脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响

【目的】本研究旨在阐明脲酶抑制剂(urease inhibitor,UI)和硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor,NI)对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响,探讨抑制剂提高稻谷产量以及氮肥利用率的机理。【方法】本试验设在我国南方红壤稻田,共5个处理:1)不施氮肥(CK);2)尿素(U);3)尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+UI);4)尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+NI);5)尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+UI+NI);脲酶抑制剂采用N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂采用3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)。在水稻分蘖期和孕穗期测定土壤脲酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量以及微生物碳、氮的含量,分析NBPT与DMPP对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率,通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP在稻田的增效机理。【结果】1)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施均显著提高稻谷产量与地上部氮素回收率,两个处理分别增产6.56%与8.24%,氮素回收率提高幅度为19.4%与23.7%。2)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施,显著降低水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,所有处理对两个时期的硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、微生物量碳、氮含量均无显著影响;因此,NBPT对于抑制脲酶活性以及提高铵态氮含量的作用主要在孕穗期之前,而单施DMPP没有显著效应。3)从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无显著影响。【结论】脲酶抑制剂NBPT以及NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP配施显著提高孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,显著提高稻谷产量以及地上部氮素回收率,证明了生产上氮肥后移的重要意义。     

抑制剂对稻茬小麦产量及氮素利用效率的影响

生化抑制剂是调控土壤氮素转化与提高氮肥利用率的有效途径之一。为明确生化抑制剂对沿淮稻茬小麦的效应,以淮麦38为供试品种,在安徽怀远县稻茬麦田设不施氮肥（CK）、尿素（U）、尿素+脲酶抑制剂NBPT（UN）、尿素+硝化抑制剂DMPP（UD）、尿素+硝化抑制剂NBPT+脲酶抑制剂DMPP(UND)共5个处理,研究了脲酶抑制剂NBPT（N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺）、硝化抑制剂DMPP（3、4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐）及其两者组合对稻茬小麦产量及构成因子、氮素利用效率和土壤氮素的影响。结果表明,与U处理相比,UD和UND处理显著提高稻茬小麦产量、植株吸氮量和氮肥利用率;UD和UND处理分别增产8.9%和10.7%,穗数和穗粒数同步提高是其增产的主要原因,UN处理产量增加不显著;UD和UND处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮素吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力显著提高,氮收获指数无显著变化;UD和UND处理降低了小麦收获后耕层土壤无机氮的残留量,显著提高了微生物量氮的含量。综上,在沿淮地区稻茬小麦种植中,尿素配施DMPP或者配施DMPP+NBPT可以有效增加小麦产量,提高氮素利用效率。     

追施氮肥对土壤氨挥发影响的初步研究

以北疆玉米-土壤系统为研究对象,采用通气法对不同氮肥品种和用量处理条件下田间土壤氨挥发进行了原位监测。结果表明：施用尿素处理(常规和过量)比二铵处理土壤氨挥发显著增加,累积量分别增加了0.149 kg/hm2和0.151 kg/hm2;过量施肥能够加剧土壤氮素损失,过量施用尿素和二铵,土壤氨挥发累积量比对照分别增加了0.160 kg/hm2和0.043 kg/hm2。施肥过程中应选取合适的肥料和合理的用量,以减少土壤氨挥发损失,降低肥料的投入,提高肥料利用率,保护生态环境。     

不同施氮量对单季稻养分吸收及氨挥发损失的影响

 以杂交晚粳浙优12为材料,研究了不同氮素用量对单季晚稻养分吸收和氨挥发损失的影响。结果表明,施氮量在0~330  kg/hm2范围内水稻植株氮积累量、磷积累量及钾积累量均表现为随施氮量的增加而增加,施氮水平超过270  kg/hm2后增施氮肥反而降低水稻对氮磷钾的吸收。施氮量在150  kg/hm2时增施有机肥有助于杂交粳稻浙优12对土壤中氮素、磷素以及钾素的吸收利用。水稻拔节期至抽穗期为吸氮量最大时期,施氮量在0~270  kg/hm2范围内杂交粳稻浙优12各生育期植株氮积累量随着施氮量增加而增加。相关分析表明,水稻产量与水稻植株全生育期氮积累量、磷积累量和钾积累量极显著正相关,其中,与水稻吸氮总量的相关系数最大。氨挥发速率、累计氨挥发量随施氮量的增加而增加,以施用基肥阶段氨挥发速率最快,累计氨挥发量最高。在基肥氮肥和分蘖肥氮肥施入后,高施肥水平(270  kg/hm2、330  kg/hm2)下氨挥发速率均远高于其他处理,其中,施氮量330  kg/hm2处理施基肥后测得的累计氨挥发量占基肥施氮量的23.9%。     

