隆德县农田灌溉现状与可持续发展

隆德县地处黄土高原腹地、宁夏南端的六盘山西侧 ,总土地面积 990 .9ｋｍ2 ,人口 2 1.6万人 ,年均降水量在 46 2～ 5 5 4ｍｍ之间 ,并有减少趋势 ,由于降水与作物需水不同步造成季节性干旱严重 ,全县 83%的耕地为旱作农业区 ,素有“贫甲天下”之称。境内从北到南依次有唐家河、什字河、好水河、渝河、甘渭河、庄浪河和水洛河 7条主要河流 ,水量南富北贫 ,水资源总量为 1.46亿ｍ3 ,人均占有量仅为 6 76ｍ3 。缺水成了制约本县农业发展的最主要因素。1　农田灌溉现状隆德县耕地从灌溉水源分大致有四种基本类型 :(1)库坝自流灌溉。全县现有小型…     

湘潭市农田灌溉现状与持续发展对策

从分析湘潭市农田灌溉现状入手，根据科技兴农及建议现代节水增效农业的发展要求，就提高农田科学灌溉水平及持续发展的途径提出对策。     

关于浙江省的农田灌溉发展

1　农田灌溉概况浙江省内河流纵横 ,源短流急 ,降水时空分布不均 ,常遭洪涝旱台等自然灾害 ,由此造成的损失不可计数。为了抗御自然灾害 ,保障农业生产及经济建设持续发展 ,1949年以来 ,全省进行了大规模的水利建设 ,共投入资金 30 0多亿元 ,投入劳力近10 0亿 ,水利建设取得令人瞩目的成就 ,初步形成了防洪、防潮、排涝、灌溉、供水、发电等综合效能的水利基础体系。就农田灌溉而言 ,2 0世纪 5 0年代初期 ,全省耕地 188.7万ｈｍ2 ,其中水田14 8.3万ｈｍ2 ,而水利灌溉设施寥寥无几 ,仅有小型水库 12座 ,机电排灌动力 12 32台 6 5 2 4ｋＷ ,农…     

黄河流域农田灌溉节水措施浅析

黄河流域处于干旱半干旱地区，农业发展主要依靠灌溉，截止到1994年底，黄河灌域农田灌溉面积（含黄河下游引黄灌区）已达731万hm2，约占全流域总耕地面积的40％，耗水量占全河总耗水量的80％～90％。但是，由于管理水平、工程配套、灌水技术等多方面的原因，黄河流域农田灌溉水资源浪费现象严重。据有关资料分析，目前全流域灌溉定额为6000～15000m3／hm2，平均在9000m3／hm2以上。近年来，黄河水资源日益紧张，下游河道频繁断流，供需矛盾非常突出，这不仅束缚着沿黄经济带的迅速发展，也限制了黄河流域农田灌溉的进一步发展和壮大。因此…     

高效用水与农田灌溉技术变革

在提高用水效益，节约灌溉用水为核心的我国农田灌溉技术变革所要求的技术条件即科技储备已基本具备的情况下，还必须解决推动农田灌霸权主义为革的机制问题。特别是投入机制问题。建立节水灌溉发展基金，按节水投入成本核算，实行水的有偿转让，理应成为一项政策确定下来。     

20年农田灌溉科技发展回顾

改革开放２０年来，在邓小平同志建设在中国特色社会主义理论的指导下，农田灌溉科学技术取得了举世瞩目的成就。文章从农田灌溉科技事业，农田灌溉的基础理论研究，高效井灌技术，节水灌溉研究示范与推广，农业水管理体制，农田水管理６个方面对２０年农田灌溉科学技术的成就作了回顾。     

农田灌溉限量开采地下水的探讨

农田灌溉限量开采地下水的问题，是目前我国农业发展急待研究解决的重大课题。本文就农田灌溉限量开采地下水指标的确定、实施限量开采地下水的主要途径、方法、组织机构、测试技术、水价体系与政策进行了研究，并就实施问题作了可行性分析。     

Farmer's perspective on irrigation performance

Of the many client groups with interests in irrigation system performance, farmers are probably the least often considered. This paper attempts to explore the meaning of irrigation performance from their perspective, highlighting at the outset basic difference between this perspective and that of system managers. It then reviews several important concepts underlying a consideration of performance in irrigation systems. The paper then proposes and discusses a set of twelve measures of irrigation service judged to be of interest to farmers. These are adequacy, timeliness, equity, tractability, convenience, predictability, temperature, sediment content, salt content, nutrient content, toxics, and pathogens.     

管道灌溉系统经济管径的计算

本文系统分析了管道灌溉系统费用函数，建立了求解经济管径的数字模型，阐述了求解方法。在无约束条件下，直接给出了求解经济管径的公式。     

An economist's perspective on irrigation performance assessment: With examples from large scale irrigation in Morocco

This paper accepts that assessing the performance of irrigated agriculture is difficult because being multi-dimensional it requires a multi-disciplinary approach. Public irrigation schemes may have a number of often competing objectives and are assessed by interest groups with differing values and perspectives. A wide range of performance indicators are thus required. Some of these and the complex inter-relationships that may exist in the system are illustrated.     

