金沙江流域云南段泥石流危险度评价

 为准确评价金沙江流域云南段的泥石流危险度,以行政区划为评价单位,选取金沙江流域43个县、市作为评价目标,运用层次分析法对8个评价指标的权重进行计算。在获取各评价单元基本资料的基础上,对各单元的8项指标进行分类和定量评分,求出各县、市泥石流危险度,最后在此基础上按照一定的标准对金沙江流域43个县、市的泥石流危险度进行评价。结果表明:金沙江流域云南段的上游和下游地区是泥石流危险度较高的地区,中游地区危险度相对较低。评价结果可为流域泥石流灾害的防治、土地规划及利用等提供科学的参考。     

A conceptual model of the role of excess energy in the maintenance of a riffle–pool sequence

There is much debate over the role of hydraulic ‘reversal’ in the maintenance of riffle–pool sequences in gravel-bed channels. It is, however, generally acknowledged that the pool has the greatest maximum energy during flood flows allowing scour and pool maintenance. Little emphasis has been placed on the reversal period in many previous studies despite its potential importance being noted in the seminal study of Keller [Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 82 (1971) 753]. This is potentially significant, as reversal may only occur for short periods at the peak of flood hydrographs; hence, the hydraulic argument behind riffle–pool maintenance is based around what is often a marginal energy excess in the pool for a very short period of time. This study uses the magnitude frequency concept of Wolman and Miller [J. Geol. 68 (1960) 54] and applies it to an investigation of the temporal dominance in morphologic unit stream power between a series of four pools and three riffles derived from measured flow and calculated energy slopes on the upland gravel-bed River Rede, Northumberland. The geomorphologically effective flow regime is used to define temporal balances between riffle and pool energy levels. The geomorphic work carried out by riffles and pools, as described by the excess stream power (Ω−Ω_c) capable of transporting the bed sediments, displayed a broad balance for the upstream four units before reducing significantly at pool 3 and rising again for the subsequent two units which appear particularly energetic. These findings contrast with hydraulic theories of riffle–pool maintenance, e.g., Keller [Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 82 (1971) 753]. For sediments to be transferred through a riffle–pool sequence whilst maintaining a quasi-equilibrium form, the pools should carry out the same amount of work as the riffle upstream in order for it not to fill with sediment. Although stream power reversal did occur for some riffle–pool units, the magnitude and longevity of the reversal did not balance the energy exerted at riffle locations. Armouring and shallow gravel depth at riffle 3 appear to indicate scouring in response to high excess stream power found in this area. However, there was no evidence of sub-dominant pools 3 and 4 filling in response to low stream power.     

用于梯形渠道的仿翼形便携式量水槽水力性能

机翼形量水设施水力条件优、量水精度高,但翼形曲线的复杂性制约其推广,为此,该研究基于结构简单的仿翼形便携式量水槽,探究其在末级梯形渠道的适用性。模型试验设计5组收缩比、7组流量进行水力性能试验,在此基础上,基于FLOW-3D软件对比分析仿翼形与机翼形量水槽水力性能的差异,深入研究不同收缩比对仿翼形量水槽水力性能的影响。研究结果表明：数值模拟与试验结果的水深数据吻合,误差小于4.91%,数值模拟的方法准确可靠;简化后未改变机翼形过流顺畅、雍水高度小等特点;所有工况上游佛汝德数均小于0.5,雍水高度小于7.6 cm,满足测流精度和渠道安全的要求,收缩比在0.60~0.64范围时,量水槽水力性能最优;基于能量方程及临界流原理建立的流量公式精度较高,平均测流误差为2.75%。该研究表明仿翼形保持了原机翼形良好的水力性能,测流精度高且曲线形式简单,便于推广,对于促进灌区末级梯形渠道便携式量水槽的推广具有实用价值。     

