"母犊素"对黄牛性别影响的研究

“母犊素”是一种生殖生理调控的激素类药品。喀什地区2004～2005年在6个县的68个冷配站实施“母犊素”的推广使用,目的在于改善冷配母牛母犊出生率偏低的现象,提高农牧民参与黄牛改良的积极性。项目实施参试牛只达3 500头,随机调查产犊头数1 618头,母犊率平均达到58．90％,比未使用“母犊素”处理的母牛产母犊率42．66％净提高16．24％,相对提高38．07％。试验证明,用“母犊素”处理配种母牛,不仅能大幅度提高母犊出生率,还能提高母牛的部分繁殖性能,值得在黄牛改良中推广应用。     

带犊与不带犊对母牦牛体重影响的研究

在果洛地区挑选成年带犊哺乳母牛7头和不带犊母牛5头，跟踪测定体重，结果：带犊母牛体重由春季到秋季增加18．97kg，由秋季至翌年春末体重减少了15．57kg，观测期内体重增加了3.40kg；不带犊母牛由春季到秋季体重增加65.08kg，由秋季至翌年春末体重减少51.43kg，观测其内增重13.65kg。     

提高母牛受胎率的几个关键措施

<正>牛的增产赖于母牛繁殖率的提高。目前无法缩短怀孕期的情况下,要尽量缩短产犊间隔,如乳牛要求产犊间隔12个月,1年中除产犊后2个月空怀外,要尽量提高母牛受胎率,使空怀母牛及时受胎,缩短产犊间隔。影响母牛受胎的因素很多,如母牛的营养、健康状况、输精时间等。为了提高母牛的受胎率,应做好以下工作。     

母牛四季冷配与常年产犊调查

策勒县平原农区达玛沟等4个乡镇,实行母牛春夏秋冬四季冻精冷配与常年产犊育犊,是经过2年的试验探索后从1996年开始的.根据抽样调查和测定部分母牛的发情配种,及其受胎与产犊育犊方面的情况表明,对母牛进行四季冻精冷配与常年产犊育犊,不仅可以提高母牛的受配率,受胎率及繁育率,有利于发展养牛生产与加快品种改良,而且也能创造更多的经济收入,有益于广大农牧民脱贫致富奔小康.现将调查情况报导如下.     

母牛一胎双犊技术的研究

选择9头母牛先行人工授精、7天后再移植冷冻胚胎以生产双犊。试验结果表明,母牛产双犊达44.44%(P<0.01)。提示:采用A(I人工授精)+ET(胚胎移植)是提高母牛双犊率的有效技术措施之一。     

奶牛产犊间隔的分析

奶牛的产犊间隔是指奶牛两次分娩之间的间隔天数,又称为胎间距。它能够科学、准确地反映奶牛的繁殖力,与奶牛业的经济效益有着密切的联系。因此是奶牛繁殖力的一个重要生物学及经济学综合指标。奶牛的产犊间隔决定其终生的产犊数及终生产奶量。1奶牛适宜的产犊间隔母牛产犊间隔的延长,意味着产后至配种受胎间隔时间的延长也意味着空怀或不孕时间的延长。因此增加了母牛的饲养管理及配种费用,减少了奶牛场的产奶量。而产后母牛过早妊娠,对恢复母牛健康会产生不利影响,也会影响奶牛该泌乳期的产奶量。从母牛的生理学及经济学考虑奶牛的…     

牛配种时阳光对犊牛性别的影响初探

通过配种母牛头向太阳进行人工授精后，调查的61头妊娠牛产母犊数（38头）多于产公犊数（23头）（p〈0．05），说明该项处理可提高母牛产母犊的比率。     

产犊性别对奶水牛产后发情受胎能力的影响

本文对３７６头在１９７８～１９９５年间产犊的么拉、尼里、杂种奶水牛的原始资料按产犊性别、产后首次发情天数、情期受胎率、下胎受孕情期数等四项指标进行了统计、分析。结果表明：产犊性别对尼里母牛的产后首次发情有显著影响（Ｐ＜０．０５），对么拉、杂种母牛的下胎受孕情期数有显著影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）；产公犊么拉、尼里母牛的第一情期受胎率比产母犊母牛分别低１２．４％和２０．０％，而产公犊杂种母牛的第一情期受胎率比产母犊母牛高１０．０％。产后３０天内发情母牛的第一情期受胎率最低，为３３．３％。产后６０～９０天内发情母牛的最高，为５０．８％     

中国荷斯坦牛青年初产年龄和成年母牛产犊间隔遗传参数估计

本研究旨在估计河南省青年牛初次产犊年龄与成年母牛产犊间隔遗传参数。收集河南省17个牧场2008—2017年14406头青年牛的初次产犊年龄记录与8912头成年母牛的产犊间隔记录,使用DMU软件DMU_AI模块采用AI-REML结合EM算法的动物模型估计性状遗传参数。动物模型中的固定效应包括出生年季、产犊年季和牧场效应,产犊间隔性状动物模型还包括胎次效应;随机效应包括加性效应和残差效应。结果表明:青年牛初次产犊年龄的遗传力为0.21、成年母牛产犊间隔性状遗传力为0.05,与相似研究结果相近,为制定区域性、精细化的育种目标提供理论参考。     

