推土机载荷谱研究与开发(Ⅴ)——推土机台车架斜撑臂工作应力测定与分析

通过对推土机台车架斜撑臂进行有限元分析，找出其危险断面，并通过实际测试掌握其最大应力，为改进设计提供依据。     

推土机载荷谱研究与开发（Ⅰ）——推土机现场作业时多参数的实时测试

通过对推土机现场作业时的工作装置、传动系和主要结构件的动态工作载荷和工作应力的测试与分析，获得其在各种典型工况下的特性，为整机及各部件设计与性能分析提供依据     

推土机载荷谱研究与开发 (Ⅲ)推土机传动系转矩测定与分析

通过对推土机外载荷和传动系转矩的测定，分析了推土机推土作业外载荷与传动系转矩之间的关系和传动系转矩自身动态性能。     

推土机载荷谱研究与开发（Ⅱ）——推土机的外载荷测定与分析

通过对推土机外载荷：推土铲提升油缸销和推杆销上外力的测定与分析，揭示出推土阻力的形成及变化规律     

推土机的外载荷测定与分析

通过对推土机外载荷：推土铲提升油缸销和推杆销上外力的测定与分析，揭示出推土阻力的形成及变化规律     

推土机载荷谱研究与开发(Ⅲ)——推土机传动系转矩测定与分析

通过对推土机外载荷和传动系转矩的测定，分析了推土机推土作业外载荷与传动系转矩之间的关系和传动系转矩自身动态性能。     

推土机载荷谱研究与开发(Ⅳ) 推土机平衡梁和车架纵梁的工作应力测定与分析

通过对推土机平衡梁和车架纵梁的工作应力测定与分析，掌握了推土机的强度设计方法，为编制载荷谱打下基础。     

推土机载荷谱研究与开发(Ⅳ)——推土机平衡梁和车架纵梁的工作应力测定与分析

通过对推土机平衡梁和车架纵梁的工作应力测定与分析，掌握了推土机的强度设计方法，为编制载荷谱打下基础。     

推土机载荷谱研究与开发(Ⅵ)——推土机车架纵梁程序加载载荷谱的编制

通过对作用于推土机车架纵梁载荷的平稳性检验，求出载荷分布的概率密度函数，进而编制出程序加载载荷谱。     

推土机现场作业时多参数的实时测试

通过对推土机现场作业时的工作装置、传动系和主要结构件的动态工作载荷和工作应力的测试与分析，获得其在各种典型工况下的特性，为整机及各部件设计与性能分析提供依据     

Volatile organic compounds in foods: a five year study

A purge and trap procedure was used with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination to analyze 70 foods for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results from analyses over a 5 year period (1996-2000) are reported. VOCs were found in at least one sample of all foods tested, although no single compound was found in each of the foods. The total amount of VOCs found in a single food item over the 5 year period ranged from 24 to 5328 ppb, with creamed corn (canned) the lowest and cheddar cheese the highest. Benzene was found in all foods except American cheese and vanilla ice cream. Benzene levels ranged from 1 to 190 ppb, with the highest level found in fully cooked ground beef. Benzene was found in 12 samples of cooked ground beef, with an average of 40 ppb. Benzene levels above 100 ppb were also seen in at least one sample each of a cola (138 ppb), raw bananas (132 ppb), and cole slaw (102 ppb). This compares to a maximum contaminant level of 5 ppb set by the U.S. EPA for drinking water.     

Characterization of the surface-active components of sugar beet pectin and the hydrodynamic thickness of the adsorbed pectin layer

The fraction of sugar beet pectin (SBP) adsorbed onto limonene oil droplets during emulsification has been isolated, and its chemical and physicochemical characteristics have been determined. While the SBP sample itself was found to contain 2.67 and 1.06% protein and ferulic acid, respectively, the adsorbed fraction contained 11.10% protein and 2.16% ferulic acid. The adsorbed fraction was also found to have a higher degree of acetylation, notably at the C2 position on the galacturonic acid residues, and was also found to contain a higher proportion of neutral sugars, which are present in the ramified side chains of the pectin molecules. The thickness of the layer of SBP adsorbed onto polystyrene latex particles was studied by dynamic light scattering and was found to increase with increasing surface coverage. It was found to have a value of approximately 140 nm at plateau coverage, which closely corresponded to the hydrodynamic diameter of the pectin chains. The adsorbed layer thickness was found to be sensitive to pH and the presence of electrolyte. The thickness at a surface coverage of approximately 20 mg/m(2) in the absence of electrolyte at pH approximately 4 was 107 nm and at pH 8.8 was 70 nm, while at pH approximately 4 in the presence of 10 mM NaCl the thickness was found to be 70 nm. It was concluded that the SBP molecules form multilayers at the surface due to electrostatic interaction between the positively charged protein moieties and the galacturonic acid residues. The removal of calcium from the SBP had no effect on the adsorbed layer thickness; hence, multilayer formation due to calcium ion cross-linking was considered unlikely.     