考虑水系演变的湘江流域洪水风险四维评价体系构建

为刻画水系演变对洪水风险的影响,该研究区别于传统洪水风险评价方式,着重考虑水系演变的综合定量化研究,以湘江流域为例,构建基于水系演变的洪水风险评价体系,运用有别于主观赋值、具有一定客观性的熵权法,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体脆弱性和防洪减灾能力4个维度开展1995－2015年洪水风险评价体系验证研究。研究结果表明：1）1995－2015年,研究区水系大体呈衰减趋势且各市域之间水系变化差异大,其中河网密度和支流发育系数衰减率最高,分别达30.96%、34.01%,河道趋于主干化,单一化;2）基于水系演变的洪水风险评价表明,期内,区内洪水风险程度逐渐提高,高风险地区发生在上游的永州市南部、郴州市西部、中游的衡阳市以及下游长沙市辖区;3）定量化水系演变的流域洪水风险四维评价体系合理可行,且能更科学和细腻地反映城镇化背景下水系演变对洪水风险的影响,为流域农业生产和区域防洪减灾提供科学支撑。     

Monitoring of matrix flow and bypass flow through the subsoil in a volcanic ash soil

Daily matrix flow at 1-m depth in a volcanic ash soil was calculated during a period of one year using Darcy's law. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed core samples could be expressed as a unique function of the soil water content. Hydraulic gradient obtained from soil water suction by a tensiometer installed at 90- and 110-cm depths, and hydraulic conductivity converted from the soil water content by time domain reflectometry (TDR) were monitored every 30 min throughout a year in a maize (Zea mays L.) Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr.) field. The matrix flow obtained by this method was substituted for the water balance equation to estimate the bypass flow, and monthly and annual evapotranspiration. Annual rainfall in 1997 was 989 mm and evapotranspiration was estimated to be 730 mm. Net matrix flow at 1-m depth was 164 mm downward even though upward matrix flow occurred during half of the year. Downward flow determined by the water balance method exceeded the downward matrix flow during two heavy rain events in the year and the difference between the two flows was 63 mm, which was considered to correspond to a bypass flow. The bypass flow accounted for only 6.4% of the annual rainfall. Matrix flow was well monitored by the application of unsaturated Darcy's law in a field, and monthly evapotranspiration and bypass flow could be quantified by the introduction of the water balance equation.     

Influence of prey variables, food supply, and river restoration on the foraging activity of Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii) in the Shibetsu River, a large lowland river in Japan

To conserve the foraging habitat of Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii) in a large lowland river, we investigated the influence on this bat of prey variables (number or biomass) and insect origin (aquatic or terrestrial). We tested the hypothesis that river restoration (re-meandering) conducted in the Shibetsu River, northern Japan, enhances foraging habitat quality by increasing the abundance of aquatic insects. From June to September 2004, flying insects were collected using Malaise traps in restored and channelised reaches in the Shibetsu River. Bat activity was recorded by bat detectors placed near the Malaise traps in each of the two reaches. Foraging activity of Daubenton’s bat was more strongly related to the number of insects than to biomass, and to adult aquatic insects than to terrestrial insects. The high dependence of Daubenton’s bat on aquatic prey was attributed to the fact that aquatic insect numbers were always higher than those of terrestrial insects. Contrary to the hypothesis, Daubenton’s bat was more active in the channelised reach than the restored reach in all months except June, and it synchronized its foraging activity with the seasonal distribution of adult aquatic insects. However, the study was undertaken just two years after restoration and the riparian vegetation had not yet established itself. Our results demonstrate the importance of aquatic insect abundance for Daubenton’s bat throughout the seasons in large lowland rivers. A further decrease in aquatic insects, associated with progressive anthropogenic alteration of river environments, undoubtedly exerts a harmful influence on the conservation of this species.     

