人工招引粉红椋鸟控制蚯害生物系统工程研究

系统地研究了粉红椋鸟在繁殖季节的迁徒，求偶，筑巢，产卵，孵化，育雏，食性和分布规律等生物学特性。结果表明该鸟在新疆境内为繁殖鸟，其分布区与蝗虫发生区密切相关，每年迁飞来的时间与当地蝗虫孵化期相一致，粉红椋鸟在繁殖期和育雏期均以蝗虫为食。喜集群营巢，巢多选出在山坡乱石堆缝隙内，每平方米２～３巢，每窝产卵４～６枚，孵化期主要以蝗虫为食，日食量达１２０～１８０头／只，粉红椋鸟可在距巢区５～８ｋｍ范围内捕     

粉红椋鸟的灭蝗优势

塔城市位于新疆维吾尔自治区西北部,草原辽阔、资源丰富,是新疆农牧业资源大区,把尔陆克山区冬牧场约占1万hm2以上,历来是新疆蝗虫高发区于之一. 本文阐述了粉红椋鸟作为蝗虫的主要捕食性天敌在控制新疆草原蝗虫灾害中的作用,分析了新疆实施"人工招引粉红椋鸟治理蝗虫"生态工程过程中存在的问题,进一步利用现代信息技术、生物学系统地研究了粉红椋鸟在繁殖季节的迁徒、求偶、筑巢、产卵、孵化、育雏、食性和分布规律等生物学特性.     

阿勒泰地区人工建设鸟巢招引粉红椋鸟研究报告

建设人工招引巢招引粉红椋鸟控制草原蝗虫，是探讨综合治理草原蝗虫行之有效的一种方法。最早始建于1988年，在阿勒泰青河县喀拉乔拉蝗害区，建设人工招引石堆巢300m^3，通过观察每年都有不同数量的椋鸟在此坐窝，试验成功后，相继在阿勒泰地区六县一市椋鸟分布区实施建巢，     

伊犁河谷粉红椋鸟繁殖特点调查

本文以伊犁河北岸人工招引粉红椋鸟治蝗带为基础,自西向东选取气候条件、海拔高度、纬度、草原类型、植被种类、植被盖度、蝗虫密度等都相近的4座砖巢作为调查对象,通过对4座椋鸟巢的长期跟踪调查,并各选取10个有效鸟窝作为粉红椋鸟产卵数、孵化率和幼鸟成活率的监测目标。结果显示:一是椋鸟产卵的数量与椋鸟迁入和迁出时间的早晚关系密切,尤其是自西向东至尼勒克县库勒则克人工鸟巢,入住时间推迟8d,迁出提前6d,导致单窝鸟巢产卵数量较最大值减少近一倍,对鸟群数量、防控效率影响较大,尤其是幼鸟孵化后;二是粉红椋鸟孵化率、幼鸟成活率和入住早晚不存在相关性。     

笼养东方白鹳繁殖育幼行为的初步研究

2002年天津动物园东方白鹳自然孵化与育雏首次获得成功。采用目标动物取样法对1对笼养条件下东方白鹳繁殖期筑巢、交配、产卵、孵化和育雏等行为进行了研究,研究结果表明东方白鹳的交配行为多发生在环境安静的早晨和傍晚;亲鸟自然孵化时,每天凉卵次数、时间并不固定,根据外界气温而随时改变;雌雄亲鸟共同承担哺育、护理幼雏的责任,但2个亲鸟不同时喂食,以雌鸟为主;整个孵化期和育雏期亲鸟都有护巢、恋巢和补巢的行为,但补巢以雄鸟为主。     

绯椋鸟防治蝗虫

在哈萨克斯坦,绯椋鸟是意大利蝗的主要天敌。研究结果表明,成年的绯椋鸟每天取食200克蝗虫,面雏鸟要消耗180克。一龄蝻的平均体重为0.012,一只成年的椋鸟一天可取食16700头蝗虫。在营巢期间(50天)每只成年椋鸟要取食10公斤蝗虫,以及雏鸟在19天内消耗3.4公斤,共13.4公斤。即能消灭120米~2林间草地上的蝗虫。     

塔城地区萨孜蝗害区草原人工招引粉红椋鸟生物治蝗效益日趋显著

新疆塔城地区托里县萨孜蝗害区开展人工招引粉红椋鸟生态工程已有15年，如今累计控制蝗虫面积达25．33万hm^2，我区人工招引粉红椋鸟生物治蝗可持续性和生态效益日趋显著。     

新疆提早扩编“生物治虫部队”严防蝗虫成灾

据新疆维吾尔自治区治蝗灭鼠指挥部监测分析，去冬今春，新疆大部分地区降水量丰沛，对于蝗虫虫卵越冬有利，预计今年新疆草原蝗虫灾害将偏重发生，危害面积可达227．27万hm^2，将波及60多个县市。为此，新疆各地提早动手招引喜食蝗虫的粉红椋鸟成群栖息，以严防蝗虫成灾。     

黑尾鸥的繁殖生态

黑尾鸥(Larus crassirostris)是蛇岛自然保护区主要繁殖鸟之一。在蛇岛,黑尾鸥从4月中旬开始筑巢,5月初开始产卵,每巢产卵1至3枚,以2枚的居多,5月下旬开始出雏,育雏期约为一个月。本文对黑尾鸥在繁殖期的活动习性,孵卵,育雏过程,雏鸟生长发育做了观察及测量统计,据结果作了初步总结。     

高山兀鹫（Gyps himalayensis）的繁殖行为研究

大型猛禽行为研究难度大,方法落后,国内尚处在摸索阶段.高山兀鹫（Gyps himalayensis）是中亚及青藏高原特有物种,对其繁殖行为研究几乎空白.2012 ～ 2014年,在新疆天山中段采用路线调查法和行为扫描法,结合访问,探寻高山兀鹫的繁殖巢区及观察育雏过程.同时通过实地观测、迷你自动相机拍摄等方法,开展了栖息地调查、巢数统计、巢结构分析、孵化过程及雏鸟生长发育观察、繁殖周期及食物组成分析等.对天山7个地点的14个巢区及上百个巢穴统计,结果发现高山兀鹫喜欢在朝南的崖壁上集群营巢（约占78.6％）,窝卵数为1枚（n=21）,最长的一个繁殖区（A区）绵延7.3 km,相距另外一个较近的巢区（B区）约47 km.其巢的结构特殊,均以细禾草铺垫.随着幼鸟长大,亲鸟的护幼强度逐渐减弱.为了错开产卵时间,其种群的整个繁殖周期长达8 ～10个月（1～10月）,超出其他大型猛禽平均繁殖周期1倍的时间.因为食物缺乏,其育雏期可能被迫延迟.对高山兀鹫的主要威胁来自人类的过度放牧、采矿、药物滥用、捡蛋与捉幼鸟等.加强猛禽保护,迫在眉睫.还讨论了兀鹫与狼、雪豹及天葬的关系.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -