玉米单根木质部水势与径向水力导度的轴向变化

在前人用多个吸水小室测定单根径向水力导度和用不同渗透势溶液同时测定根木质部水势和径向水力导度的基础上 ,将这两种方法结合 ,用之研究了不同土壤水分条件下玉米单根木质部水势和径向水力导度的轴向变化。结果表明 :根木质部水势在距根尖 9cm以前是不断下降的 ,土壤干旱导致根木质部水势下降且前 7cm根木质部水势的下降幅度增大。根尖是对水分胁迫最敏感的部位。正常水分处理根径向导度在 3cm以前逐渐增加 ,3～ 1 0cm间达到最高值且维持稳定 ,1 0cm以后 ,根系径向导度下降。土壤干旱导致根径向导度下降 ,轴向上的下降部位提前 ,轴向变化的梯度减小。     

玉米单根木质部水势与径向水力导度的轴向变化

在前人用多个吸水小室测定单根径向水力导度和用不同渗透势溶液同时测定根本质部水势和径向水力导度的基础上，将这两种方法结合，用之研究了不同土壤水分条件下玉米单根木质部水势和径向水力导度的轴向变化。结果表明：根本质部水势在距根尖9cm以前是不断下降的，土壤干旱导致根本质部水势下降且前7cm根本质部水势的下降幅度增大，根尖是对水分胁迫最敏感的部位，正常水分处理根径向导度在3cm以前逐渐增加，3-10cm间达到最高值且维持稳定。10cm以后，根系径向导度下降，土壤干旱导致根径向导度下降，轴向上的下降部位提前，轴向变化的梯度减小。     

斜流泵叶轮水力径向力的数值模拟与试验验证

该文采用数值分析法研究了斜流泵叶轮的水力径向力变化规律,通过数值模拟准确地预测了斜流泵的水力性能,扬程预测误差在4.4%以内。通过数值分析获得了斜流泵叶轮的瞬态水力径向力数据,均匀进口条件下,叶轮的瞬态水力径向力均值几乎为零。对瞬态水力径向力进行傅里叶分析,获得其在频域内的分布,结果显示,当工况从0.6倍设计流量点变至0.4倍设计流量点时,1倍和4倍轴频下的径向力突然增大,叶轮的水力不平衡和动静干涉中的叶片通过激励增强了上述频率下的水力径向力数值。流场分析显示,在小流量工况时,叶轮与导叶体之间的回流涡旋完全占据了泵内流道空间。进一步的压力脉动分析证实,在小流量工况下,动静干涉中的叶片通过激励显著增大了叶轮与导叶之间测试点的压力脉动幅值。     

斜流泵叶轮水力径向力的数值模拟与试验验证（英文）

该文采用数值分析法研究了斜流泵叶轮的水力径向力变化规律,通过数值模拟准确地预测了斜流泵的水力性能,扬程预测误差在4.4%以内。通过数值分析获得了斜流泵叶轮的瞬态水力径向力数据,均匀进口条件下,叶轮的瞬态水力径向力均值几乎为零。对瞬态水力径向力进行傅里叶分析,获得其在频域内的分布,结果显示,当工况从0.6倍设计流量点变至0.4倍设计流量点时,1倍和4倍轴频下的径向力突然增大,叶轮的水力不平衡和动静干涉中的叶片通过激励增强了上述频率下的水力径向力数值。流场分析显示,在小流量工况时,叶轮与导叶体之间的回流涡旋完全占据了泵内流道空间。进一步的压力脉动分析证实,在小流量工况下,动静干涉中的叶片通过激励显著增大了叶轮与导叶之间测试点的压力脉动幅值。     

免耕和施肥对玉米光合速率的影响

依据在陕西安塞进行的田间试验,研究了黄土丘陵旱农区传统翻耕和免耕及化肥和有机肥对玉米光合速率和气孔导度的影响。结果表明,免耕措施下玉米的光合速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率均高于传统翻耕,气孔导度的日变化与光合速率显著相关。在黄土丘陵区实施免耕既有利于作物对有限降水的高效利用,提高作物产量,也可促进农田系统生产力可持续提高。     