叶轮中心淹没深度对特低扬程下立式泵装置流道水力性能的影响

为提高特低扬程泵站立式轴流泵装置的水力性能,该研究对叶轮直径为3.0、2.5、2.0、1.5 m的立式轴流泵装置在不同叶轮中心淹没深度下的进、出水流道流场分别进行了三维湍流流动数值计算,并对流道流场和水头损失进行了分析比较;对某特低扬程泵站在叶轮中心淹没深度为3.08、2.38、1.68 m下的立式轴流泵装置水力性能分别进行了数值计算及比较,并进行了泵装置模型试验验证。研究结果表明：叶轮中心淹没深度对肘形进水流道的水流流态及水头损失的影响很小,但对虹吸式出水流道的流态和水头损失影响较大;随着叶轮中心淹没深度的增大,虹吸式出水流道内的流态逐渐改善,流道水头损失基本呈下降趋势,泵装置效率逐渐增大,特低扬程工况下泵装置模型试验最优工况点的效率达75.92%,泵装置能量性能数值模拟结果与模型试验结果基本一致。研究结果可为特低扬程泵站采用立式泵装置的设计提供一定参考依据。     

雅砻江支流某泥石流沟特征及其工程效应研究

雅砻江支流上某拟建水电站,库区主要工程地质问题为库尾右岸某大型泥石流沟,其于200年曾爆发百年一遇泥石流,堵塞江水5min左右,在阐述该泥石流沟发育历史的基础上,详细分析其汇水-物源区、流通区和堆积区特征,最后通过计算估测该泥石流沟动力学特征,并对其工程效应做出评价.     

低山丘陵区不同土地利用方式田内-田埂土壤优先流特征

为探究低山丘陵地区优先流形态特征,该研究以南方典型低山丘陵区—江苏省南京市江宁区三种典型土地利用方式（水田、旱地和林地）为研究对象,采用野外亮蓝染色示踪试验结合室内图像处理的方法,定量分析不同位点（田内、过渡带、田埂）土壤染色面积比、染色路径和优先流类型差异。结果表明：各土地利用方式下土壤染色面积比（stained area ratio,SAR）随着土层深度的增加急剧降低,水田平均SAR高于旱地和林地,SAR差异主要体现在20～40 cm,不同位点平均SAR总体表现为田内高于过渡带和田埂;各样地不同位点染色路径数（staining path number,SPN）随着土层深度的增加先增大后减小,整个剖面平均SPN林地最多,且大部分分布于田内,水田和旱地各位点平均SPN分布则相反。各土地利用方式下田内、过渡带水流类型0～15 cm为均质流/非均质指流,15 cm以下均为高相互作用大孔隙流,田埂水流类型为高相互作用大孔隙流。水田的SPN和SPW<4 mm占比（SPW:stained path width,染色路径宽度）最大;不同位点下田内SAR、SPW较其余两个位点大;除SPW<...     

Contaminated sediments as a potential source of Zn, Pb, and Cd for a river system in the historical metalliferous ore mining and smelting industry area of South Poland