施氮量对稻季氨挥发特点与氮素利用的影响

 在砂土和黏土两种土壤类型上,研究了施氮量对田面水NH4+ N浓度、氨挥发损失量、水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤剖面氮素含量的影响。施氮后田面水NH4+ N浓度和氨挥发量都随着施氮量的增加而增加,且在施氮后1~3 d达到峰值,黏土要低于砂土;氨挥发损失量为分蘖肥时期＞倒4叶穗肥期＞基肥时期＞倒2叶穗肥期;黏土上稻季氨挥发总损失量为10.49~87.06 kg/hm2,占施氮量的10.92％~21.76％;砂土上稻季氨挥发总损失量为11.32~102.43 kg/hm2,占施氮量的11.32％~25.61％;施氮后氨挥发峰值和田面水铵态氮峰值同步出现,以分蘖肥时期最大,两者比值范围为23.76％~3365％;随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量增加,氮素积累量也增加,而氮肥利用效率降低;黏土上的水稻产量和氮素积累量要略高于砂土上的;土壤氮素含量在土壤深度40~50 cm处最低,相应各层土壤氮素含量随着施氮量的增加而提高,黏土要高于砂土。从氨挥发损失的角度来看,当施氮量超过250 kg/hm2时,氨挥发损失总量将跃增; 而从水稻获得高产的角度来看,施氮量应为300 kg/hm2左右,因此,试验条件下水稻高产且环境安全的适宜施氮量为250~300 kg/hm2。     

氮肥管理措施对黑土春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

利用连续2年田间试验,研究不同氮肥管理措施对黑土春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,在农民习惯施氮量185 kg/hm2的水平上,减施氮肥20%不影响玉米子粒产量和氮素吸收,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力提高22.4%~29.2%和18.4%~22.3%。与习惯施肥处理相比,减施氮肥可显著降低土壤硝态氮含量,0~20、21~40、41~60和61~80 cm土层硝态氮含量降幅分别为14.3%~53.8%、13.0%~32.6%、17.9%~36.8%和13.7%~41.2%。同一施氮量下,添加硝化抑制剂有助于抑制土壤硝化作用,添加双氰胺0~20、21~40 cm土层硝态氮含量分别下降45.7%和28.5%,添加2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶分别下降39.7%和21.8%。综合评价玉米产量、氮素吸收和氮肥利用等因素,应适当减少施氮量,并配合施用硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶,促进农田生态系统中氮素高效利用和维持氮库基本平衡。     

控释氮肥用量对早熟油菜产量及氮素吸收利用的影响?

为控释氮肥在双季稻区早熟油菜生产上大面积应用提供依据,研究控释氮肥用量对早熟油菜产量及氮素吸收利用的影响,以早熟常规油菜“1358”为材料,于2012-2013年在江西省油菜主产县(市)设置6个田间试验,调查控释氮肥用量对早熟油菜产量、产油量及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥施肥效应与普通氮肥施肥效应均有随施氮量的增加而增产的趋势。等量控释氮肥一次性基施比普通尿素分次施用增产,甚至控释氮肥适量降低也能达到普通氮肥合理施用量的产量水平,同时提高了氮肥利用率。在180kg/hm2施氮水平下,控释氮肥一次性基施较普通尿素分底施60%,苗期施20%和抽薹期施20%共3次施用显著增产,油菜籽粒增产7.64％,产油量提高8.30％,氮肥利用率增加2.27个百分点。双季稻区早熟油菜控释氮肥施用量150kg/hm2可以达到普通氮肥180 kg/hm2用量的产量效果。     