土壤干旱下氮磷营养对玉米气体交换的影响

在盆栽条件下就氮磷营养对玉米叶片气体交换的影响进行了比较研究。结果发现 :虽然土壤干旱条件下 ,氮磷均增大了玉米叶片的气孔导度 ,但氮对促进干旱条件下气孔开放的作用要显著大于磷的作用 ;土壤干旱条件下 ,氮磷均有增大玉米叶片光合速率的作用 ,但氮有同时减小光合的气孔和非气孔限制的作用 ,而磷提高干旱条件下的光合速率则主要以减小光合的非气孔限制 (提高叶肉光合活性 )为主 ;由于氮磷对玉米叶片气孔导度和光合作用的不同影响 ,因而表现出其在提高干旱条件下玉米叶片水分利用效率方面的不同作用 ,其中磷对提高干旱条件下玉米水分利用效率的作用更为明显     

基于夏玉米叶片气孔导度提升的冠层导度估算模型

叶片气孔导度模拟及其向冠层导度的尺度提升是实现蒸散发尺度转换的基础,对农业水资源高效利用与评价意义重大。本文依据夏玉米叶片气孔导度和冠层导度实测值,在建立叶片气孔导度估算模型基础上,构建冠层导度估算模型。结果表明,夏玉米叶片气孔导度每日在10:00－14:00之间达到峰值,其日变化趋势与光合有效辐射的一致性较好,较大的饱和水汽压差对夏玉米叶片气孔导度具有一定的限制作用。根据光合有效辐射和饱和水汽压差建立的叶片气孔导度估算模型能较好反映当地夏玉米叶片气孔导度对主要环境因子的响应过程,以光合有效辐射作为尺度转换因子构建的冠层导度估算模型可较好实现从叶片气孔导度向冠层导度的尺度转换提升。     

导叶长度对囊体间断面螺旋流流速特性的影响

为研究囊体表面的导叶长度对囊体管道水力输送特性的影响,该研究以导叶长度为控制变量,通过物理模型试验对囊体间断面的螺旋流流速特性进行了研究。结果表明:不同导叶长度下囊体间各断面的轴向流速分布基本相同,从轴心处沿径向呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,且随着导叶长度的不断增长,囊体间各断面轴向流速的波动减小,轴向流速分布更加均匀。不同导叶长度下囊体间沿程各断面的周向流速梯度均呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势,而周向速度最大值和最小值均出现在靠近上游囊体的区域,且周向流速随导叶长度的增加而增大,最大值能达到1.2 m/s。不同导叶长度下,靠近上游囊体区域的径向流速梯度最大,而囊体间中部断面的径向流速梯度较小,且随着导叶长度的增长,同一断面的径向流速分布逐渐趋于均匀。不同导叶长度下,同一测环上的轴向、周向和径向流速均呈现波浪状分布,其分别在–1.2～3.5、–0.6～1.2和–1.6～1.2 m/s之间波动。且受囊体支脚的影响,轴向、周向以及径向流速值在测轴为60°、180°、300°位置处均出现极值。该研究成果可为囊体管道水力输送的优化设计提供理论依据。     

不同土壤水分条件下玉米叶片/冠层气孔导度的光谱监测模型

通过玉米水分控制试验,测定不同水分条件下各生育期叶片气孔导度、叶面积指数和冠层光谱反射率等,以分析玉米叶片气孔导度的变化规律及其与光谱植被指数的相关性,从而建立基于光谱植被指数和土壤湿度的叶片气孔导度模型。结果表明：玉米在可见光区和近红外中、长波区的反射率随着土壤水分的降低而上升,但叶片气孔导度（Gs）、叶面积指数（LAI）、比值植被指数（RVI）和归一化植被指数（NDVI）随着土壤水分的下降而降低;玉米NDVI和RVI与单叶片和冠层气孔导度均呈极显著指数函数关系（P〈0.01）,且对单叶片气孔导度的拟合效果优于对冠层导度的拟合效果,而经土壤湿度订正的RVI监测模型优于NDVI监测模型。表明通过测定冠层反射光谱率可实时、迅速地定量监测玉米叶片的气孔导度,为大面积作物气孔导度估算奠定基础。     