Background, aim, and scope  Elevated levels of heavy metals in the aquatic and soil systems can be caused by the weathering of mineralized rocks. This enrichment is often considerably enlarged by historical and current mining and smelting activities. In Poland, the most contaminated river systems are those in the Silesia region. The metalliferous ore mining and smelting industries have been the main sources of heavy metal pollutions over the last 100–170 years. The previous and present studies have shown very high concentrations of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the Mala Panew River, the most polluted tributary of the Oder River. The main objective of this work was to study temporary changes of selected metal (Zn, Pb, and Cd) concentrations in upper layer of bottom sediments at the measuring point near the outlet of the Mala Panew River into the Oder River, and to determine the vertical distribution of the metals in the sediment cores from the most polluted middle part of this river. The mobility of the metals and their potential bioavailability were assessed based on metal partitioning in the sediments and metal concentrations in pore waters. The presented data were compared with metal concentrations in aquatic sediments from similar historical mining and smelting sites in Poland and other countries. Methods  The upper layer of bottom sediment samples from the same Mala Panew River measuring point were collected six times in the period 1997–2005, while five sediment cores were collected once from the middle course of Mala Panew River in 2006. Abiotic parameters such as pH and Eh have been determined in situ. Metal contents were determined in the <20 and <63 μm size fractions of sediments after digestion in a microwave oven with aqua regia or concentrated nitric acid. Metal mobility was assessed in the selected sediment cores by the chemical forms of metals (sequential extraction method) and their concentrations in pore waters were investigated. Results  The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in the upper layer of sediments varied, depending on both the season and the year of sampling. Their mean concentrations (from six samplings) are [mg/kg]: Zn 1,846, Pb 229 and Cd 73. The metal concentrations in the sediment cores varied with the depth in the range of [mg/kg]: 0.18–559 for Cd, 26.2–3,309 for Pb and 126–11,153 for Zn, although the highest accumulations generally could be observed in the deeper layers. The most mobile metal fractions, i.e., exchangeable, carbonate and easily reducible fractions, are typical of Zn and Cd. Cadmium was found to be the most mobile metal and its relative contribution ranges from 84 to 96%, while in the case of Zn it ranged from 45 to 94%. Lead is mainly associated with the moderately reducible fraction (30–60%). Relative contributions of metal chemical forms slightly vary with the depth in the sediment profile. The results obtained for the pore water samples show very high concentrations of the metals studied, especially in the case of Cd (31–960 μg/dm³) and Zn (300–4,400 μg/dm³). Discussion  Accumulation of Cd, Pb, and Zn in the upper layer of the bottom sediments and in the sediment core samples from the Mala Panew River is very high, considerably exceeding the local geochemical background. High contributions of mobile Cd and Zn and the toxicity of cadmium can cause environmental risk. Our measurements also suggest that mobile metals can migrate into groundwater, whereas the groundwater itself can leach some chemicals from river sediments, because of a relatively high water table in the study area, especially during rainfall periods. Comparison of the results obtained with the literature data from the last decade shows that the concentrations of Cd and Zn in the sediments from the Mala Panew River are the highest among other submersed sediments in Poland and other regions (e.g., the Mulde River, Germany). Conclusions  The Mala Panew River is one of the most polluted rivers when compared with similar historical mining and smelting areas in Poland and elsewhere. The sediments studied are strongly polluted with the metals analyzed. In the upper layer of the bottom sediments there has been no reduction of Zn and Cd amounts over the last decade, which could suggests a long-term migration and a secondary contamination. Considerably higher accumulations of metals in overbank sediment cores and in the deeper core section could result from strong contamination in previous decades and translocation of Cd and Zn (secondary pollutants). The relatively high concentrations of the two metals in pore waters support these findings. Cadmium is crucial in the environmental risk assessment because of its high mobility and toxicity. These data are important for water/sediment management in the transboundary Oder River catchment, situated in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. Recommendations and perspectives  It is important to assess mobility phase and pore water in the contaminated historical aquatic sediments. Such studies may help explain the changes, which take place in the sediment layers as well as at the water–sediment interface. Obtained results should be used for the risk assessment of the historical contaminated sediments at the local river-basin scale. The treatment of contaminated sediments, e.g., dragging activity, should be considered as very important in management strategies in order to avoid remobilization of metals.     

泥石流灾害对策分析——以甘肃舟曲“8·7”特大山洪泥石流灾害为例

 我国是一个山地灾害多发的国家,尤其是近年来频发的山地灾害,给国家和人民造成了巨大的损失。通过对2010年8月7日甘肃省甘南州舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害状况、自然和人为因素的分析,详细阐述目前我国在应对突发性山地灾害预警及管理中存在的问题:排查精度低、灾害预警技术低、信息不畅、灾害应对体系不完善。针对各问题提出提高排查精度、开展以流域为单元的地质灾害详细调查和危险区区划、建立和管理灾害信息共享平台、完善灾害应对体系等建议,可为今后泥石流灾害预警预报提供科学依据。     

Towards a better understanding of carbon flow in the rhizosphere: a time-dependent approach using carbon-14