苗期渍水对直播冬油菜产量和农学利用率的影响及油菜在不同氮肥施用下的响应

在轻简化施肥背景下,为减少渍害损失,解决长江流域冬油菜产区生产面临的重要问题,开展氮肥施用 对油菜渍害的缓解作用研究。设置三因素田间试验,分别为不同氮肥用量（0、60、120、180、240和300 kg N/hm2）、氮 肥类型（油菜专用控释尿素和普通尿素）和水分处理（苗期渍水和正常排水）,测定各处理产量和氮肥农学利用率, 明确苗期渍水对不同氮素供应水平油菜的影响,并比较油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用和普通尿素分次施用下油菜 对苗期渍水的响应。结果表明,直播冬油菜产量随氮肥施用量增加而提高,至240 kg N/hm2时不再增加。油菜专用 控释尿素一次性施用,在氮肥用量为60～180 kg N/hm2时产量高于普通尿素分次施用;在氮肥用量为240～300 kg N/hm2时,两种氮肥类型产量基本相当。氮肥施用通过增加收获密度、单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量。苗期渍水 导致直播冬油菜产量损失1.1%～41.9%,随氮肥用量增加,渍水引起的产量损失率呈先增加后降低趋势。0～60 kg N/hm2处理时,渍水使收获密度显著降低（降幅达29.4%~45.0%）,单株角果数增加;施氮量为120~180 kg N/hm2时, 渍水导致收获密度和单株角果数分别降低19.5%~33.7%和1.4%~17.7%;施氮高于180 kg N/hm2时,收获密度和单 株角果数降幅减小（降幅分别为5%~30.9%和3.6%~9.5%）。普通尿素分次施用和油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用, 分别在施氮量为120和180 kg N/hm2时产量损失率最高,分别达29.8%和41.9%。相同氮肥用量下油菜专用控释尿 素一次性施用的产量损失率大于普通尿素分次施用。渍水显著降低氮肥农学利用率,降幅为8.4%～51.9%,施氮充 足（240～300 kg N/hm2）时氮肥农学利用率降幅低于氮素用量较低处理（120～180 kg N/hm2）,油菜专用控释尿素一 次施用处理的农学利用率平均降幅（36.5%）高于普通尿素分次施用（17.3%）。综上可知,苗期渍水时,油菜专用控 释尿素一次施用,会加重油菜受渍影响;土壤氮素供应能力较低时,渍害逆境解除后,适量追施速效氮肥可有效缓 解产量损失,实现油菜稳产。     

施氮模式对砂质潮土氨挥发、夏玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响

采用连续多年田间小区定位试验,在氮肥施用量200 kg/hm2下,观测夏玉米季不同施氮模式对夏玉米季土壤氨挥发、子粒产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,夏玉米季不同施氮处理土壤氨挥发损失量不同,当地常规施氮处理损失量最高,改变氮肥基追比处理次之,控释复合肥处理损失量最低。与不施肥对照相比,各施氮模式处理均能提高夏玉米产量,控释复合肥、改变氮肥基追比处理较当地常规施氮处理分别增产9.89%和7.14%。不同施氮模式下夏玉米季氮肥利用率以控释复合肥利用率最高,改变氮肥基追比处理次之,常规施氮最低。综合考虑,控释复合肥、改变氮肥基追比均可作为砂质潮土区推广的适宜氮肥施用模式。     

太湖地区水稻土上稻季氮素循环及其环境效应

对课题组在太湖地区水稻土上稻-麦轮作系统中稻季测定的氮肥氨挥发、淋溶损失进行了系统总结.研究表明,氨挥发损失量一般占各施肥期施氮量的18.6%～38.7%;稻季氮素的NO3--N的净淋洗量在2.34～5.78 kg/hm2之间,占总施N量的1.04%～1.93%.对氮肥损失引起的环境影响进行初步的评价.     