提高奶牛产犊成活率需注意

夜间产犊，常因照料不周，致使产犊时间过长、产道感染、生殖道损伤。同时也易造成新生犊牛假死、孱弱或感冒等病症的发生。实践证明，让母牛夜间采食，可促使白天产犊。目前．普遍做法是让妊娠最后1个月的母牛在夜间采食，可促使70％以上的母牛在白天产犊。白天产犊便于观察，有利于助产．可有效避免冬天不良因素的影响，减少产科病，提高产犊成活率。     

Autopsy results of a case of ingestion of sodium hydroxide solution

Sodium hydroxide is a strongly corrosive alkali. We describe herein a case of suicide by ingestion of sodium hydroxide. A man in his 80s was found dead with a mug and a bottle of caustic soda. Macroscopically, liquefaction and/or disappearance of esophagus, trachea and lung tissue and a grayish discoloration of the mucosa of the stomach were seen along with blackish brown coloration of the skin, mouth, and oral cavity. The contents of the gastrointestinal tract showed a pH level of 7–8 on pH indicator strips. Histopathologically, liquefactive necrosis of remnant lung tissue and the stomach were seen. As biological reactions such as vasodilatation and inflammation were not detected in these organs, only a short number of hours must have passed between ingestion and death. This human case provides valuable information concerning the direct irritation induced by systemic exposure to corrosive substances.     

The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores

The emergence of canine parvovirus (CPV) represents a well-documented example highlighting the emergence of a new virus through cross-species transmission. CPV emerged in the mid-1970s as a new pathogen of dogs and has since become endemic in the global dog population. Despite widespread vaccination, CPV has remained a widespread disease of dogs, and new genetic and antigenic variants have arisen and sometimes reached high frequency in certain geographic regions or throughout the world. Here we review our understanding of this emergence event and contrast it to what is known about the emergence of a disease in mink caused by mink enteritis virus (MEV). In addition, we summarize the evolution of CPV over the past 30 years in the global dog population, and describe the epidemiology of contemporary parvovirus infections of dogs and cats. CPV represents a valuable model for understanding disease emergence through cross-species transmission, while MEV provides an interesting comparison.     

Long-term outcome of treatment of a squamous cell carcinoma of the foot by amputation of the distal limb in a pony

This report describes a rare case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a 10-year-old Shetland pony. The pony was presented for evaluation of a chronic, ulcerating mass of the foot associated with a nonweightbearing lameness of the right forelimb. Foot radiographs revealed an aggressive bone lesion with severe osteolysis of the distal phalanx. Amputation of the digit was performed under general anaesthesia at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint using a palmar flap technique and a transfixation cast for protection of the stump. Avascular necrosis, infection and dehiscence of the stump occurred 3 weeks later and a second amputation was performed at the level of the proximal third of the third metacarpal bone. Histopathology revealed a squamous cell carcinoma. After healing of the stump, a prosthesis was fitted to the limb for improved ambulation of the pony. Two years after the amputation, telephone follow-up with the referring veterinarian and the owner, revealed that the pony was healthy and able to go out daily in a paddock with its prosthesis. SCC represents an unusual indication for limb amputation. Successful outcome is rarely reported in horses.     

封育对蒿类荒漠草地植被地上生物量时间稳定性的影响

为明确退化草地恢复过程中草地植被地上生物量时间稳定性变化及影响因素,以天山北坡中段蒿类荒漠草地为对象,采用野外取样和室内分析的方法,测算了封育年限间(2,4,6 a)群落地上生物量时间稳定性及物种异步性等,结果表明：封育2,4,6 a蒿类荒漠草地地上生物量较对照依次提高38.83%,136.26%,87.21%(P<0.05)。封育2 a蒿类荒漠草地群落地上生物量时间稳定性较对照增加38.36%(P<0.05),而封育4,6 a则变化不显著;封育4,6 a蒿类荒漠草地物种丰富度较对照分别降低46.15%,15.93%(P<0.05),物种异步性降低20.13%,17.52%(P<0.05)。物种丰富度与地上生物量时间稳定性无显著相关,但物种异步性及优势种时间稳定性对群落地上生物量时间稳定性有正向促进作用。因此,封育有利于退化蒿类荒漠草地植物地上生物量的恢复,物种异步性和优势物种时间稳定性是驱动群落地上生物量时间稳定性的重要因子。     

Overestimation of the Predictive Value of Positives by the Usual Calculations of the Specificity of Diagnostic Tests

The specificity of a diagnostic test for a given disease, i.e. the percentage of true negatives, can be calculated from either the results from a group of healthy animals or possibly from a group which also contains diseased animals which are free of the particular disease for which the test has been performed. The specificity may be much lower in the latter case and the predictive value of positives thus greatly reduced. In the example of creatine kinase being used for the diagnosis of muscle diseases in dogs, the specificity at the thresholds of 105 and 150 U/L (upper limits of the 95% and 99.7% interquantiles) decreased from 0.98 and 1.0 to 0.66 and 0.78, respectively.     

