耐密玉米杂交种密度效应研究

研究了郑单958和先玉335在山西长治地区生态条件下的种植密度效应,分析了光合特性和产量及其构成因素。结果表明：郑单958的适宜栽培密度为7.50万～9.00万株/hm²,在此密度下产量为13 056.0～13 526.0 kg/hm²,叶面积指数在抽雄至蜡熟期为4.2～6.2,蜡熟至完熟期保持在2.6左右,经济产量形成期的群体光合势占总光合势的67.53%,全生育期平均净同化率为7.2～8.3 g/(m²·d);最佳产量结构为单位面积穗数7.50万～8.82万穗/hm²、穗粒数524～466粒、千粒重332.0～329.0 g。先玉335的适宜栽培密度为7.50万株/hm²,在此密度下产量为13 714.5 kg/hm²,叶面积指数在抽雄至蜡熟期4.0～5.2,蜡熟至完熟保持在2.6左右,经济产量形成期的群体光合势占总光合势的66.42%,全生育期平均净同化率为7.9 g/(m²·d);最佳产量结构为单位面积穗数7.50万穗/hm²、穗粒数538粒、千粒重339.9 g。     

宁夏高产玉米群体产量构成及生长特性研究

对2008～2012年宁夏玉米高产潜力研究示范中产量突破15 000 kg/hm²的54个品次高产田群体产量构成及特征进行分析。结果表明,宁夏玉米高产田群体平均产量为16 927.01 kg/hm²,平均收获穗数为9.78万穗/hm²,穗粒数为524.38粒,千粒重为357.01 g。高产田61%品次收获穗数9.25万～10.75万穗/hm²,平均收获密度9.97万株/hm²,属高密度种植。高产田在宁夏引、扬黄灌区均有分布,主要集中在引黄灌区周边及中部干旱带扬黄新灌区,高产田46.48%选用紧凑耐密型品种,属中晚熟品种。高产田各品种花前干物质生产平均占整个生育时期总物质生产的41.7%;群体叶面积指数均为单峰曲线变化,吐丝期达峰值。高密度种植条件下,“增穗、稳粒数、增加粒重”、增加花后物质生产与高效分配、培育高质量抗倒群体是高产突破的技术途径。     

内单4号春玉米高产栽培技术的研究

以内单4号春玉米为试验材料,采用五因素二次通用回归旋转组合设计(1/2)实施方案,通过建立相应的产量模型,系统地研究了主要栽培因素对产量的影响。试验表明,在当地生产条件下,内单4号公顷产量11250kg的优化栽培措施为:密度6.885～7.065万株/hm²,种肥N 30kg/hm²,种肥P₂O₅96.75～108.15kg/hm²,种肥K₂O 66.75～74.4kg/hm²,拔节肥N 131.85～145.65kg/hm²,穗肥N102.0～117.3kg/hm²;产量构成为:公顷穗数(68250±750),穗粒数(505±10),百粒重(34.8±0.5)g。     

早熟玉米新玉9号高产群体结构的研究

对新玉9号的高产群体结构的研究结果表明,新玉9号产量水平达到9 837.3 kg/hm²,适宜密度为82 500株/hm²,产量结构为82 500穗/hm²,穗粒数441,千粒重270.4 g,经济系数0.50左右.群体叶面积发展动态为前慢,中快,后衰缓.总光合势(LAD)201.2万m²·d/hm²,净同化率(NAR)全生育期平均为7.49 g/m²·d,干物质积累总量19 659.8 kg/hm²,全生育期平均群体生产率为173.94 kg/hm²·d.     

