《五号屠场》黑色幽默之外的后现代解读

在《五号屠场》中作者对《圣经》进行了大量的戏仿,质疑和否定传统的宗教信仰和价值观念。拼贴法完全解构了传统小说文本固有的结构模式,用语言的混乱造成视觉上的混乱感和意义上的荒谬感。元小说调动现实、虚构与幻想,既是对小说本身的嘲讽,也是对现实世界的颠覆。冯内古特用科幻小说的模式来作为他讽刺文学的框架。"时间旅行法"把过去、现在、将来的顺序切开、打乱,随意转换,互相穿插,不追求故事情节的连贯和完整性。     

英文小说READ阅读模式的质化研究——以读《追风筝的人》为例

本研究针对开展英文小说READ模式并以《追风筝的人》为阅读素材的国内某高校的在校大学生进行问卷调查,调查的内容包括学生的语言基础,小说阅读中遇到的问题,阅读时间,阅读习惯等。调查结果表明,大多数学生仍然存在阅读水平较低,课外英文小说阅读较少等一系列问题。研究者通过分析,提出较为合理的英文小说阅读方案,并对小说题材以及学生群体的选择提出了较为合理的建议。     

《河那边》隐藏的后现代主义

上世纪八十年代,后现代主义文化和文论走向综合,"后现代"一词成为许多文化、社会现象的"代码",具有包容性。后现代主义是一种广义的文化思潮,它从哲学上、文艺理论和小说创作上对传统的思想意识和表达方法进行反思。诺贝尔奖获得者高行健带着汉语语言文化走向西方,在其文学作品中,传统的符号与后现代主义元素交织建构。本文将从语言游戏,高雅与通俗的融合,多元的解构,意识的暗流四个方面揭秘《河那边》的后现代主义。     

试析残雪小说的个人化写作——兼与卡夫卡小说之比较

对于残雪那晦涩难懂的小说文本,评论界历来褒贬不一。她虽有着＂东方卡夫卡＂之称,但其小说无论在思想内容还是艺术形式上,都不能与卡夫卡的小说比美。残雪的小说不仅以其对异化世界的个人化书写,更以无逻辑、碎片化、模式化的文本形式忽略了读者的阅读期待和审美心理,以致于其小说创作走上了个人化写作的歧途。     

魔幻与现实的统整--爱伦·坡悬疑小说浅赏

爱伦·坡的悬疑小说以其特有的写作风格，在世界文学中独树一帜。其悬疑小说整体上呈现着魔幻性风格，但在思想上却体现现实性，做到了魔幻与现实的高度统整。除此之外，还有诸如浪漫主义、象征主义等写作手法的运用。本篇将从魔幻与现实统整的视角与维度，对其悬疑小说进行浅赏，进而窥见其对我国悬疑小说创作与发展的借鉴指导意义。     

论如何提高小学生的识字写字能力

识字是小学生形成书面语言的基础,学生在入学前已掌握口头语言,但书面语言这块几乎是空白.识字能够让学生自然地从口头语过渡到书面语的使用;识字是小学生正确使用普通话交流的关键,识好了字,才能正确的用普通话表达自己的所思所想,也能更好的听懂他人的话语;识字是小学生阅读的基础,只有识好了字,才会有阅读的渴求,继而发展对阅读有兴趣,扩展见识、丰富知识面.李克强总理在十八大也明确提出了“全民阅读”的理念,识字写字的能力的提高也能更好地践行这一号召.识字是阅读和写作的基础,是语文教学的一次重要任务.新课程标准在识字写字方面实行“认写分开”提出“认识”“学会”两种要求,在第一学段明确提出要多认少写.“多认”有利于学生尽早、尽快、尽可能多的认字,以便尽早进入汉字阅读阶段.这对培养阅读能力、培养获取信息的能力都有重要意义.文字是个人所思所想的载体,是人类宝贵的精神财富的载体,所以写字能力尤为重要.只有具备一定的写字能力,才能正确的写作,也才能准确的表达和传达自己的所思所想.     

花木槿(短篇小说)

本期新发现栏目的作品文本质地各异。孙鹏飞的小说《花木槿》从八个人的不同角度与口吻来讲述一个人一件事,形成一种叙述过程中故事情节变奏式的“罗生门”,这种对小说写作的再探索与再尝试让小说创作有了丰富性与多向度的可能性。生活中我们都会有一些“八竿子打不着的亲戚”,“我”和陌生的“舅姥”的关系就是。焦雨溪的这篇非虚构短文《舅姥》写得很温暖很真实,现实虽有些微残酷但逼近现场状态,“事实的文学性”的在场感呈发现内心的柔软。宝音塔米尔的这组诗《风中诗》“任性”中分寸感把握得很好,现在中规中距的书写中节奏与结构拿捏有度。     

用弗洛伊德“意识流”透析残雪小说《苍老的浮云》

残雪在中国文坛以其独特的写作方式和叙述手法形成了别具一格的残雪模式。由于残雪小说借鉴了西方的意识流和拉美的魔幻主义写作手法,使其小说大大开拓了人类的精神领域。另外残雪小说制造的神秘和恐惧又成了人们不断探讨的话题。笔者用弗洛伊德的意识流手法去探索残雪小说的精神世界,对残雪式的恐怖作全面的分析。     

远逝的歌声——论杜拉斯《情人》的音乐结构

小说的“多声部现象”主要从两个方面来展现,一方面在故事情节的主题上,小说充满了复调色彩;另一方面在小说的章节安排上,呈现出奏鸣曲式的文本结构。在小说《情人》中,围绕“爱”这一主题而产生的变奏,是衍生出“情人”这一身份的基础;在语言上,用小调的特征来体现小说的语言表达方式,是呈现小说音乐结构的必要手段。     

“泰宁模式”解析及其对三明市旅游发展的启示

泰宁县地处福建省西北部，是经济欠发达而旅游资源丰富的闽西北县城。泰宁县旅游业从无到有，从取得“国家4A级旅游区”、创建“中国优秀旅游县”到“世界地质公园”，实现了三次大跨越，从国内走向世界。“泰宁模式”是经济欠发达而旅游资源丰富地区旅游发展的成功模式。文中试图透过其表面现象，探寻其旅游发展的成功经验，挖掘“泰宁模式”的精髓和内涵，分析其发展过程中存在的问题，思考其对三明市旅游发展的启示。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.