Seasonal and spatial studies on pesticide residues in surface waters of the Shinano river in Japan

Water samples collected once a week from early April 1996 to the end of August 1996 from four sites on the Shinano River in Japan were analyzed for pesticides and their metabolites using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Among the total of 53 chemicals found, 22 were herbicides, 15 were insecticides, 11 were fungicides, and 5 were metabolites. The concentrations of chemicals found ranged from 3 ng/L (bromobutide) to 8200 ng/L (isoprothiolane). Herbicides were found primarily during May and June at all four sites. Insecticides and fungicides were found primarily during July and August at all four sites. The presence of pesticides in the river water correlated with the time of pesticide application to the rice fields near the river.     

Liquid chromatographic monitoring of the depletion of carbadox and its metabolite desoxycarbadox in swine tissues

A liquid chromatographic method was used to monitor a depletion study of carbadox (and its most important metabolite, desoxycarbadox) in young pigs fed carbadox-treated rations for 1 week. Carbadox was found in blood (20 ppb), blood serum (26 ppb), and muscle tissue 24 h after withdrawal from treated ration; residues were reduced to a trace (less than 2 ppb) in 48 h, and eliminated by 72 h. Desoxycarbadox, although not detected in blood, was found in muscle (17 ppb) 24 h after withdrawal; it was reduced to 9 ppb at 48 h and to a trace by 72 h. Although no carbadox was detected in liver 24 h after withdrawal, appreciable desoxycarbadox (125 ppb) was found in liver 24 h after withdrawal; it was reduced to 17 ppb at 48 h and to a trace by 72 h. Whereas only a trace of carbadox was found in kidney 24 h after withdrawal, 186 ppb desoxycarbadox was found in kidney at 24 h, 34 ppb at 48 h, and a trace at 72 h. No metabolite of carbadox other than desoxycarbadox was found in extracts of swine tissues during this medicated feed trial, and no metabolite was found in blood extracts by using the established methodology. The effect of tissue storage (aging) at -20 degrees C on levels of the drug and its metabolite was a modest alteration of residue levels. The inadvertent use of feed adulterated with furazolidone and initially medicated with chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, and penicillin G, did not affect the uptake of carbadox in this depletion study or interfere with the analytical methodology.     

Multiclass pesticide determination in olives and their processing factors in olive oil: comparison of different olive oil extraction systems

The processing factors (pesticide concentration found in olive oil/pesticide concentration found in olives) of azinphos methyl, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, diazinon, dimethoate, endosulfan, and fenthion were determined in olive oil production process in various laboratory-scale olive oil extractions based on three- or two-phase centrifugation systems in comparison with samples collected during olive oil extractions in conventional olive mills located at different olive oil production areas in Greece. Pesticide analyses were performed using a multiresidue method developed in our laboratory for the determination of different insecticides and herbicides in olive oil by solid-phase extraction techniques coupled to gas chromatography detection (electron capture detection and nitrogen phosphorus detection), optimized, and validated for olive fruits sample preparation. Processing factors were found to vary among the different pesticides studied. Water addition in the oil extraction procedure (as in a three-phase centrifugation system) was found to decrease the processing factors of dimethoate, alpha-endosulfan, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos, whereas those of fenthion, azinphos methyl, beta-endosulfan, lambda-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin residues were not affected. The water content of olives processed was found to proportionally affect pesticide processing factors. Fenthion sulfoxide and endosulfan sulfate were the major metabolites of fenthion and endosulfan, respectively, that were detected in laboratory-produced olive oils, but only the concentration of fenthion sulfoxide was found to increase with the increase of water addition in the olive oil extraction process.     