非充分灌溉条件下稻田生态环境研究

本文以水稻非充分灌溉试验的大量实测资料为基础，分析比较了不同水分条件下水稻田间养分特征、病虫害发生情况、田间杂草生长及变化和小气候条件等，并对稻田生态系统内主要环境因素随田面水层状况的变化规律及原因进行了初步研究。研究结果对于探讨既能节水，又能改善稻田生态环境的水稻灌溉制度具有重要意义。     

General irrigation efficiency for field water management

On-farm water management systems are traditionally evaluated using a set of performance indices which are inconvenient for evaluation and comparison. We propose a general efficiency (E_g) which is defined as the ratio of crop transpiration to the sum of the volume of applied water and the volume of deficit. E_g combines the characteristics of traditionally used irrigation efficiencies: application efficiency (E_a), storage efficiency (E_s) and the Christiansen's coefficient of uniformity (U_c). Thus, it is possible to compare the performance of different water application systems and/or design and management scenarios using a single index. The relationships of E_g vs. E_a, E_s and U_c are also presented using a transpiration fraction (α) which is defined as the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration.     

考虑环境效益的塔里木灌区棉花最优灌溉量

为确定塔里木灌区棉田合理的灌溉量提供依据,通过田间小区试验,定量研究了不同灌溉量（8 100、6 600、5 100、3 600 m3/hm2）与棉花产量、渗漏水量及总氮淋失量之间的关系,应用费用-效益法分析,得出经济效益和环境效益最优的棉花灌溉量。结果表明：该试验条件下,总氮淋失量为3.3～28.4 kg/hm2;渗漏量与灌水量成线性正相关,渗漏量为670～2 201 m3/hm2。棉花产量与灌水量呈现二次相关关系,当棉花产量最大为1 765 kg/hm2时,相应的灌水量为 6 937     

An economic perspective on the potential gains from improvements in irrigation water management

In recent years, several researchers have introduced new terms describing irrigation efficiency to enhance the information available when evaluating water policy alternatives. Some of the definitions expand the physical boundary considered when evaluating water use, while others account for the changes in water quality that occur as drainage water is reused in an irrigated area. While the concepts of basin, global, and effective efficiency have enhanced our understanding of water use in agriculture, public officials may derive incorrect policy implications when reviewing empirical estimates of those measures, particularly if information describing the economic impacts of water use and allocation decisions is not available. For example, some authors suggest that when estimates of basin-wide efficiency approach 100%, there is little opportunity to save water by improving water management and achieving higher levels of classical, farm-level efficiencies in upstream portions of an irrigated region. However, there may be significant opportunities to increase the net values generated with limited water resources by improving the distribution of water among farmers and reducing the negative, off-farm effects of irrigation and drainage activities. Economic analysis is helpful in identifying those opportunities and in designing policies that encourage farmers and water agency personnel to improve water management practices in ways that enhance social net benefits.     

Effect of field levelling quality on irrigation efficiency and crop yield

Proper land levelling in areas irrigated by canals is an essential pre-requisite for judicious use of scarce irrigation water. The concept of land levelling index, which is different from land uniformity coefficient used hitherto, has been adopted to evaluate quantitatively the precision or quality of land levelling work. Using this concept the quality of land levelling work being done in newly canal commanded areas has been assessed and it is demonstrated that the prevalent deficiency in levelling quality ranges from 21.4 to 42.2%. Field investigations have been carried out to assess quantitatively the effect of land levelling quality on irrigation and water-use efficiencies and crop yield. The study comprised five levelling indices viz., 1.2, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.7 cm and two irrigation treatments, i.e., fixed depth and complete irrigation. The results show that irrigation application, distribution, and water-use efficiency are appreciably reduced with increase in levelling index or deterioration in levelling quality. The wheat grain yield is also similarly reduced and it is significantly less for levelling index values higher than 2.5 cm. The fixed irrigation depth treatment gives better results from the point of water economy than does the complete irrigation treatment. From this study, it can be inferred that to obtain reasonably high yield and judicious use of water at a reasonable cost the field levelling index should not have a value greater than 3.0 cm.     

田间灌溉用水定额问题探讨

灌溉用水定额是实施灌溉"总量控制、定额管理"及水资源优化配置的基础,是科学确定农业种植结构和发展规模的依据.灌溉用水量的影响因素区分为基本因素、硬影响因素以及软影响因素.制订灌溉用水定额应该把灌溉用水普查和典型抽样调查作为主要手段,并以当地现状调查资料作为分析和确定灌溉用水定额的基点.     

淮北井灌区低压管灌田间节水技术研究

本文针对管喷结合灌水技术的应用范围、设备配置、运行方式、能耗、灌溉水利用系数以及效益等关键技术及指标进行了探讨。并提出了低压管道和多孔式微喷灌带结合系统的使用方法。