缓控释肥一次性施用后土壤氮素供应与损失特征研究

采用小区试验,设置常规施肥(U,240 kg/hm²)、包膜控释肥料(CU,180 kg/hm²)、双效抑制剂增效肥料(DU,180 kg/hm²)、添加生物炭保护层的抑制剂增效肥料(BU,180 kg/hm²)一次性施肥、无氮对照(CK)5个处理,研究对夏玉米生长、产量、氨挥发和土壤无机氮残留的影响。结果表明,一次性施肥显著增加了苗期无机氮的供应,在大喇叭口期维持一定的供氮强度,其中BU处理供氮较高。与常规施肥处理相比,一次性减量施肥对营养生长的影响不明显,产量未出现下降,氮肥农学效率显著增加,氨挥发降低54%～63%,硝态氮残留减少6%～20%。3种缓控释肥减量一次性施用均可维持较高的产量并降低环境影响。与聚合物包膜控释肥相比,双效抑制剂增效肥制作简单、成本低,氮素释放快、供应充足,添加生物炭保护层可以进一步促进增产增效。     

增效氮肥在吉林黑土区玉米上的施用效果评价

通过连续两年开展田间定位试验,在减氮20％的条件下比较不同增效氮肥对玉米产量、氮素回收率与损失率、氨挥发及土壤无机氮残留量的影响.结果 表明,与常规氮肥处理相比,减氮施用稳定性氮肥、硅酸盐包膜尿素、肥包肥不影响玉米子粒产量和植株吸氮量,氨挥发量分别下降35.6％、43.0％和39.9％;氮素表观利用率分别达到43.8％...     

硝化抑制剂缓释尿素试验效果初探

硝化抑制剂缓释尿素具有提高氮素利用率、增产、增收、节肥等功效。为验证其在水稻上的应用效果,特进行此试验。结果表明:底肥一次性施用硝化抑制剂缓释尿素或第一代缓释尿素对水稻具有不同程度的增产效果,分别增产6.7%、3.9%,净增收76.35元/667 m2、52.19元/667 m2,节省肥料、节省功时费,在生产上有一定推广价值。     

控释氮肥在土壤中的释放特征及其对春玉米养分吸收及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究控释氮肥在田间的养分释放特征及其在玉米生长期内养分需求和氮素供应状况以及对土壤无机氮、玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥的养分释放达到了控释效果,其养分释放与玉米的养分吸收规律基本一致。与普通氮肥相比,施用控释氮肥有效地提高土壤中的无机氮含量,促进玉米植株对氮素的吸收利用。施用控释氮肥处理的玉米吸氮量比普通氮肥处理增加8.41%,玉米产量较普通氮肥增产720 kg/hm~2,氮肥利用率较普通氮肥处理高10.13个百分点,氮肥农学效率较普通氮肥处理高19.48%。     

Effects of nitrification inhibitor and acid addition to cattle slurry on nitrogen losses and herbage yields

Cattle slurry was applied to grassland on two contrasting soils in autumn and spring between 1987 and 1990. Slurry was applied with or without the addition of acid, to lower the pH to 5·5, and, in autumn only, with or without a nitrification inhibitor. Ammonia volatilization, denitrification and apparent recovery of N by the cut herbage accounted for 61–86% of the ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) applied in slurry. Estimates from lysimeter experiments indicated that nitrate leaching from autumn application may have accounted for an additional 1–2% only. Acidifying slurry reduced volatilization losses to 1–12% of the NH₄⁺-N applied, and the nitrification inhibitor halved denitrification losses from autumn applications. Reductions in nitrogen losses were reflected in significant increases in first-cut herbage yields which, for slurry applied in the autumn with acid and the nitrification inhibitor, were generally greater than those from 120 kg ha⁻¹ N as ammonium nitrate applied in the spring. There were no significant differences between treatments at subsequent cuts in each season but, owing to the large increases at first cut, total yields were significantly higher for autumn-applied slurry with acid and nitrification inhibitor.     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Levels on Ammonia Volatilization and Nitrogen Utilization during Rice Growing Season

