) and C. coli (3.9%). Both salmonella and campylobacter isolation rates from the stray dogs were significantly higher than those from the household dogs (p < 0.01). The susceptibility of 33 C. jejuni isolates to eight antimicrobials was studied by the E-test. A high rate of resistance was observed to azithromycin (93.9%), clindamycin (87.9%), erythromycin (81.8%), tetracycline (78.8%), chloramphenicol (69.7%), nalidixic acid (51.5%), gentamicin (33.3%), and ciprofloxacin (18.2%). The susceptibility of 40 Salmonella isolates to 15 antimicrobials was also studied by the disc-diffusion method. All the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance was observed most frequently to tetracycline (77.5%), chloramphenicol (52.5%), and ampicillin (50%).     

Antemortem Diagnosis of CDV Infection by RT-PCR in Distemper Dogs with Neurological Deficits without the Typical Clinical Presentation

In dogs with neurological disturbances without myoclonus and extraneural signs, the clinical diagnosis of distemper is difficult perform. Considering the great infectious potential of the disease, the possibility of carrying out an antemortem diagnosis of distemper is important, particularly in hospitalized patients with neurological disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate RT-PCR for antemortem CDV detection in hospitalized dogs with neurological disturbances without the typical findings of distemper. We investigated five dogs with canine distemper virus (CDV) encephalomyelitis, in which the clinical diagnosis was not performed owing to the absence of characteristic signs of the disease, such as myoclonus and systemic signs. We observed an apparent high sensitivity of RT-PCR in urine samples for detection of CDV: four out of five urine samples were RT-PCR positive. The results of the present study suggest that urine is a good biological sample for antemortem CDV detection by RT-PCR in dogs with distemper encephalomyelitis in which the clinical diagnosis is likely to be difficult owing to the absence of suggestive distemper signs. The use of two different body fluids (urine and CSF) may increase the RT-PCR sensitivity for antemortem diagnosis of distemper in such cases.     

蜂胶对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

将复制糖尿病模型的 72只SD大鼠随机分为模型组 ,蜂胶水提液低剂量组、高剂量组 ,蜂胶醇提液低剂量组、高剂量组和阳性对照组 (拜糖苹 ) ,另取 12只为正常组。除正常组和模型组外 ,各组分别给予不同的试验药物。给药过程中 ,每周取血一次 ,测空腹血糖 ,给药 7周后 ,取血测定空腹血糖和果糖胺。试验结果表明 ,蜂胶水提液和醇提液均能控制糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖的升高 ,并且随着时间的延长效果越来越明显。     

Arterial Blood Gases in Dogs with Bacterial Pneumonia

The purpose of this study is to report the aterial blood gas findings in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Arterial blood gas samples were collected from 62 dogs with culture-confirmed bacterial pneumonia. These results were compared with 46 normal dog arterial blood gas samples. Results demonstrated that respiratory acidosis was not a problem in dogs with pneumonia in this study. Significant evidence of hypoxemia was noted with abnormal mean values in PaO₂ (P<0.001) and the Alveolar-arterial (A-α) gradient (P<0.001).     

The site of focal osteomyelitis lesions in foals

Summary

The long bone ends of foals with infectious disease were sawn into sagittal slabs, washed and inspected. Tissue suspected to be abnormal on the basis of change of colour and consistency was radiographed, and then decalcified andexamined histologically. The exact site of 140 focal osteomyelitis lesions from 18 foals was determined. There were more lesions in the epiphysis than the metaphysis. Epiphyseal lesions were in specific sites within a given epiphysis, and in most epiphyses the lesions were at the site of thickest cartilage. Metaphyseal lesions in the metacarpal, metatarsal and distal radial growth plates tended to be on the more inclined parts of the growth plate.     