不同基因型玉米氮效率差异的比较研究

随着人们对农田氮肥过量施用导致肥料利用率下降和农田地下水硝酸盐污染等问题认识的逐渐加深,不同基因型玉米氮素营养效率的研究得到了普遍的重视。田间条件下选择３５个玉米基因型,在３个施氮水平下测定其产量、氮效率和氮响应度特性状、结果表明,在同一施氮水平下,不同基因间接量,氮效率和氮响应度存在显著的差异。以张氮响应度为指标进行的模糊聚类分析结果表明,当λ＝０．８２时,供式玉米基因型可以划分为四种类型。结果     

Responses of Radial and Axial Hydraulic Resistances in Maize Root to Nitrogen Availability

Abstract

One of the important physiological mechanisms of nitrogen (N) deficiency inhibiting plant shoot growth may be related with its impacts on root hydraulic resistance. Hence, effects of N deficiency on root radial and axial hydraulic resistances of maize were studied in this study with potometer and anatomical methods, respectively. The results indicated that N deficiency increased root radial hydraulic resistance of the apical zone under both high and low transpiration and axial hydraulic resistance more than 6 cm from the root tip. Root radial hydraulic resistance of N deficiency treatment was insensitive to aquaporin inhibitor mercuric chloride (HgCl₂), but radial hydraulic resistance of normal N use treatment was sensitive to HgCl₂ under low photosynthetic photo flux density (PPFD). This suggested that the decrease of water transport across Hg‐sensitive transcellular pathway might be an important reason for the increase of radial hydraulic resistance on low N availability roots under a low hydrostatic gradient. The increase of axial hydraulic resistance more than 6 cm from the root tip under N deficiency was closely related with the decreased number and the smaller diameters of mature metaxylems.     

沟灌方式和水氮对玉米产量与水分传导的影响

采用正交试验设计,用美国Dynamax公司生产的高压流速仪（High Pressure Flow Meter, 简称HPFM）的瞬时法原位测定大田玉米拔节期、抽雄期和蜡熟期的根系及冠层水分传导（简称根及冠层水导）,研究了不同沟灌方式、灌水量和施氮量对玉米水分传导、产量和植株氮的影响。结果表明,玉米根系或冠层水导最大值均在拔节期取得,均随生育期的推移逐渐变小。通过对玉米产量和水分传导综合比较得出最优组合处理是隔沟交替灌（简称交替沟灌）中水高肥：即沟灌方式为交替沟灌、灌溉量为282 mm、施氮量为240 Kg?hm-2的处理。可见,交替沟灌在根区两侧反复的对干燥侧根系进行灌水,促进根系和冠层水导增大,提高了根系对水肥的吸收利用和传输效率,使得植株氮含量较高,产量较大。     