干旱胁迫对4种决明属植物光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以4种决明属植物草决明(Cassia obtusifolia)、望江南(C.occidentalis)、伞房决明(C.corymbosa)、双荚决明(C.bicapsularis)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置轻度干旱、重度干旱和正常灌水处理,研究了干旱胁迫对4种决明属植物的叶绿素含量、光合作用参数和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果显示,1)干旱胁迫导致4种决明属植物的叶绿素含量下降,望江南的下降幅度最小,说明望江南在水分减少的情况下仍具有较高的光合作用能力,伞房决明的叶绿素含量在3种处理下都趋于最高水平,表明伞房决明光能吸收、转换和传递能力较强;2)干旱胁迫导致4种决明属植物气孔导度(Gs)降低,气孔限制值(Ls)升高,伴随着胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,净光合速率(Pn)下降,表明是气孔因素造成的,此后,除草决明外其它3种植物的Ci均升高,Ls均下降,这是非气孔因素造成的;在干旱胁迫下望江南具有较高的光合速率,伞房决明具有相对较高的气孔开放度;3)干旱胁迫导致4种决明属植物的最大荧光(Fm)和光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降,初始荧光(Fo)上升,表明PSⅡ结构受到破坏或者植物进行了热耗散。光化学淬灭系数(qP)和电子传递速率(ETR)下降,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)上升,说明干旱胁迫对PSⅡ造成伤害,但其能够有效地避免或减轻因PSⅡ吸收过多光能而引起的光抑制和光氧化。望江南表现的最稳定,说明望江南具有较强的抗旱性。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒SD株毒力测定

从一个免疫失败鸡场中分离到一株鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒野毒株,命名为SD株.经血清学试验、鸡胚接种、病毒形态观察等证实了分离物为鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV).测定病毒效价ELD50达到10-6.5/0.2 mL;动物回归试验表明,该SD株接种4周龄鸡后引起鸡群发病率为100%,病死率达85%,剖检可见法氏囊呈"紫葡萄样...     

浅析牛的几个质量性状

牛的性状有一类是由单个或少数几个基因座所决定的,其表现不受或很少受环境因素的影响,且表型变异为间断分布,这就是牛的质量性状。本文介绍了牛质量性状特点及改良中的遗传规律、改良方法与途径,对毛色、角、遗传缺陷等质量性状重点进行了分析。     

Extension of the scapulohumeral joint increases the likelihood of success of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

The accuracy of a technique for centesis of the bicipital bursa using a 9 cm, spinal needle inserted through the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle was evaluated. A veterinary radiologist who had no previous experience of performing centesis of the bicipital bursa and an equine clinician who had little experience in performing the procedure, attempted to inject a solution of aqueous radiopaque contrast medium into the bicipital bursae of 8 horses using an approach in which the bursa was accessed by directing a needle through the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle until cartilage in the lateral portion of the intertubercular groove was contacted. Centesis of the bicipital bursa using this approach in horses having no signs of disease of the bursa was consistently successful if the cubital joint was flexed and the scapulohumoral joint extended.     

Effect of time of the addition of glucose to a medium on the development of 1-cell stage mouse embryos

In the present study, 1‐cell stage mouse embryos were cultured with or without glucose, and their development to the blastocyst stage was compared. Embryos cultured in a glucose‐free medium had a higher percentage of development to the 8‐cell stage, and they had higher developmental speeds compared with those cultured in a glucose‐containing medium. The percentages of embryos that developed to the early blastocyst stage, blastocyst stage and expanded blastocyst stage were much lower than those developed in a glucose‐containing medium. This suggests that the culture of 1‐cell stage embryos in a glucose‐containing medium inhibits development at the 8‐cell stage, and that glucose is necessary for blastocyst formation. Previous reports indicate that, from the 1‐cell stage to the 4‐cell stage, glucose inhibits embryo development. In the present study, exposure of early embryos to a glucose‐free medium improved subsequent embryo development, and there was no difference in the percentage of development to the stages ranging from the 8‐cell stage to the expanded blastocyst stage between embryos cultured in a glucose‐free medium from the 1‐cell stage to the 2‐cell, 4‐cell and 8‐cell stage. This indicates that embryo development is improved when a 1‐cell stage embryo is exposed to a glucose‐free medium before and during the 2‐cell stage, and glucose only has an inhibitory effect on embryo development during conversion from the 1‐cell stage to the 2‐cell stage.