利多卡因、布吡卡因行犬硬膜外阻滞时的药代动力学

为研究利多卡因(lidocaine)和布吡卡因(bupivacaine)行硬膜外阻滞时的药代动力学特征,将16只健康犬随机分成2组(n=8),硬膜外阻滞时按体质量分别注入2%利多卡因6mg/kg和0.5%布吡卡因2mg/kg,在注药后的3、5、8、10、15、20、30、40、50、60、75、90、120、150、180min分别采取股动脉血,用气相色谱法测定血药浓度,比较2组药代动力学指标。结果表明,利多卡因和布吡卡因的药-时曲线均符合一室开放模型,t1/2ka分别为(3.55±0.73)min和(7.76±0.38)min,tpeak分别为(18.8±2.2)min和(35.6±1.5)min,Cmax分别为(4.67±0.37)mg/L和(1.38±0.08)mg/L,AUC分别为(739±73)μg.mL-1.min和(366±45)μg.mL-1.min,CL分别为(12.2±4.6)mL/min和(5.5±0.67)mL/min。     

我国部分城乡犬狂犬病中和抗体水平调查

以国际兽疫局(OIE)推荐的荧光抗体病毒中和试验(FAVN)对随机采自广东、河北、北京等地区的573份犬血清进行了狂犬病病毒中和抗体效价的测定,以确定犬群中狂犬病的免疫状况。结果显示,在不同地区或不同城市的动物防疫区域中,犬体内狂犬病病毒中和抗体平均水平存在着明显的差异,城市犬的中和抗体水平较高,有的中和抗体保护水平(0.5IU/mL)阳性率高达100%,少数则达不到保护水平,不同防疫区域狂犬病中和抗体水平为(0.08±0.03)~(4.39±1.45)IU/mL,平均保护水平阳性率为46.3%;乡村看家犬病毒中和抗体水平普遍较低,大部分犬体内无中和抗体,只有个别犬体内存在水平较低的中和抗体,平均保护水平阳性率为1.8%。     

Increased Lactate Concentrations in III and Injured Dogs

Venous blood lactate concentrations were measured on 109 ill dogs and 20 clinically normal dogs. Ill dogs were grouped into survivor and nonsurvivor groups, and categorized based on their primary problem. Ninety-five percent of ill dogs had lactate concentrations higher than clinically normal dogs and published normal values. Seventy-six percent of ill dogs with increased lactate concentrations survived to be discharged. Lactate concentrations were significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors and clinically normal dogs. Lactate concentrations in dogs with major trauma and intoxications, and with cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neurologic problems were significantly higher than in clinically normal dogs and dogs with other problems. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 117–127)     

健康犬肾动脉阻力指数的测量

本试验对健康犬进行了彩色多普勒超声探查,建立了健康犬多普勒超声参数的参考值。首先对19只健康犬进行普通B型超声,彩色多普勒血流成像(color doppler flow imaging,CDFI),脉冲多普勒频谱检查,对探查的数据进行统计分析,得出健康犬正常多普勒超声参数的参考值（以平均值±标准差表示）。对健康犬进行多普勒超声探查统计后发现,肾动脉阻力指数有较好的重复性,左、右肾脏之间的相似度较高,可以作为健康犬正常超声参数的指标。     

兰州市宠物犬人兽共患寄生虫感染情况调查

对2008年5月~2009年8月前来兰州卡贝芝宠物医院和兰州伊宝康动物医院就诊和注射疫苗的犬,采用肛门直接采集和自然排便相结合的方法采集粪便256份、同时随机采集血清134份,通过实验室检查,最终检出龚地弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii)、华支睾吸虫(C.sinensis)、细粒棘球绦虫(E.granulosus)、犬复孔绦虫(D.caninum)、泡状带绦虫(T.hydatigena)5种人兽共患寄生虫的抗体、虫卵或虫体。首次发现兰州市宠物犬感染华支睾吸虫,其成年犬感染率为3.92%;弓形虫感染率成年犬达11.76%、幼年犬达9.75%;绦虫平均感染率成年犬达7.84%、幼年犬达7.32%。