 Controversies exist in interpreting rhizosphere C flow obtained by different ¹⁴CO₂ labelling methods. However, there is a need for the standardisation of methods in order to be able to compare values obtained for different plants, different stages of development and different habitats. Perennial bromegrass (Bromus erectus Huds) grown in soils of different fertility was exposed to a ¹⁴CO₂ atmosphere for different periods of time: 1 h, 298 h and 78 days. The evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ in the soil was measured during and after labelling. The ¹⁴C contents of plant and rhizosphere compartments were then estimated. The time-sequence of the rate of ¹⁴CO₂ evolution after 1 h of labelling, indicated a maximum after around 20 h, followed by an exponential decrease. When expressed as a percentage of net ¹⁴C assimilation, root-soil respiration accounted for 14% and 18% in the nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich soils, respectively. Integration of the hourly values over several days showed that the dynamics of the evolution rate were similar for the 298-h and 78-day experiments, thus indicating that rhizosphere C flow was dominated by newly assimilated C. This was confirmed by the proportions of below-ground ¹⁴C, measured for roots, respiration and soil, which were not significantly affected by the labelling regime. The differences were, however, found to be significant between the two types of soils. The conclusion was that the conditions for plant growth during labelling were more important than the length of time of labelling, and that this explained the discrepancies in the literature-cited values. A succession of short-term ¹⁴C labelling of plants at different development stages followed by an allocation period of about 1 week is proposed to give a reliable estimation of the dynamics of C flow in the rhizosphere. Received: 7 June 1999     

柱塞式能量回收马达配流副锥度角的分析与试验

柱塞式能量回收马达是将液压马达与发电机一体化的新一代液压能量回收装置,缸体-配流轴组成的配流副是其关键摩擦副之一,配流副配合面锥度角的选择对马达的配流、承载和摩擦磨损特性有重要影响。该研究采用理论分析、数值模拟和试验测试的方法,探讨柱塞式能量回收马达配流副锥度角的最优值选择。首先根据配流副结构与尺寸,明确锥度角范围,然后以36°、39°、42°和45°共4个配流副锥度角为对象。分别从流场仿真、弱流固耦合和摩擦磨损试验3个方面,评价各锥度角配流副的柱塞腔油液压力与压力脉动、配流副部件应力与变形、配流副摩擦磨损等性能。结果发现配流副锥度角为42°和45°时,位于配流副上死点的柱塞腔内油液压力和压力波动较小,压力分别为4.66、4.62 MPa、压力波动幅度分别为3.307和3.246 MPa;在柱塞腔与高压油孔接通阶段,柱塞腔油液压力波动幅度分别为0.324、0.322 MPa;两种锥度角下的配流轴最大等效应力皆远小于其屈服强度;锥度角为42°缸体的最大等效应力占屈服强度比例较45°锥度角大0.74个百分点,最大变形量大0.251 μm;两种锥度角的配流副没有强度失效的风险,虽然有微量弹性变形,但对配流副的正常工作影响极小。相较于45°锥度角,42°锥度角摩擦副的平均摩擦系数小0.012,且波动小、稳定性好;上、下试件的磨损率分别小1.966×10-6和7.601×10-6 mm3/(N·mm)。所以42°锥度角有利于能量回收马达配流副的稳定工作及高效运转。研究结果可为柱塞式能量回收马达的设计提供参考。     

垂直下降管内陶瓷球流动与传热的试验

为研究下降管式生物质热裂解反应器内陶瓷球的流动与换热规律,在一内径60 mm,长1.6 m的垂直管上利用粒子图像测速仪进行了陶瓷球流场测试和1.0、1.2、1.4 kg/min质量流量下90℃陶瓷球与室温空气的对流换热试验,分析出了陶瓷球在下降管内的滞留时间和陶瓷球与空气对流换热系数的计算方法。流场试验表明：轴向速度随下降距离增大而增大;任意下降距离处,在靠近管壁半径的15%距离内,陶瓷球的轴向速度逐渐增大,直至达到最大值后不再变化;边壁附近的径向速度变化较大,中心速度基本为零。换热试验表明：不同陶瓷球流量下的对流换热系数基本相同,利用Ranz-Marshall公式计算出的换热系数比理论分析计算的小;根据理论计算的换热系数和试验数据,回归出的努谢尔数与雷诺数的关系式为： ;在60～550℃范围内,利用回归式计算的换热系数与空气温度成线性关系,并随温度升高而增大。     