Phytochemical and nutrient composition of the freeze-dried amazonian palm berry, Euterpe oleraceae mart. (acai)

Euterpe oleraceae is a large palm tree indigenous to the Amazon River and its tributaries and estuaries in South America. Its fruit, known as acai, is of great economic value to native people. In this study, a standardized freeze-dried acai fruit pulp/skin powder was used for all analyses and tests. Among many findings, anthocyanins (ACNs), proanthocyanidins (PACs), and other flavonoids were found to be the major phytochemicals. Two ACNs, cyandin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside were found to be predominant ACNs; three others were also found as minor ACNs. The total content of ACNs was measured as 3.1919 mg/g dry weight (DW). Polymers were found to be the major PACs. The concentration of total PACs was calculated as 12.89 mg/g DW. Other flavonoids, namely, homoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, scoparin, and taxifolin deoxyhexose, along with several unknown flavonoids, were also detected. Resveratrol was found but at a very low concentration. In addition, components including fatty acids, amino acids, sterols, minerals, and other nutrients were analyzed and quantified. Total polyunsaturated fatty acid, total monounsaturated fatty acid, and total saturated fatty acids contributed to 11.1%, 60.2%, and 28.7% of total fatty acid. Oleic acid (53.9%) and palmitic acid (26.7%) were found to be the two dominant fatty acids. Nineteen amino acids were found; the total amino acid content was determined to be 7.59% of total weight. The total sterols accounted for 0.048% by weight of powder. The three sterols B-sitosterol, campesterol, and sigmasterol were identified. A complete nutrient analysis is also presented. Microbiological analysis was also performed.     

The uptake and toxicity of mercury and lead to spruce (picea abifs karst. seedlings

Inhibition of root elongation rate was used to estimate the toxicity of methyl-Hg, Hg and Pb to spruce seedlings in nutrient solution. Methyl-Hg was found to be considerably more toxic than HgCl₂, this was found to be due to its intrinsic toxicity and not a greater uptake into the roots. The toxicity of Pb was dependent upon the composition of the nutrient solution, a greater inhibition of root elongation was found in a nutrient poor artificial soil solution than in a full nutrient solution. The implications of these studies to spruce decline are discussed.     

Adsorption of Copper by Soils in aqueous media at different temperatures

Soils of Azamgarh, U.P. have been found to fix copper fairly in good amounts. The fixation is found to be endothermic and is accompanied by a decrease in the resultant pH. The fixation is more with loam soils and generally increases with the depth of soil. pH, sesquioxide, magnesium oxide, exchangeable magnesium and C/N ratio have been found to affect the fixation. Copper is fixed as Cu(OH)⁺ in the acid systems.     

Genetic Relationship between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Castanea sativa</Emphasis> Mill. Trees from North-western to South Spain Based on Morphological Traits and Isoenzymes

This study is focused in the main chestnut growing areas from north- to south-western Spain. We studied 50 accessions corresponding to 22 cultivars named by local growers; 11 from Andalucía, 9 from Castilla-León, and 2 from Extremadura. These were compared with 22 types classified previously in Galicia (82 accessions). Ten morphological traits and five isoenzyme systems were used to classify them and establish genetic relationships. A lower genetic variability has been found in Extremadura (middle Spain) and Andalucía (south) than in Galicia (north western) which may be because of the lower importance of the crop in those areas and the geographic barriers between them. Galicia could be the origin of the types found in Castilla-León, Extremadura, and south-western Andalucía, and the types found in Central Andalucía were closer to those found in Castilla-León and Extremadura. Most accessions studied (117/132) could be classified positively, making 37 out of 44 cultivars found from northern to southern Spain. Three groups of synonymies were found in Castilla-León: ‘Brava’ and ‘Negral’, ‘Gallego’ and ‘Injerto’, and ‘Rapega’ and ‘Verdello’. Most of the Spanish types have been propagated as a principal clone. Variability within the types is important and must be considered to select the best clones as cultivars.     

Kinetic study of the acid hydrolysis of various oligofructose samples

The kinetic of acid hydrolysis of five commercially available oligofructose samples used as food ingredients has been investigated as a function of the dry matter concentration, reaction pH, and temperature. The initial fructose release rate is found to be roughly proportional to the inverse of the average polymerization degree in number. A pseudo first order kinetic is found with respect to the fructosyl chain end concentration and to the proton concentration. Arrhenius plot is found to reasonably fit the data in a relatively wide temperature range (7-130 degrees C). The results allow the estimation of the fructose release rate in many foodstuff processing conditions.