旱地玉米秋施肥技术研究

旱地玉米秋施肥可有效地蓄积丰富的秋水供春用,改善土壤墒情,为玉米种子的萌动生长创造一个良好的环境.秋施肥后,玉米苗全、苗壮,单位穗数、穗粒数和穗粒重增加.秋施肥较传统施肥水分利用率提高0.5%～3.8%,增加玉米产量432.0～1003.5 kg/hm²,增加纯收入348.6～935.3元/hm²。     

掖单22超高产群体光合生理指标的研究

对夏玉米掖单22超高产群体光合生理指标的研究结果表明：掖单22产量水平达到13500kg/hm²,适宜密度为75000株/hm²左右,产量结构为75000穗/hm²左右,穗粒数480左右,千粒重380g左右,经济系数0.52。群体叶面积发展动态为花前快、花后稳、蜡熟后衰减缓,最大叶面积系数(LAI)5.5左右,成熟期保持2.5左右;总光合势(LAD)330万m²·ｄ/hm²开花至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的65%;群体光合速率(CAP)全生育期平均6.5gCO₂/m²·h开花期高峰值10gCO₂/m²·h左右;净同化率(NAR)全生育期平均7.8g/m²·ｄ左右;干物质积累总量26000kg/hm²以上,开花期至成熟期干物质积累量占总量的60%左右;干物质生产率平均250kg/hm²·d以上。     

密度对高油玉米298产量和含油率的影响

以高油玉米298为材料,研究了密度对高油298产量和含油率的影响.结果表明:密度对高油298的产量和含油率有显著影响,随密度增加,高油298的穗粒数、百粒重、子粒的含油率降低;吐丝期光合速率随密度增加而下降;成熟期粒叶比随密度增加而减小;子粒产量均在一定范围内先升后降.在本试验条件下,获得最高子粒产量的密度为60 000株/hm²,产量为7 472.4 kg/hm²,子粒含油率为9.84%,综合考虑子粒产量和含油率二因素,密度为60 000株/hm²时油产量最高,为643.2 kg/hm²。     

高油、高淀粉玉米产量、品质与群体生理特性的研究

高产条件下探讨了高油、高淀粉玉米的群体生理特性.结果表明,相同产量水平下,高油玉米收获指数低,形成单位重量子粒所需的生物量高,粒叶比低;而高淀粉玉米则相反,收获指数高,形成单位重量子粒所需的生物量相对低,粒叶比高.在11 250 kg/hm²左右的产量水平下,高油玉米、高淀粉玉米的生物产量分别为26 000、23 000 kg/hm²;抽丝至成熟期的平均叶面积分别为50 280、41 550 m²/hm²;叶面积持续期分别为270、220万m²·d/hm²左右.保持花后较高的叶面积、叶面积持续期,防止植株早衰是实现玉米高产的有效途径。     

不同穗型的紧凑型玉米夏播公顷产量9000kg的产量结构及配套技术

本文通过对鄂北岗地区175块公顷产量9000kg以上的夏播紧凑型玉米有关调查,试验资料的整理分析,着重探讨了不同穗型紧凑型玉米夏播每公顷产量稳定在9000kg以上的产量结构及主要配套栽培技术。结果表明,紧凑型玉米夏播公顷产量稳定在9000kg以上,选用不同穗型品种,应采取相应的栽培密度,即中晚熟、大穗型品种以60000株(穗)/hm²左右,中熟、中穗型品种以66000株(穗)/hm²左右,中早熟、小穗型品种以79500株(穗)/hm²左右为宜,同时采取“两选、两增、一抢、三及时”的配套栽培技术。     

高密度栽培条件下玉米剪叶处理对产量构成的影响

在抽雄期将密度为100 000株/hm²的玉米植株剪去部分穗位叶及穗位下部分叶片,将叶面积系数控制在4.5～7.0,研究剪叶处理对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：剪叶处理的产量都高于不剪叶处理(CK),剪叶后叶面积系数为5.5的处理产量最高,为14 211 kg/hm²。以叶面积系数5.5为中间值,叶面积系数距5.5越远,产量越低。收获穗数随叶面积减少而增加,穗粒数以叶面积系数5.5处理最多,百粒重变化不显著。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).