2003年中国北方地区实验动物科技研讨会

由黑龙江省实验动物学会牵头筹备的2003年中国北方地区实验动物科技研讨会,在辽宁省实验动物学会、吉林省实验动物学会、北京市实验动物学会、山西省实验动物学会、河北省实验动物学会和内蒙古实验动物学会等单位的大力支持和协助下,各     

浅论实验动物兽医的职责及实践

我国现在非常缺实验动物兽医,尤其具有一定实践能力的实验动物兽医.我国实验动物科学快速发展,动物兽医人才紧缺,实验动物兽医人员具有一定职责,需要具有一定的实践能力,促使能胜任实验动物兽医职责.本论文主要从实验动物兽医的发展、实验动物兽医的职责、实验动物兽医的实践任务进行阐述实验动物兽医职责及实践,希望为研究实验动物兽医的专家与学者提供理论参考依据.     

基于动物福利的实验动物管理

动物福利包括实验动物福利、农场动物福利、野生动物福利等。目前,越来越多的实验动物被应用到科学研究当中,实验动物福利也受到了各国研究者的重视。在实验动物管理中,环境调控、日常饲养管理及动物实验等方面皆应考虑动物福利,环境因素主要包括温度、湿度、噪音、空气质量和光照等;日常饲养管理包括动物的饲料与饮水、运输、人员培训等;动物实验方面应遵从3R原则。我国实验动物的福利事业已经展开,《实验动物的法律保护》的建议稿已于2010年提出,鉴于国内外动物福利的现状分析,我国建立实验动物福利标准势在必行。     

实验动物的饲养与管理

实验动物在科学研究和相关产业生产的地位十分重要,实验动物机构是保证动物质量和动物实验质量的重要单位,必须规范好员工、设施、环境、管理和运作等相关过程,才能保证实验动物质量以及动物实验的准确性。本文依照《中华人民共和国实验动物管理条例》和《黑龙江省省实验动物管理办法》的要求,并结合实际工作经验对实验动物的饲养与管理进行分析、总结。     

无特定病原和无病原实验动物房的标准工作程序

实验动物饲养在最适宜的环境中才能保证动物的品质和实验结果的正确可靠,而适宜环境中很重要的是设计合理的实验动物房及制订和严格地执行实验动物房的标准工作程序。也就是说,饲养好实验动物和管理好实验动物房的基本内容应包括:实验动物房的工程机械和建筑结构、实验动物的种类和品种、研究工作和感染因子的性质、实验手段和方法、控制污染的基本方法、污物处理     

兽医在实验动物工作中的主要作用

实验动物是一种特殊动物,对科学实验的质量起到决定性作用。兽医在实验动物的工作过程中起着重要作用,实验动物的发展与应用离不开兽医。主要对兽医在实验动物设施建设、运行与管理中的作用、在动物实验的设计与实施中的作用、在实验动物运输管理中的作用、在实验动物福利监督与管理中的作用、在生物安全评价与管理中的作用及在实验动物药品和废弃物管理中的作用进行了介绍。     

实验动物发展现状及趋势

实验动物的质量好坏,对科学实验有着重要的影响,实验动物的发展关系到科学实验的质量,现在科研机构等都非常重视实验动物的选择.主要从实验动物的现状、实验动物的未来发展趋势阐述实验动物的发展现状及未来发展趋势,希望为研究实验动物的专家与学者提供理论参考依据.     

实验动物的环境控制

动物实验就是对动物的一种影响处置并观察其反应,因而动物实验的结果是动物的遗传型、发育环境、周围环境和实验处理的综合表现.文章就环境因素对实验动物的影响和动物检疫隔离温室的实验动物环境监测进行探讨.     

关于加强我国实验动物管理的思考

实验动物是生命科学研究的四大基础条件之一,随着人类的进步和社会的发展,实验动物广泛应用于遗传学、发育生物学、农业科学、生物医学等领域.实验动物管理是实验动物科学的重要组成部分,是实验动物标准化、社会化、商品化生产的重要前提,也是提高实验动物质量,保证了实验数据的准确和可靠性的重要手段.     

新医科背景下高校动物实验室安全隐患及管理机制探究

针对新医科建设的交叉医学、精准医学、转化医学、智能医学等特点,剖析了动物实验室存在的安全隐患,包括动物安全教育和培训不完善、教学用动物实验室监管不到位、研究用动物实验设施控制不严格、动物实验安全防护不到位、实验动物突发安全事故应急预案不健全等问题,并从确保实验动物来源规范化、推广标准化的动物实验配套设施、建立动物实验安全培训及伦理审查制度、践行动物实验室许可证准入制度、加强动物实验的安全防护、完善动物尸体等危废物处理设施、制定应急预案等方面,提出了高校动物实验室安全管理的管理机制,可为相关高校动物实验室安全建设提供参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.