基于纤维形态特征分析的玉米秸秆皮拉伸特性

为研究玉米秸秆皮纤维形态特征对其力学特性影响的基本规律,该文对不同取样高度的玉米秸秆皮的拉伸特性及其纤维形态特征进行了试验研究。通过硝酸法获得不同取样高度的玉米秸秆皮纤维及其形态特征参数,同时测试相应取样高度的径向抗拉强度和轴向抗拉强度,并以径向抗拉强度和轴向抗拉强度为考核指标,利用灰色关联法分析纤维长宽比、壁腔比等纤维形态特征参数与玉米秸秆皮拉伸特性的相关性。结果表明,不同取样高度的玉米秸秆皮的纤维形态特征参数及其拉伸特性的差异显著(p0.01),玉米秸秆皮轴向抗拉强度显著高于径向抗拉强度(p0.01);玉米秸秆皮拉伸特性与其纤维形态特征参数存在相关关系,径向抗拉强度与纤维壁腔比相关(r=0.9972),轴向抗拉强度与纤维长宽比(r=0.8885)和纤维壁腔比(r=0.6648)均相关。研究结果为玉米秸秆皮加工装备设计及其材料化利用提供了参考。     

不同根系构型草本与灌木复合对土壤饱和导水率的影响因素分析及模拟

[目的] 探究不同根系构型草本与灌木复合时的根土性质的差异对土壤饱和导水率的影响,并综合考虑根系和土壤性质建立估算土壤饱和导水率的经验方程,为黄土高原植被恢复后的水文模型建立提供理论参考。[方法] 选取不同根系构型草本与灌木的混合样地,分别为柠条锦鸡儿加冰草(须根系)和柠条锦鸡儿加铁杆蒿(直根系)。采用双环刀法测定不同样地土壤饱和导水率。[结果] 样地类型和土层深度对土壤饱和导水率的影响达到显著水平,两者对土壤饱和导水率影响的因子贡献率分别为26%和52%。直根系铁杆蒿与柠条锦鸡儿混合样地的土壤饱和导水率高于须根系冰草与柠条锦鸡儿混合样地,并且不同样地的土壤饱和导水率随土层深度的增加均表现出降低的趋势。根长密度、团聚体以及土壤容重能够较好地模拟土壤饱和导水率,其拟合精度R²可以达到0.86。[结论] 直根系草本与灌木复合时较须根系草本与灌木复合相比具有更高的饱和导水率。在不同样地中,根长密度、团聚体以及土壤容重是影响饱和导水率的主要因素。     

Influences of past application rates of nitrogen and a catch crop on soil microbial communities between an intensive rotation

The aim of this study was to investigate influences of six-year past application rates of nitrogen and a catch crop, sweet corn (Zea mays L. ssp. Saccharata Sturt), on soil microbial community and diversity in a greenhouse-based intensive vegetable soil in eastern China. Soil electrical conductivity, pH, mineral nitrogen, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profiles and carbon source utilization patterns under five annually past nitrogen rates (0, 348, 522, 696 and 870?kg?nitrogen?ha^?1) were evaluated after the establishment of sweet corn during 1–1.5-month fallow period over three-year tomato/cucumber/celery rotations. The past nitrogen application rates exerted significant effects on soil electrical conductivity, pH, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and carbon source utilization patterns, but not on PLFAs profiles. The sweet corn had a significant effect on soil chemical properties, total and actinobacterial PLFAs, but not on carbon source utilization patterns. Soil electrical conductivity, nitrate-nitrogen and the total PLFAs decreased whilst soil organic carbon, pH and the actinobacterial PLFAs increased after the establishment of sweet corn. Soil microbial functional diversity from carbon source utilization patterns and actinobacterial PLFAs were greatest after the establishment of sweet corn at a 60% of the conventional nitrogen rate (i.e. 522?kg?nitrogen?ha^?1). Soil electrical conductivity and ammonium-nitrogen were two key factors to determine carbon source utilization patterns, whilst soil pH was the key factor to determine PLFAs profiles. A combination of the catch crop sweet corn during summer fallow and a 60% of the conventional nitrogen rate is a sustainable pathway of utilizing greenhouse-based intensive vegetable soils in eastern China.     