Preferential flow and aging of NAPL in the unsaturated soil zone of a hazardous waste site: implications for contaminant transport

Flow of non‐aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) in the unsaturated zone is thought to be driven by gravity with a dominant vertical flow direction, and lateral spreading to be limited to the gradient of the relative permeabilities. The effect of soil profile build‐up, preferential flow, aging, and groundwater level fluctuations is mostly neglected. The objective of our study was to check the effects of such processes on the fate of NAPL in the unsaturated soil zone. At a hazardous waste site, we conducted a field survey of the unsaturated soil zone and monitored the groundwater for a two year period. We conducted spatially resolved and depth dependent soil sampling and analysis and the evaluation of former ram and core drilling protocols. The samples were analyzed for the 16 EPA PAH and alkanes with GC‐MS and GC‐FID. ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy was used to assess structural changes of the NAPL phase. Flow of bulk NAPL along macropores and along preferential permeability structures, like sedimentation discontinuities, are the dominant transport pathways which cause large lateral spreading beyond those expected by the relative permeability gradient. Accumulation of NAPL was found at locations with abrupt textural changes and within the zone of capillary rise. Aging of NAPL results in the depletion in soluble and volatile compounds but also in oxidation and polymerization. It increases the chemical diversity and decreases the mobility of the NAPL. Thus, NAPL flow ceases much earlier than expected from the capillary forces. As chemical transformation is restricted to the NAPL water/air interface, a skin‐like thin film is formed which encapsulates and preserves the bulk NAPL from further hardening, limiting contaminant mass transfer from the NAPL to the aqueous phase.     

The effect of preferential flow on the short and long-term spatial distribution of surface applied solutes in a structured soil

We measured the lateral distribution of Br in a well-structured soil (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) over a period of 40 days following a leaching event with Br-tagged water (Event-1) and the subsequent vertical transport of solute that occurred following a second leaching event (Event-2). The objectives were to determine the time required for solutes to become uniformly distributed laterally after Event-1, and the effect that degree of spatial distribution had on the subsequent vertical movement induced by Event-2. Six field plots, 1.2 by 1.2 m, were exposed to Event-1. Three of the plots were sampled 1, 5, or 40 days later. The three remaining plots were exposed to Event-2 either 1, 5, or 40 days following Event-1 and they were sampled the day following Event-2. A total of 319 samples were taken from a 38.5 by 38.5 cm area in the center of each plot at each of five depths ranging from 5 to 60 cm. Bromide was practically uniformly distributed in the surface layer immediately following Event-1, as indicated by a coefficient of variation (CV) of 25% among the 319 samples, but became progressively more non-uniformly distributed as depth increased. At 60 cm, the CV had increased to 240%. The longer we delayed sampling following Event-1, the more uniform was the lateral distribution of Br. During the 40 days following Event-1, Br became practically uniformly distributed across all layers, and the center of mass moved from 8 to 16 cm below the surface. Event-2 caused Br to move deeper within the soil profile when it occurred the day following Event-1 than when it occurred later, but because drainage occurred during the 40-day delay, the center of Br mass was located 26–27 cm below the surface after Event-2 regardless of the delay time.     

黄土丘陵区山地立体种养循环生产能流特征与经济效益分析

为揭示陕北黄土丘陵区典型循环农业生产模式的功能和效益,研究以宜君县山地立体种养结合循环生产模式为例,分析了该循环生产模式的能量流动和经济效益特征。结果表明:山地立体种养结合模式的有机能/无机能比达到46.2,是传统种植模式的92倍;种养结合模式和传统模式的能流密度分别为19.7,7.0 MJ/(m2·a)。种养结合模式的系统内依存度为37.4%,远高于传统模式,显示出较强的系统自我维持能力和稳定性。种养结合模式的能量产投比为1.07,略小于传统模式的1.14,但其成本利润率、年均收益率和经济产投比分别达到137.6%、4.6%和2.4,均高于传统模式的81%、2.7%和1.8;种养结合模式和传统模式的投资回收期分别为4年和7年。综上,山地立体种养结合模式能够有效地利用系统废弃物,提高能量利用效率,表现出良好的经济效益和较强的抵抗经济风险的能力,在该丘陵区具有良好的推广价值。     

