柳树种间杂种叶的遗传与变异

柳树种间杂种叶变异大，对垂柳×紫柳，旱柳×紫柳、朝鲜×（旱柳×紫柳）、卷边柳×紫柳、垂柳×绵花、旱柳×（旱柳×紫柳）、簸箕柳×川滇柳的Ｆ１２年实生苗叶面大小，叶形、叶柄长、托叶、叶缘、叶基等遗传与变异进行了研究，结果表明，叶长、叶宽、叶长／叶宽比，多数杂种表现近似于亲本平均值，杂种间变异大于杂种内变异，叶缘，叶基及叶尖形状分别相似于母本或父本。     

垂柳×爆竹柳的变异及无性系选择

柳树种间杂交,特别是地理间相距较远的种间杂交,是创造柳树新品种的重要途径.选育速生乔木柳无性系应十分重视垂柳、旱柳、白柳及爆竹柳的种间杂交,在阿根廷从白柳×垂柳,垂柳×白柳及垂柳×杭包特氏柳杂种中,选育出许多栽培品种.在新西兰从旱柳×白柳中选出了一些速生无性系.在苏联从白柳×爆竹柳中选育具有明显杂种优势的品种.我们曾从垂柳×旱柳,(垂柳×白柳)×旱柳中选育优良的无性系——J4/75、J1/75、J333、J172.垂柳×爆竹柳是十分有价值的杂种,国外栽培的S.xblanda Anders便是垂柳×爆竹柳的杂种.我们在柳树育种中,曾多次进     

柳树杂种无性系苗期测定

从垂柳×白柳（S.babylonica×S.alba）;垂柳×爆竹柳（S.babykibuca×S.fragilis）;垂柳×旱柳（S.babylonica×S.matsudara）;旱柳×白柳（S. matsudara×S.alba）;旱柳×爆竹柳（S.matsudara×S.fragilis）、旱柳（东善）×旱柳（哈尔滨）等杂种一代,以及垂柳自然授粉实生苗中选出45个单株,分别扦插获得无性系。利用其插条进行无性系苗期测定,测定是以亲本和外引优良杂种无性系为对照,根据对苗高、底径、分枝特性等性状的测定分析,被测定的无性系其杂种优势非常明显,绝大多数属超亲优势。按生长优势和优良的分枝性状,评选出ba1、bf36、mf4、ma2、ma4、bm1、bm4、b1、b4、及m2等十个优良无性系。     

用子房培养法克服杨树与柳、榆杂交幼胚的败育

<正> 杨树与柳树属间杂交、杨树与榆树科间杂交均属远缘杂交,由于亲本间的遗传和生理机制差异,造成生殖隔离,产生杂交不育现象。但这种不育的程度是不相同的,通常是杂合子不能形成健全的种子,半途天亡。表现在种子未成熟前整个果穗脱落,很难获得杂种苗木。国内曾有过青、黑杨派与柳属杂交获得苗木的先例,但对难成功的白杨派与柳属杂交,杨榆杂交迄今未见报道。为了改良杨树的生长与适应性,我们于1978—1979年先后开展了银白杨×旱柳、银白杨×白榆、旱柳×钻天杨、旱柳×美洲黑杨的杨与柳、榆的远缘杂交试     

桉树的杂种优势

<正> 自1977年以来,我所开展了柳桉(Eucaly-ptus Saligna)×隆缘按(E. exserta)、隆缘桉×柳桉、柳桉×大叶桉(E. robusta)、隆缘桉×巨桉(E. grandis)、隆缘按×大叶桉5个人工杂交组合的育种试验。各年度获得的杂交种子和父母本以及对照种的种子,分别于1978年5月用容器育苗,造林。试验林采用随机排列,重复4次。1980年5月测定的数据表明:除柳桉×大叶桉这个组合外,其他4个杂交组合的子代(F_1,F同)都具有明显的杂种优势(见表     

高寒地区竹柳品系的抗寒性研究

本文通过测定不同低温胁迫下材料的相对电导率,估算出旱柳、竹柳3号及竹柳5号的半致死温度分别为-29.34℃、-32.61℃及-35.95℃。结合自然越冬情况调查数据,结果表明:竹柳5号抗寒性大于竹柳3号和旱柳,可以引种到牡丹江局部区域。试验结论对本地区竹柳的引种驯化及栽培措施的制定具有一定的借鉴意义。     

桉树杂交育种成功 杂种优势显著

自1977年以来,我所开展了柳桉(Eucalyptus saligna)×隆缘桉(E.exserta)、隆缘桉×柳按、柳桉×大叶桉(E.robusta)、隆缘桉×巨桉(E.grandis)、隆缘桉×大叶桉五个人工杂交组合的育种试验。各年度获得的杂交种子,分别于翌年春天用容器育苗和父母本以及在对照种的种子造林。试验林采用随机排列,四次重复。从测定的数据表明:除     

旱柳的新变种——旱快柳

<正> 旱快柳又称西荒快柳,最早见于辽宁省海城县东四方台公社西荒地大队,已有三十余年的栽培历史。1981年4月经王战、阎吉(吉吉)等鉴定为旱快柳,是旱柳(Salix matsudana Koidz)的新变种。旱快柳为落叶乔木,全部为雄株。高可达20米,胸径达60厘米,较旱柳树干通直圆满,     

柳树杂种木材基本密度的遗传变异

利用柳属和钻天柳属种间、属间杂交１５个杂种３９个杂交组合１５１个无性系材料，对木材基本密度的遗传变异情况进行了研究。结果表明，杂种间和无性系间，在木材基本密度上存在极显著（α＝０．０１）差异，其中属间杂种（旱柳×钻天柳）×旱柳平均木材基本密度达到０．４８８，显著（α＝０．０５）超过各杂种平均值；柳树杂种及无性系木材基本密度是受强遗传控制的，被研究群体的广义遗传力达到０．９２￣０．９８，遗传变异系数     

不同浓度ABT对杠柳扦插育苗的对比试验

为了更快更好地发挥杠柳植被的优势,采取人工繁育的方式培育优质苗木。根据杠柳的生态学特性和生长特性,采用不同处理措施进行了杠柳硬枝扦插育苗试验。结果表明,用3种不同浓度的植物生长调节剂ABT生根粉,浓度为100×10-6的ABT处理最适合杠柳的扦插繁殖,浓度为50×10-6的ABT处理效果次之,浓度为150×10-6的ABT处理效果最差。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.