We conducted field trials of rice grown in sandy soil and clay soil to determine the effects of nitrogen application levels on the concentration of NH4+-N in surface water,loss of ammonia through volatilization from paddy fields,rice production,nitrogen-use efficiency,and nitrogen content in the soil profile.The concentration of NH4+-N in surface water and the amount of ammonia lost through volatilization increased with increasing nitrogen application level,and peaked at 1-3 d after nitrogen application.Less ammonia was lost via volatilization from clay soil than from sandy soil.The amounts of ammonia lost via volatilization after nitrogen application differed depending on the stage when it was applied,from the highest loss to the lowest:N application to promote tillering > the first N topdressing to promote panicle initiation(applied at the last 4-leaf stage) > basal fertilizer > the second N topdressing to promote panicle initiation(applied at the last 2-leaf stage).The total loss of ammonia via volatilization from clay soil was 10.49-87.06 kg/hm2,equivalent to 10.92%-21.76% of the nitrogen applied.The total loss of ammonia via volatilization from sandy soil was 11.32?102.43 kg/hm2,equivalent to 11.32%-25.61% of the nitrogen applied.The amount of ammonia lost via volatilization and the concentration of NH4+-N in surface water peaked simultaneously after nitrogen application;both showed maxima at the tillering stage with the ratio between them ranging from 23.76% to 33.65%.With the increase in nitrogen application level,rice production and nitrogen accumulation in plants increased,but nitrogen-use efficiency decreased.Rice production and nitrogen accumulation in plants were slightly higher in clay soil than in sandy soil.In the soil,the nitrogen content was the lowest at a depth of 40-50 cm.In any specific soil layer,the soil nitrogen content increased with increasing nitrogen application level,and the soil nitrogen content was higher in clay soil than in sandy soil.In terms of ammonia volatilization,the amount of ammonia lost via volatilization increased markedly when the nitrogen application level exceeded 250 kg/hm2 in the rice growing season.However,for rice production,a suitable nitrogen application level is approximately 300 kg/hm2.Therefore,taking the needs for high crop yields and environmental protection into account,the appropriate nitrogen application level was 250-300 kg/hm2 in these conditions.     

Impacts of fertilization systems on nitrogen loss and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Farmyard manure is considered as a source of plant nutrient supply, but high N loss and low N use efficiency are often serious challenges facing this source of nutrient. It is supposed that a combination of manure with inorganic fertilizers can reduce this problem. A two year experiment was conducted in 2004-2005 at Mazandran province of Iran in order to study the effects of manure, inorganic nitrogen and combination of manure-inorganic nitrogen on N loss and yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) under rainfed conditions. Treatments included 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha(-1) urea (F0, F50, F100, F150), 100 kg N ha(-1) urea + 50 kg N ha(-1) manure (F100M50), 50 kg N ha(-1) urea + 100 kg N ha(-1) manure (F50M100), 150 kg N ha(-1) manure (M150). The highest grain yield (3 ton ha(-1)) was obtained with the 150 kg N ha(-1) as urea treatment in both years. Grain yield in M150 treatment was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than F150. However F100M50 and F50M100 resulted in similar yields compared with F150 treatment. Results also showed that F100M50 and F50M100 treatments decreased N loss (4 and 3 kg N ha(-1) year(-1), respectively) compared to application of manure alone (33.5 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)) and F150 (36 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)). Overall, it could be conducted that F100M50 is the best treatment because it produced similar grain yield compared to F150 while resulted in lower N loss as well.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on the nutritional quality of wheat variety,Yecora Rojo

The effects of N-fertilization on the nutritional quality of short-straw wheat variety, Yecora Rojo, was studied under sprinkler irrigation system. The fertilizers applied were the conventional N-fertilizer, urea (U) applied as single dose or in three split applications (U-S), and the slow release N-fertilizers, ureaform (UF) (38% N and 20 N), osmocote (OC) with 9 or 14 months longevity and sulphur-coated urea (SCU) with either 17% or 37% dissolution rates in 7 days. These fertilizers were applied at 0 (control), 75, 125, and 175 kg/ha during the 1982–1983 season. Results indicated that at 75 kg/ha there was no significant change in the protein content. At 125 kg/ha, the protein content increased (P<0.05) with urea (applied in three split applications) and OC. At 175 kg/ha, all the fertilizers increased the protein content with the exception of urea (applied as single dose) and UF. Ash content tended to decrease with increasing levels of N, while fat and crude fiber were unaffected. All the fertilizers increased the protein yield (kg/ha), the maximum increase occurring with the slow-release N fertilizers, OC and SCU. Except UF, all the fertilizers decreased the lysine content significantly (P<0.05) in the protein moeity at 175 kg/ha level but lysine percentage in the grain was not reduced. The yield (kg/ha) of individual amino acids including lysine was increased several times at the 175 kg/ha level. P content tended to decrease while Fe and Zn increased with fertilization. Slow-release N-fertilizers, OC and SCU as well as urea (in 3 split applications) appear to have a significant positive effect on the nutritional quality of the grains of wheat variety, Yecora Rojo.