An assessment of the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration,groundwater recharge,and low‐flow conditions in a mesoscale catchment in Northeast Germany

Future climate changes might have some impacts on the discharge regime of rivers in Germany regarding, e.g., longer low‐flow periods in summer months due to a decreased precipitation and increased evapotranspiration. During such low‐flow periods, water temperature increases leading to a reduced oxygen concentration and a decrease in water quality. An assessment of such impacts is required to derive adaptation strategies for future water‐resources management. The main objective of our study was to obtain an estimation of the impact of projected future climate change on evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and low‐flow conditions. For that purpose, we applied a hydrological catchment model in the Ucker catchment with an area of 2415 km² located in the lowlands of NE Germany using meteorological time series from 1951 to 2055. These time series were generated by the Potsdam Institute of Climate Impact Research based on the A1B‐Scenario with an increase of 1.4°C of the mean annual temperature and a mean decrease of 8% in annual rates of precipitation. After model calibration, the comparison of simulated and observed daily discharge rates from 1989 to 2003 led to a Nash‐Sutcliffe‐Index NS = 0.63. The results of this simulation study indicated that the amount of days with low‐flow conditions in the Ucker river will increase and groundwater recharge especially at forested areas will decrease in an order of magnitude of 1%–94%.     

Examination of nanoparticulate phosphate rock as both a liming agent and phosphorus source to enhance the growth of spinach in acid soil

ABSTRACT

To examine the effect of nanoparticulate phosphate rock (NPR) as both a liming agent and phosphorus source in a tropical acid soil. The study examined five rates of NPR (0, 250, 500, 1000, or 2000 kg ha^?1), which supplies 30, 60, 120 or 240 kg P ha^?1, in a randomized complete pot experiment design with 3 replications. The pots of soil were incubated in a climate-controlled greenhouse for 21 days and then spinach was grown for 49 days. Soil parameters (pH, available P and exchangeable acidity), spinach parameters (leaf area, root hair surface area, root length and dry matter yield) and the effectiveness of NPR dissolution were estimated. The soil and plant parameters and the effective NPR dissolution all increased to the same degree at 1000 and 2000 kg NPR ha^?1. Therefore, the use of 1000 kg ha^?1 was most economically justified. Although, NPR has been appeared as an effective liming agent and phosphorus source in tropical acid soil. However, a regular application of NPR and further research for economic comparison between NPR and both of lime and superphosphate, as well as the original PR, will be needed.     

Evaluation of runoff,peak flow and sediment yield for events simulated by the AnnAGNPS model in a belgian agricultural watershed

The AnnAGNPS model, widely utilized as a practical tool for addressing erosion problems and land use planning, was implemented in a small agricultural watershed located in central Belgium, to assess its prediction capacity of runoff, peak flow and sediment yield in humid temperate conditions. Model performance was evaluated at the event scale by using a database reporting hydrological, geomorphologic and land use data collected during a 2‐year period. Seventeen events were modelled and compared with the corresponding observations at the watershed outlet. The model performed well in predicting the largest runoff volumes, as shown by the high values achieved for the coefficients of efficiency (E = 0·89) and determination (r² = 0·92). However, some events resulted in zero runoff simulation. The prediction capability for peak flow and sediment yield was poor (E = 0·35 and 0·16, respectively). This inaccuracy can have several causes: the internal model deficiencies may be due to the incomplete representation of watershed complex processes, while external problems may be related to the conditions within the modelled watershed and the quality of recorded data. On the whole the AnnAGNPS model may be considered as being suitable to simulate the significant runoff events in the experimental watershed. However, the model may be seen as better suited for comparative assessments of alternative management and policy scenarios and for gross estimation of nutrient loads rather than the precise prediction of a single event, consequently helping in the prediction of land degradation problems in the experimented conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.