减氮配施氮肥增效剂对土壤速效氮和玉米产量的影响

过量施氮一直是玉米生产中存在的主要问题,而配施氮肥增效剂可作为减氮条件下玉米实现高产和稳产的一种重要技术措施。2016—2017年在四川省德阳市中江县合兴乡新建村设置田间试验,研究不同施氮量与氮肥增效剂配施对土壤速效氮含量和玉米干物质积累及产量的影响,为玉米减氮增产栽培技术提供科学依据。结果表明:减氮配施增效剂能够增强土壤速效氮供应能力,促进玉米干物质积累,改善产量构成,提高玉米产量,实现玉米减氮不减产。常规氮和减氮20%配施增效剂增产幅度分别为5.53%～13.97%和10.24%～17.05%,减氮配施增效剂的增产效果更好。减氮20%条件下A_2B_4脲酶活性和土壤硝态氮含量较A_2B_2、A_2B_32年平均分别降低了19.00%,15.65%和-2.97%,57.24%,土壤铵态氮含量和产量2年平均提高11.48%,248.50%和3.71%,6.18%。综上,减氮20%条件下硝化抑制剂(DCD)和脲酶抑制剂(HQ)复配土壤速效氮的供应能力最强,可实现玉米减氮不减产。     

热融湖塘对青藏高原土壤饱和导水率的影响及因素分析

为研究多年冻土区热融湖塘对湖岸生态水文过程的影响,该文基于湖岸不同迹地植被发育、导水性及土壤理化性质的分析,并结合土壤转换函数(pedo-transfer functions,PTFs),对土壤导水性及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:热融湖塘的形成使土壤环境发生了重要演变,其中湖岸死根区土壤饱和导水率相比于未影响区域(110.88 cm/d)增加了70.1%之多,而其在盐渍化区域相比于未影响区域减少了33.8%,同时土壤饱和导水率随着坡度的增加而增强;通过比较ROSETTA、CAMPBELL和VAUCLIN 3种土壤转换函数的预测能力,发现VAUCLIN模型更适合于模拟青藏高原高寒草甸土壤饱和导水率。热融湖塘影响迹地对土壤饱和导水率的变化,是植被盖度、有机质含量、颗粒组成等因素耦合影响作用的结果,运用土壤转换函数对其进行预测时,须综合考虑以上因子。对热融湖塘不同迹地土壤水力参数的研究可为区域土壤侵蚀,产流模式及水文过程的研究提供理论基础。     

Impact of short-term organic amendments incorporation on soil structure and hydrology in semiarid agricultural lands

Soil structure plays an important role in edaphic conditions and the environment. In this study, we investigated the effects of organic amendment on soil structure and hydraulic properties. A corn field in a semiarid land was separately amended with sheep manure compost at five different rates (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 t/ha) and corn stover (6 t/ha) in combination with two decomposing agents. The soil structure of different amended soils was analyzed from the aggregate and pore domain perspectives. The internal pore structure of the soil was visualized through X-ray computed tomography and quantified using a pore-network model. Soil aggregate-size distribution and stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and water-retention curves were measured by sampling or in situ. The gas permeability and diffusivity of different amended soils were simulated based on the extracted pore networks. The aggregate stability of the amended soils was improved compared with the control, that is, the mean weight diameter increased and the percentage of aggregate destruction decreased. The stability of soil aggregates varied non-monotonically with the application rate of compost and decreased after treatment with corn stover and decomposing agents. The pore-network parameters including air-filled porosity, pore radius, throat length, and coordinate number increased for the amended soils compared with the control. The mean pore size increased with increasing compost incorporation rate. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the compost-amended soils was higher than that of the control but varied quadratically with the application rate. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil treated with corn stover and decomposing agents was clearly higher than that without the agent and the control. The greater gas diffusivity and air permeability indicate that soil aeration improved following the incorporation of organic amendments. The air permeability versus air-filled porosity relationship followed a power law, and the gas diffusivity versus air-filled porosity relationship was characterized by a generalized density-corrected model regardless of amendment. The findings of this study can help improve the understanding of soil structure and hydrological function to organic fertilizer incorporation and further monitor the quality of soil structure through the pore space perspective.